Significance
Introduction
Methods
Subjects and Eligibility Criteria
Definitions of Variables
Statistical Methods
Results
Subject Characteristics
Itema
| Mean ± SDb
|
n (%) |
---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | 30.1 ± 5.0 | |
Elapsed time from delivery to questionnaire completion (weeks) | 24.5 ± 13.6 | |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.6 | |
Birth weight (g) | 3030 ± 402 | |
Duration between disaster and delivery (weeks) | 23.4 ± 13.8 | |
Feeding method before weaning | ||
Combination of breastfeeding and formula feeding | 5187 (62.2) | |
Exclusive breastfeeding | 2575 (30.9) | |
Exclusive formula feeding | 578 (6.9) |
Frequency of and Reasons for Formula Feeding
Type of Water Used for Formula Preparation
Type of watera
| Total (n = 5689) | Formula-fed because of concern about radioactive contamination (n = 1154) | Formula-fed for other reasons (n = 4535) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) | ||
Tap water | ||||
Yes | 1729 (30.4) | 207 (17.9) | 1522 (33.6) | <0.001 |
No | 3960 (69.6) | 947 (82.1) | 3013 (66.4) | |
Bottled water | ||||
Yes | 4295 (75.5) | 1019 (88.3) | 3276 (72.2) | <0.001 |
No | 1394 (24.5) | 135 (11.7) | 1259 (27.8) | |
Other (e.g., well water) | ||||
Yes | 178 (3.1) | 30 (2.6) | 148 (3.3) | 0.25 |
No | 5511 (96.9) | 1124 (97.4) | 4387 (96.7) |
Comparison of Women Who Formula-Fed Because of Concern Regarding Radioactive Contamination and Those Who Breastfed Exclusively
Formula-fed because of concern about radioactive contamination (n = 1154) | Formula-fed for other reasons (n = 4535) | Breastfed exclusively (n = 2575) | Formula-fed because of concern about radioactive contamination versus breastfed exclusively | Formula-fed for other reasons versus breastfed exclusively | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
p valuea
|
p valuea
| |
Disaster-related factors
| |||||
Residential region | |||||
Within evacuation area | 163 (14.1) | 580 (12.8) | 281 (10.9) | <0.01 | 0.02 |
Outside evacuation area | 991 (85.9) | 3955 (87.2) | 2294 (89.1) | ||
Continuation of scheduled antenatal care | |||||
Yes | 845 (73.8) | 3709 (82.4) | 2077 (81.2) | <0.001 | 0.23 |
No | 300 (26.2) | 794 (17.6) | 480 (18.8) | ||
Switched to different medical institution of own accord | |||||
Yes | 233 (20.2) | 797 (17.6) | 587 (22.8) | 0.08 | <0.001 |
No | 921 (79.8) | 3738 (82.4) | 1988 (77.2) | ||
Maternal factors
| |||||
Age (years) | |||||
<35 | 939 (81.4) | 3557 (78.4) | 2138 (83.0) | 0.22 | <0.001 |
≥35 | 215 (18.6) | 978 (21.6) | 437 (17.0) | ||
Parity | |||||
Primipara | 284 (24.6) | 1340 (29.5) | 654 (25.4) | 0.61 | <0.001 |
Multipara | 870 (75.4) | 3195 (70.5) | 1921 (74.6) | ||
Depressive symptoms | |||||
Yes | 462 (40.5) | 1147 (25.6) | 647 (25.4) | <0.001 | 0.90 |
No | 678 (59.5) | 3336 (74.4) | 1896 (74.6) | ||
Obstetric factors
| |||||
Duration between disaster and delivery (weeks) | |||||
<23 | 705 (61.1) | 2110 (46.6) | 1235 (48.0) | <0.001 | 0.26 |
≥23 | 449 (38.9) | 2422 (53.4) | 1340 (52.0) | ||
Type of pregnancy | |||||
Natural pregnancy | 1110 (96.4) | 4325 (95.5) | 2473 (96.3) | 0.79 | 0.13 |
Other typesb
| 41 (3.6) | 203 (4.5) | 96 (3.7) | ||
Illness during pregnancy (either before or after the disaster) | |||||
Yes | 312 (27.0) | 1048 (23.1) | 570 (22.1) | <0.01 | 0.35 |
No | 842 (73.0) | 3487 (76.9) | 2005 (77.9) | ||
Delivery method | |||||
Vaginal delivery | 887 (78.6) | 3506 (78.5) | 2130 (83.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Cesarean section | 241 (21.4) | 959 (21.5) | 413 (16.2) | ||
Child-related factors
| |||||
Sex of child | |||||
Male | 598 (52.1) | 2331 (51.8) | 1310 (51.2) | 0.60 | 0.64 |
Female | 549 (47.9) | 2171 (48.2) | 1249 (48.8) | ||
Birth weight (g) | |||||
<2500 | 81 (7.1) | 376 (8.3) | 154 (6.0) | 0.22 | <0.001 |
≥2500 | 1065 (92.9) | 4130 (91.7) | 2407 (94.0) | ||
Congenital anomaly | |||||
Yes | 25 (2.3) | 130 (3.0) | 56 (2.3) | 1.00 | 0.08 |
No | 1085 (97.7) | 4250 (97.0) | 2428 (97.7) | ||
Neonatal asphyxia | |||||
Yes | 14 (1.3) | 53 (1.2) | 18 (0.7) | 0.12 | 0.05 |
No | 1101 (98.7) | 4316 (98.8) | 2472 (99.3) |
Comparison of Women Who Formula-Fed for Reasons Other Than Concern Regarding Radioactive Contamination and Those Who Breastfed Exclusively
Association Between Disaster-Related Factors and Formula Feeding Because of Concern Regarding Radioactive Contamination
Disaster-related factors | Univariatea
| Multivariateb
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ORc
| 95 % CId
| OR | 95 % CI | |
Residential region | ||||
Within evacuation area (vs outside evacuation area) | 1.34 | 1.09–1.65 | 1.27 | 1.02–1.58 |
Continuation of scheduled antenatal care | ||||
No (vs yes) | 1.54 | 1.30–1.81 | 1.31 | 1.09–1.57 |
Switched to different medical institution of own accord | ||||
Yes (vs no) | 0.86 | 0.72–1.02 |
Association Between Disaster-Related Factors and Formula Feeding for Reasons Other Than Radioactive Contamination
Disaster-related factors | Univariatea
| Multivariateb
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ORc
| 95 % CId
| OR | 95 % CI | |
Residential region | ||||
Within evacuation area (vs Outside evacuation area) | 1.20 | 1.03–1.39 | 1.20 | 1.03–1.41 |
Continuation of scheduled antenatal care | ||||
No (vs Yes) | 0.93 | 0.82–1.05 | ||
Switched to different medical institution of own accord | ||||
Yes (vs No) | 0.72 | 0.64–0.81 | 0.74 | 0.65–0.84 |