Background
Methods
Intervention villages
Characteristics | Participation | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Partial/none (n = 17) | Complete (n = 141) | Total (n = 158) | ||
Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Respondent status | ||||
Family head | 12 (70.6) | 88 (62.4) | 100 (63.3) | 0.35 |
Other | 5 (29.4) | 53 (37.6) | 58 (36.7) | |
Age group (years) | ||||
≤ 29 | 6 (35.3) | 47 (33.3) | 53 (33.5) | 0.72 |
30–40 | 7 (41.2) | 48 (34) | 55 (34.8) | |
≥ 41 | 4 (23.5) | 46 (32.6) | 50 (31.6) | |
Sex | ||||
Female | 5 (29.4) | 29 (20.6) | 34 (21.5) | 0.28 |
Male | 12 (70.6) | 112 (79.4) | 124 (78.5) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Lao Lum | 1 (5.9) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.3) | 0.16 |
Lao Theung | 16 (94.1) | 137 (97.2) | 153 (96.8) | |
Other | 0 | 3 (2.1) | 3 (1.9) | |
Religion | ||||
Animist | 16 (94.1) | 138 (97.9) | 154 (97.5) | 0.36 |
Buddhist | 1 (5.9) | 3 (2.1) | 4 (2.5) | |
Marital status | ||||
In relationship | 17 (100) | 129 (91.5) | 146 (92.4) | 0.24 |
Not in relationship | 0 | 12 (8.5) | 12 (7.6) | |
Literacy | ||||
Illiterate | 14 (82.4) | 101 (71.6) | 115 (72.8) | 0.26 |
Literate | 3 (17.6) | 40 (28.4) | 43 (27.2) | |
Education in years | ||||
≤ 5 | 16 (94.1) | 127 (90.1) | 143 (90.5) | 0.5 |
≥ 5.1 | 1 (5.9) | 14 (9.9) | 15 (9.5) | |
Occupation | ||||
Farmer | 16 (94.1) | 131 (92.9) | 147 (93) | 0.66 |
Other | 1 (5.9) | 10 (7.1) | 11 (7) | |
Monthly income (kip) | ||||
≤ 500,000 | 16 (94.1) | 124 (87.9) | 140 (88.6) | 0.72 |
≥ 500,001 | 1 (5.9) | 15 (10.6) | 16 (10.1) | |
Don’t know | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | |
Presence of toilet facility at home | ||||
Yes | 3 (17.6) | 18 (12.8) | 21 (13.3) | 0.4 |
No | 14 (82.4) | 123 (87.2) | 137 (86.7) | |
Migrated from other village | ||||
Yes | 6 (35.3) | 45 (31.9) | 51 (32.3) | 0.48 |
No | 11 (64.7) | 96 (68.1) | 107 (67.7) | |
Distance between forest and house in km | ||||
≤ 1 | 10 (62.5) | 82 (59.9) | 92 (60.1) | 0.53 |
≥ 1.1 | 6 (37.5) | 55 (40.1) | 61 (39.9) | |
Frequency of visit to forest | ||||
Everyday | 9 (52.9) | 87 (61.7) | 96 (60.8) | 0.77 |
≥ Every alternate day | 7 (41.2) | 48 (34) | 55 (34.8) | |
NA | 1 (5.9) | 6 (4.3) | 7 (4.4) |
Data collection
Data management and analysis
Ethics
Results
Participation in MDA and TME
Socio-demographic characteristics
Knowledge about MDA and malaria, experience of and perceptions towards TME
Characteristics | Participation | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Partial/none (n = 17) | Complete (n = 141) | Total (n = 158) | ||
Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Heard about the current malaria elimination project | ||||
Yes | 17 (100) | 141 (100) | 158 (100) | NA |
Heard through/froma
| ||||
District Health Team/Village Health Workers/Study Staffs | 13 (76.5) | 137 (97.2) | 150 (94.9) |
0.005
|
Neighbor | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 0.89 |
Village head | 10 (58.8) | 109 (77.3) | 119 (75.3) | 0.089 |
Don’t know | 1 (5.9) | 4 (2.8) | 5 (3.2) | 0.43 |
Attended meetings/events conducted by TME | ||||
Yes | 11 (64.7) | 138 (97.9) | 149 (94.3) | < 0.001
|
No | 6 (35.3) | 3 (2.1) | 9 (5.7) | |
TME was explained to you bya
| ||||
Village head | 10 (58.8) | 124 (87.9) | 134 (84.8) |
0.005
|
Volunteers | 9 (52.9) | 117 (83) | 126 (79.7) |
0.008
|
TME staffs | 9 (52.9) | 132 (93.6) | 141 (89.2) | < 0.001
|
Frequency of explanation about TME by study staffs | ||||
Up to 30 times | 8 (47.1) | 128 (90.8) | 136 (86.1) | < 0.001
|
Can’t remember/don’t know | 9 (52.9) | 13 (9.2) | 22 (13.9) | |
Frequency of explanation about TME by non-study staffs | ||||
Up to 20 times | 10 (58.8) | 137 (97.2) | 147 (93) | < 0.001
|
Can’t remember/don’t know | 7 (41.2) | 4 (2.8) | 11 (7) | |
We get malaria froma
| ||||
Forest | 2 (11.8) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (2.5) | 0.058 |
Mosquito | 14 (82.4) | 139 (98.6) | 153 (96.8) |
0.009
|
Signs and symptoms of malariaa
| ||||
Fever | 8 (47.1) | 115 (81.6) | 123 (77.8) |
0.003
|
Headache | 7 (41.2) | 105 (74.5) | 112 (70.9) |
0.007
|
Muscle pain | 1 (5.9) | 14 (9.9) | 15 (9.5) | 0.5 |
Vomiting | 1 (5.9) | 7 (5) | 8 (5.1) | 0.6 |
Chills/shivering | 8 (47.1) | 116 (82.3) | 124 (78.5) |
0.003
|
Diarrhea | 1 (5.9) | 7 (5) | 8 (5.1) | 0.6 |
Don’t know | 6 (35.3) | 15 (10.6) | 21 (13.3) |
0.013
|
Diagnosis of malariaa
| ||||
Through blood test | 10 (58.8) | 128 (90.8) | 138 (87.3) |
0.002
|
That person will have fever, chills and headache | 0 | 7 (5) | 7 (4.4) | 0.44 |
Went to health worker | 14 (82.4) | 117 (83) | 131 (82.9) | 0.58 |
Went to forest before | 2 (11.8) | 0 | 2 (1.3) |
0.011
|
An asymptomatic villager can have malaria parasite | ||||
Yes | 3 (17.6) | 60 (42.6) | 63 (39.9) |
0.04
|
No | 1 (5.9) | 19 (13.5) | 20 (12.7) | |
Don’t know | 13 (76.5) | 62 (44) | 75 (47.5) | |
Ways to eliminate malaria from the villagea
| ||||
By giving medicine to all the villagers | 6 (35.3) | 117 (83) | 123 (77.8) | < 0.001
|
By using mosquito nets | 1 (5.9) | 6 (4.3) | 7 (4.4) | 0.55 |
By cleaning the surrounding | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | 0.79 |
Don’t know | 9 (52.9) | 18 (12.8) | 27 (17.1) | < 0.001
|
Characteristics | Participation | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Partial/none (n = 17) | Complete (n = 141) | Total (n = 158) | ||
Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Provided blood for test during MDA | ||||
Yes | 9 (52.9) | 141 (100) | 150 (94.9) | < 0.001
|
No | 8 (47.1) | 0 | 8 (5.1) | |
If yes, reasons (n = 150) | ||||
I want to check malaria | 4 (44.4) | 53 (37.6) | 57 (38) | 0.8 |
I am scared of malaria | 1 (11.1) | 27 (19.1) | 28 (18.7) | |
I am scared of illness | 0 | 10 (7.1) | 10 (6.7) | |
I want to be free from malaria | 2 (22.2) | 19 (13.5) | 21 (14) | |
I want to have a good health | 1 (11.1) | 25 (17.7) | 26 (17.3) | |
Other | 1 (11.1) | 7 (5) | 8 (5.3) | |
Took medicine for mass drug administration | ||||
Yes | 9 (52.9) | 141 (100) | 150 (94.9) | < 0.001
|
No | 8 (47.1) | 0 | 8 (5.1) | |
If yes, reasons (n = 150) | ||||
I want to be free from malaria | 5 (55.6) | 61 (43.3) | 66 (44) | 0.39 |
I want to have a good health | 1 (11.1) | 54 (38.3) | 55 (36.7) | |
I am scared of malaria | 1 (11.1) | 15 (10.6) | 16 (10.7) | |
I am scared of illness | 1 (11.1) | 5 (3.5) | 6 (4) | |
Other | 1 (11.1) | 6 (4.3) | 7 (4.7) | |
If yes, location of the MDA (n = 150) | ||||
Village hall | 7 (77.8) | 101 (71.6) | 108 (72) | 0.56 |
Village center | 2 (22.2) | 18 (12.8) | 20 (13.3) | |
Other | 0 | 20 (14.2) | 20 (13.3) | |
No response | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | |
Medicine distribution center was convenient | ||||
Yes | 9 (100) | 138 (97.9) | 147 (98) | 0.83 |
No | 0 | 3 (2.1) | 3 (2) | |
Distance between the medicine distribution center and your house (m) | ||||
≤ 100 | 4 (40) | 99 (70.2) | 103 (68.2) | 0.055 |
≥ 101 | 6 (60) | 42 (29.8) | 48 (31.8) | |
Number of people in your household | ||||
≤ 6 | 10 (58.8) | 80 (56.7) | 90 (57) | 0.54 |
≥ 7 | 7 (41.2) | 61 (43.3) | 68 (43) | |
Everyone in my house participated in TME | ||||
Yes | 4 (23.5) | 81 (57.4) | 85 (53.8) |
0.008
|
No | 13 (76.5) | 60 (42.6) | 73 (46.2) | |
I had complaints after taking medicine | ||||
Yes | 3 (33.3) | 27 (19.1) | 30 (20) | 0.25 |
No | 6 (66.7) | 114 (80.9) | 120 (80) | |
If yes, complaints started after | ||||
Round 1 | 1 (33.3) | 24 (88.9) | 25 (83.3) |
0.041
|
Round 2 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (7.4) | 3 (10) | |
Round 3 | 1 (33.3) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (6.7) | |
Household members had complaints after taking medicine (n = 153) | ||||
Yes | 3 (23.1) | 36 (25.7) | 39 (25.5) |
0.012
|
No | 9 (69.2) | 103 (73.6) | 112 (73.2) | |
No one took the medicine | 1 (7.7) | 0 | 1 (0.7) | |
Don’t know | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) |
Characteristics | Participation | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Partial/none (n = 17) | Complete (n = 141) | Total (n = 158) | ||
Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Received enough information about the TME | ||||
Yes | 9 (52.9) | 137 (97.2) | 146 (92.4) | < 0.001
|
Don’t know | 8 (47.1) | 4 (2.8) | 12 (7.6) | |
Purpose of the medicine given to villagersa
| ||||
To kill malaria parasite in our body | 8 (47.1) | 132 (93.6) | 140 (88.6) | < 0.001
|
To protect from malaria | 10 (58.8) | 111 (78.7) | 121 (76.6) | 0.068 |
Gives me strength/energy | 5 (29.4) | 1 (0.7) | 6 (3.8) | < 0.001
|
Don’t know | 3 (17.6) | 4 (2.8) | 7 (4.4) |
0.028
|
MDA medicine caused many illness in your village | ||||
Yes | 0 | 4 (2.8) | 4 (2.5) |
0.013
|
No | 9 (52.9) | 113 (80.1) | 122 (77.2) | |
Don’t know | 8 (47.1) | 24 (17) | 32 (20.3) | |
Other villagers thought that medicine caused illness | ||||
Yes | 0 | 4 (2.8) | 4 (2.5) | 0.08 |
No | 9 (52.9) | 105 (74.5) | 114 (72.2) | |
Don’t know | 8 (47.1) | 32 (22.7) | 40 (25.3) | |
Purpose of the blood testa
| ||||
To test for malaria parasite | 7 (41.2) | 121 (85.8) | 128 (81) | < 0.001
|
To test for all the diseases | 0 | 5 (3.5) | 5 (3.2) | 0.56 |
To check if we were healthy | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 0.89 |
Don’t know | 10 (58.8) | 19 (13.5) | 29 (18.4) | < 0.001
|
Disliked about TME | ||||
Blood test | 2 (11.8) | 4 (2.8) | 6 (3.8) | 0.31 |
Unable to go to work | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | |
Inadequate incentive | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | |
Other | 15 (88.2) | 135 (95.7) | 150 (94.9) | |
If other, specify | ||||
I like all | 8 (53.3) | 134 (99.3) | 142 (94.7) | < 0.001
|
I did not participate | 7 (46.7) | 0 | 7 (4.7) | |
I did not like any | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 ((0.7) | |
I think TME is important | ||||
Yes | 8 (47.1) | 135 (95.7) | 143 (90.5) | < 0.001
|
Don’t know | 9 (52.9) | 6 (4.3) | 15 (9.5) | |
Reason for current participation in TMEa
| ||||
Because I wanted to get rid of malaria | 8 (80) | 109 (77.3) | 117 (77.5) | 0.6 |
Because I wanted to be healthy | 5 (50) | 83 (58.9) | 88 (58.3) | 0.4 |
Other | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | 0.87 |
I would recommend TME to others | ||||
Yes | 5 (41.7) | 38 (27) | 43 (28.1) |
0.004
|
No | 4 (33.3) | 63 (44.7) | 67 (43.8) | |
Don’t know | 2 (16.7) | 40 (28.4) | 42 (27.5) | |
No response | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 1 (0.7) | |
Ways a villager can help in the TME program | ||||
I don’t know how to help | 5 (41.7) | 29 (20.6) | 34 (22.2) | 0.35 |
I will help by participating in the project | 2 (16.7) | 45 (31.9) | 47 (30.7) | |
We all have to participate | 4 (33.3) | 58 (41.1) | 62 (40.5) | |
Other | 1 (8.3) | 9 (90) | 10 (6.5) |
Factors affecting participation in TME using a logistic regression model
Covariates | Participation | Univariate analysis | p value | Multivariate analysis | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Partial/none (n = 17) | Complete (n = 141) | Crude OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
Number (%) | Number (%) | |||||
Sensitization by District Health Team/Village Health Workers/Study Staffs | 13 (8.7) | 137 (91.3) | 10.53 (2.35–47.14) |
0.002
| 0.98 (0.04–20.54) | 0.99 |
Attended meetings of TME | 11 (7.4) | 138 (92.6) | 25.09 (5.51–114.24) | < 0.001
| 12.01 (1.14–125.99) |
0.03
|
Village head explained TME to you | 10 (7.5) | 124 (92.5) | 5.1 (1.71–15.19) | 0.003 | 4.54 (0.94–21.75) | 0.058 |
Study staffs explained TME up to 30 times | 9 (6.4) | 132 (93.6) | 11.07 (3.65–33.61) | < 0.001
| 2.97 (0.58–15.19) | 0.19 |
We get malaria from mosquito | 14 (9.2) | 139 (90.8) | 9.26 (1.21–70.63) | 0.032 | 0.12 (0.002–7.60) | 0.32 |
Fever is the sign and symptoms of malaria | 8 (6.5) | 115 (93.5) | 4.97 (1.75–14.12) |
0.003
| 2.21 (0.46–10.63) | 0.32 |
Malaria can be diagnosed through blood test | 10 (7.2) | 128 (92.8) | 6.89 (2.24–21.16) |
0.001
| 5.68 (1.00–32.30) |
0.05
|
A healthy looking person can have malaria | 3 (4.8) | 60 (95.2) | 3.45 (0.95–12.56) | 0.06 | 0.97 (0.18–5.15) | 0.97 |
Malaria can be eliminated by giving medicine to all the villagers | 6 (4.9) | 117 (95.1) | 8.93 (3.01–26.51) | < 0.001
| 3.87 (0.74–20.08) | 0.1 |
Everyone from my house participated | 4 (4.7) | 81 (95.3) | 4.38 (1.36–14.12) |
0.013
| 4.27 (1.3–14.02) |
0.017
|
Had complaints after round 1 | 1 (4) | 24 (96) | 3.28 (0.41–25.94) | 0.26 | 3.01 (0.33–26.97) | 0.32 |
Had complaints with my HH members | 3 (7.7) | 36 (92.3) | 1.6 (0.43–5.88) | 0.48 | 0.89 (0.21–3.73) | 0.88 |
Received enough information | 9 (6.2) | 137 (93.8) | 30.44 (7.68–120.62) | < 0.001
| 0.37 (0.01–11.89) | 0.58 |
Medicine was given to kill malaria parasites | 8 (5.7) | 132 (94.3) | 16.5 (5.13–53.02) | < 0.001
| 6.77 (0.89–51.5) | 0.06 |
Medicine did not cause many illnesses | 9 (7.4) | 113 (92.6) | 0.27 (0.09–0.78) | 0.016 | 1.16 (0.12–10.91) | 0.89 |
Blood was taken to test for malaria parasite | 7 (5.5) | 121 (94.5) | 8.64 (2.94–25.33) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.04–11.75) | 0.84 |
I liked all about MDA | 8 (5.6) | 134 (94.4) | 21.53 (6.36–72.82) | < 0.001 | 17.2 (1.66–177.99) |
0.017
|
MDA is important | 8 (5.6) | 135 (94.4) | 25.31 (7.21–88.81) | < 0.001
| 14.94 (1.3–171.27) |
0.03
|
I will participate if MDA happens next year | 8 (5.8) | 130 (94.2) | 13.29 (4.27–41.32) | < 0.001 | 2.34 (0.27–20.05) | 0.43 |
I would recommend MDA to others | 5 (11.6) | 38 (88.4) | 0.88 (0.29–2.68) | 0.83 | 0.18 (0.03–1.05) | 0.057 |