Background
Methods
The Karnataka Study
Study site and participants
Study Procedures
Third National Family Health Study
Statistical Considerations
Ethics
Results
The Karnataka Study
Demographics and delivery of health services
N | Mean [95% CI] Median [range] Prevalence n (% [95% CI]) | |
---|---|---|
Mother | ||
Age1 (years) | 376 | 23.2 [22.8, 23.6] |
Years of education2
| 377 | 7 [0, 15] |
Literate3
| 374 | 260 (69.5 [64.8, 74.2]) |
Wealth Index1
| 403 | 17.9 [16.7, 18.9] |
Currently Pregnant3
| 374 | 45 (12.0 [8.7, 15.3]) |
Anaemic3,4
| 358 | 225 (62.8 [57.8, 67.9] |
Child
| ||
Age1 (months) | 401 | 17.2 [16.8, 17.5] |
Male3
| 403 | 203 (50.4 [45.5, 55.3]) |
Birth order2
| 377 | 2 [1, 5] |
Hindu, non Scheduled Caste3
| 390 | 209 (53.6 [48.6, 58.6]) |
Hindu, Scheduled Caste3
| 390 | 99 (25.4 [21.0, 29.7]) |
Scheduled Tribe3
| 390 | 61 (15.6 [12.0, 19.0]) |
Muslim3
| 390 | 21 (5.4 [3.1, 7.6]) |
Anaemic3,5
| 399 | 300 (75.2 [70.9, 79.4]) |
Receipt of iron supplements
N | n (% [95% CI]) | |
---|---|---|
Health Services Provided to Mother | ||
Antenatal visits by health worker1
| 375 | 374 (99.7 [99.2, 100.0]) |
Had postnatal health worker visit | 370 | 167 ([45.1 (40.4, 50.3]) |
Health Services Provided to Child
| ||
Vaccinations: | ||
Birth | 403 | 394 (97.8 [96.3, 99.2]) |
6 weeks | 399 | 386 (96.7 [95.0, 98.5 ]) |
10 weeks | 399 | 384 (96.2 [94.4, 98.1]) |
14 weeks | 399 | 366 (91.7 [89.0, 94.4]) |
9 months | 403 | 393 (97.5 [96.0, 99.0]) |
Fully vaccinated | 403 | 359 (89.1 [86.0, 92.1]) |
Vitamin A supplementation received ever | 403 | 403 (100.0%) |
Child has ever visited: | ||
Doctor | 403 | 386 [95.8 (93.8, 97.8)] |
Primary Health Centre | 402 | 329 (81.8 [78.1, 85.6]) |
Anganwadi Centre | 403 | 435 (85.6 [82.2, 89.1]) |
Maternal anaemia prophylaxis measures
| ||
Blood test during pregnancy | 374 | 292 (78.1 [73.9, 82.3]) |
Iron supplementation during pregnancy | 376 | 345 (91.7 [89.0, 94.6]) |
Dose of iron received | ||
0 tablets | 375 | 30 (8.0 [5.2, 10.7)) |
10-20 tablets | 375 | 108 (28.8 [24.2, 33.4]) |
30-40 tablets | 375 | 165 (44.0 [39.0, 49.1]) |
50-60 tablets | 375 | 58 (15.5 [11.8, 19.1]) |
70-80 tablets | 375 | 12 (3.2 [1.4, 5.0]) |
> 80 tablets | 375 | 2 (0.5 [0.0, 1.3]) |
Iron supplementation post pregnancy | 370 | 86 (23.2 [18.9, 27.6]) |
Children's anaemia prophylaxis measures
| ||
Child had received iron supplementation | 402 | 167 (41.5 [36.7, 46.4]) |
Source of iron supplementation | ||
Private doctor | 161 | 91 (56.5 [48.8, 64.3]) |
Private shop | 161 | 24 (14.9 [9.3, 20.5]) |
Primary Health Centre | 161 | 35 (21.7 [15.3, 28.2]) |
Sub-centre health worker | 161 | 8 (5.0 [1.6, 8.4]) |
Anganwadi worker | 161 | 3 (1.9 [0.0, 4.0]) |
Factors associated with receipt of iron supplements
Factor | Total Population | Iron supplements received (345/375) | Iron supplements not received (30/375) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Prevalence n (% [95% CI]), Mean [95% CI], or Median [Range] | N | Prevalence n (% [95% CI]), Mean [95% CI], or Median [Range] | N | Prevalence n (% [95% CI]), Mean [95% CI], or Median [Range] | Odds Ratio [95% CI] for receipt of iron | ||
Wealth quintile
1, 4
| ||||||||
Quintile 1
| 375 | 69 (18.4 [14.4, 22.4]) | 69 | 56 (81.2 [71.7, 90.6]) | 69 | 13 (18.8 [71.7, 90.6]) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
Quintile 2
| 375 | 66 (17.6 [13.7, 21.4]) | 66 | 61 (92.4 [85.9, 99.0]) | 66 | 5 (7.6 [1.0, 14.1]) | 2.83 [0.95, 8.45] | 0.062 |
Quintile 3
| 375 | 86 (22.9 [18.7, 27.2]) | 86 | 80 (93.0 [87.5, 98.5]) | 86 | 6 (7.0 [1.5, 12.4]) | 2.65 [1.0, 7.07] | 0.051 |
Quintile 4
| 375 | 75 (20.0 [15.9, 24.1]) | 75 | 75 (93.3 [87.6, 99.1]) | 75 | 5 (6.7 [0.9, 12.4]) | 3.25 [1.09, 9.66] | 0.034 |
Quintile 5
| 375 | 79 (21.1 [16.9, 25.2]) | 79 | 78 (98.7 [96.2, 100.0]) | 79 | 1 (1.3 [0.0, 3.7]) | 18.57 [2.36, 146.06] | 0.005 |
Mother's age (years)
2
| 374 | 23.2 [22.8, 23.6] | 342 | 23.2 [22.8, 23.5] | 31 | 23.9 [22.0, 25.8] | 0.95 per year [0.87, 1.04] | 0.275 |
Child's age (months)
2
| 401 | 17.2 [16.8, 17.5] | 343 | 17.0 [16.7, 17.4] | 31 | 17.8 [16.3, 19.2] | 0.94 per month [0.84, 1.04] | 0.251 |
Maternal Education
1
| ||||||||
0
| 375 | 89 (23.7 [19.4, 28.1]) | 89 | 80 (89.9 [83.5, 96.3]) | 89 | 9 (10.1 [3.7, 16.5]) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
1-6 years
| 375 | 46 (12.3 [8.9, 15.6]) | 46 | 43 (93.5 [86.1, 100.0]) | 46 | 3 (6.5 [0, 13.9]) | 1.61 [0.42, 6.27] | 0.491 |
7-9 years
| 375 | 117 (31.2 [26.5, 25.9]) | 117 | 107 (91.5 [86.3, 96.6]) | 107 | 10 (8.5 [3.4, 13.7]) | 1.20 [0.47, 3.10] | 0.701 |
10 years
| 375 | 97 (25.9 [21.4, 30.3]) | 97 | 90 (92.8 [87.5, 98.0]) | 97 | 7 (7.2 [2.0, 12.5]) | 1.446 [0.52, 4.06] | 0.484 |
11+ years
| 375 | 26 (6.9 [4.4, 9.5]) | 26 | 25 (96.2 [88.2, 100.0]) | 26 | 1 (3.8 [0, 11.8]) | 2.7 [0.33, 22.39] | 0.358 |
Literate mother
1
| 373 | 259 (69.4 [64.7, 74.1]) | 259 | 241 (93.1 [89.9, 96.2]) | 259 | 18 (6.9 [3.8,10.1]) | 1.58 [0.73, 3.39] | 0.245 |
Birth order
3
| 377 | 344 | 31 | 0.90 [0.58, 1.41] | 0.634 | |||
Religion/Caste
1
| ||||||||
Hindu, non SC/ST
5
| 374 | 198 (52.9 [47.9, 58.0]) | 198 | 190 (96.0 [93.2, 98.7]) | 198 | 8 (4.0 [1.3, 6.8]) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
Scheduled Caste
| 374 | 97 (25.9 [21.5, 30.4]) | 97 | 85 (87.6 [81.0, 94.3]) | 97 | 12 (12.4 [5.7, 19.0]) | 0.30 [0.12, 0.76] | 0.011 |
Scheduled Tribe
| 374 | 58 (15.6 [11.8, 19.2]) | 58 | 52 (89.7 [81.6, 97.7]) | 58 | 6 (10.3 [2.3, 18.4]) | 0.7 [0.12, 1.09] | 0.073 |
Muslim
| 374 | 21 (5.6 [3.3, 8.0]) | 21 | 17 (81.0 [62.6, 99.3]) | 21 | 4 (19.1 [0.7, 37.4]) | 0.18 [0.05, 0.66] | 0.009 |
Number of antenatal health worker visits
1,6
| ||||||||
Quintile 1
| 374 | 69 (18.5 [14.5, 22.4]) | 69 | 57 (82.6 [73.4, 91.8]) | 69 | 12 (17.3 [8.2, 26.6]) | Reference | |
Quintile 2
| 374 | 53 (14.2 [10.6, 17.7]) | 53 | 46 (86.8 [77.4, 96.2]) | 53 | 7 (13.2 [3.8, 22.6]) | 1.38 [0.50, 3.80] | 0.529 |
Quintile 3
| 374 | 40 (10.7 [7.6, 13.8]) | 40 | 39 (97.5 [92.4, 100.0]) | 40 | 1 (2.5 [0.0, 7.6]) | 8.21 [1.02, 65.74] | 0.047 |
Quintile 4
| 374 | 118 (31.6 [26.8, 36.3]) | 118 | 109 (92.3 [87.5, 97.2]) | 118 | 9 (7.6 [2.8, 12.5]) | 2.55 [1.01, 6.41] | 0.047 |
Quintile 5
| 374 | 94 (25.1 [20.7, 29.6]) | 94 | 93 (98.9 [96.8, 100.0]) | 94 | 1 (1.1 [0.0, 3.2]) | 19.59 [2.48, 154.61] | 0.005 |
Postnatal health worker visit
1
| 369 | 167 (45.3 [40.2, 50.4]) | 167 | 164 (98.2 [96.2, 100.0]) | 167 | 3 (1.8 [0.0, 3.8]) | 8.43 [2.51, 28.33] | 0.001 |
Iron supplementation given post pregnancy
1
| 369 | 86 (23.3 [19.0, 27.6]) | 86 | 84 (97.7 [94.4, 100.0]) | 86 | 2 (2.3 [0.0, 5.6]) | 4.61 [1.08, 19.78] | 0.040 |
Blood test during pregnancy
1
| 373 | 291 (78.0 [73.8, 82.2]) | 291 | 276 (94.9 [92.3, 97.4]) | 291 | 15 (5.2 [2.6, 7.7]) | 4.12 [1.92, 8.84] | < 0.001 |
Factor | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | P |
---|---|---|
Postnatal health worker visit
| 9.57 [2.50, 36.58] | 0.001 |
Wealth quintile
1
| ||
Quintile 1
| 1.00 (Reference) | |
Quintile 2
| 2.28 [0.61, 8.53] | 0.223 |
Quintile 3
| 2.83 [0.84, 9.50] | 0.093 |
Quintile 4
| 2.63 [0.71, 9.67] | 0.146 |
Quintile 5
| 11.20 [1.17, 106.82] | 0.036 |
Religion/Caste
| ||
Hindu, Non SC/ST
2
| 1.00 (Reference) | |
Scheduled Caste
| 0.32 [0.11, 0.96] | 0.041 |
Scheduled Tribe
| 0.63 [0.18, 2.19] | 0.468 |
Muslim
| 0.11 [0.02, 0.56] | 0.008 |
Number of antenatal health worker visits
3
| ||
Quintile 1
| 1.00 (Reference) | |
Quintile 2
| 1.69 [0.51, 5.64] | 0.394 |
Quintile 3
| 8.66 [0.93, 80.87] | 0.058 |
Quintile 4
| 1.07 [0.35, 3.29] | 0.908 |
Quintile 5
| 16.02 [1.83, 140.06] | 0.012 |
Blood test during pregnancy
| 3.00 [1.19, 7.57] | 0.020 |
Factor | Total Population | Iron supplements received (345/375) | Iron supplements not received (30/375) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Prevalence n (% [95% CI]), Mean [95% CI], or Median [Range] | N | Prevalence n (% [95% CI]), Mean [95% CI], or Median [Range] | N | Prevalence n (% [95% CI]), Mean [95% CI], or Median [Range] | Odds Ratio [95% CI] for receipt of iron | ||
Wealth quintile
1, 4
| ||||||||
Quintile 1
| 402 | 77 (19.2 [15.3, 23.0]) | 77 | 24 (31.2 [20.6, 41.8]) | 77 | 53 (68.8 [58.3, 79.4]) | Reference | |
Quintile 2
| 402 | 71 (17.7 [13.9, 21.4]) | 71 | 25 (35.2 [23.8, 46.6]) | 71 | 46 (64.8 [53.4, 76.2]) | 1.20 [0.61, 2.38] | 0.602 |
Quintile 3
| 402 | 91 (22.6 [18.5, 26.7]) | 91 | 35 (38.5 [28.3, 48.6]) | 91 | 56 (61.5 [51.4, 71.7]) | 1.38 [0.73, 2.62] | 0.324 |
Quintile 4
| 402 | 79 (19.7 [15.8, 23.6]) | 79 | 37 (46.8 [35.6, 58.1]) | 79 | 42 (53.2 [41.9, 64.4]) | 1.95 [1.01, 3.74] | 0.046 |
Quintile 5
| 402 | 84 (20.9 [16.9, 24.9]) | 64 | 46 (54.8 [43.9, 65.6]) | 84 | 38 (45.2 [34.4, 56.1]) | 2.67 [1.40, 5.10] | 0.003 |
Mother's age (years)
2
| 374 | 23.2 [22.8, 23.6] | 161 | 23.1 [22.6, 23.6] | 212 | 23.3 [22.8, 23.8] | 0.98 per year [0.93, 1.04] | 0.555 |
Child's age (months)
2
| 401 | 17.2 [16.8, 17.5] | 165 | 17.0 [16.5, 17.5] | 235 | 17.3 [16.8, 17.7] | 0.98 per month [0.92, 1.04] | 0.445 |
Maternal Education
1
| ||||||||
0
| 374 | 89 (23.8 [19.5, 28.1]) | 89 | 31.5 [21.6, 41.3] | 89 | 68.6 [58.7, 78.4] | 1.00 (Reference) | |
1-6 years
| 374 | 45 (12.0 [8.7, 15.3]) | 45 | 53.3 [38.2, 68.5] | 45 | 46.7 [31.5, 61.8] | 2.49 [1.19, 5.20] | 0.015 |
7-9 years
| 374 | 117 (31.3 [26.6, 36.0]) | 117 | 40.2 [31.2, 49.2] | 117 | 59.8 [50.8, 68.8] | 1.46 [0.82, 2.61] | 0.199 |
10 years
| 374 | 98 (26.2 [21.7, 30.7]) | 98 | 48.0 [37.9, 58.0] | 98 | 52.0 [42.0, 62.1] | 2.01 [1.10, 3.65] | 0.022 |
11+ years
| 374 | 25 (6.7 [4.1, 9.2]) | 25 | 60.0 [39.4, 80.6] | 25 | 40.0 [19.4, 60.6] | 3.27 [1.31, 8.17] | 0.011 |
Literate mother
1
| 373 | 259 (69.4 [64.7, 74.1]) | 259 | 48.3 [42.1, 54.4] | 259 | 51.7 [45.6, 58.9] | 2.02 [1.27, 3.21] | 0.003 |
Birth order
3
| 377 | 161 | 215 | 0.91 [0.70, 1.19] | 0.495 | |||
Religion/Caste
1
| ||||||||
Hindu, non SC/ST
5
| 389 | 209 (53.7 [48.8, 58.7]) | 209 | 101 (48.3 [41.5, 55.2]) | 209 | 108 (51.7 [44.8, 58.5]) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
Scheduled Caste
| 389 | 99 (25.4 [21.1 29.8]) | 99 | 34 (34.3 [24.8, 43.9]) | 99 | 65 (65.7 [56.1, 75.2]) | 0.56 [0.34, 0.92]) | 0.022 |
Scheduled Tribe
| 389 | 61 (15.7 [12.1, 19.3]) | 61 | 25 (41.0 [28.3, 53.6]) | 61 | 36 (59.0 [46.3, 71.7]) | 0.74 [0.42, 1.32]) | 0.313. |
Muslim
| 389 | 20 (5.1 [2.9, 7.4]) | 20 | 1 (5.0 [0.0, 15.5]) | 20 | 19 (95.0 [84.5, 100.0]) | 0.06 [0.01, 0.43]) | 0.005 |
Number of antenatal health worker visits
1. 6
| ||||||||
Quintile 1
| 374 | 68 (18.2 [14.3, 22.1]) | 68 | 38 (55.9 [43.8, 68.0]) | 68 | 30 (44.1 [32.0, 56.2]) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
Quintile 2
| 374 | 53 (14.2 [10.6, 17.7]) | 53 | 15 (28.3 [15.8, 40.8]) | 53 | 38 (71.7 [59.2, 84.2]) | 0.31 [0.15, 0.67] | 0.003 |
Quintile 3
| 374 | 40 (10.7 [7.6, 13.8]) | 40 | 18 (45.0 [28.9, 61.1]) | 40 | 22 (55.0 [38.9, 61.1]) | 0.65 [0.29, 1.41]) | 0.276 |
Quintile 4
| 374 | 118 (31.6 [26.8, 36.3]) | 118 | 63 (53.4 [44.3, 62.5]) | 118 | 55 (46.7 [37.4, 55.7]) | 0.90 [0.60, 1.65]) | 0.742 |
Quintile 5
| 374 | 95 (25.4 [21.0, 29.8]) | 95 | 26 (27.4 [18.2, 36.5]) | 95 | 69 (72.6 [63.5, 81.8]) | 0.30 [0.15, 0.57] | < 0.0001 |
Postnatal health worker visit
1
| 369 | 166 (45.0 [39.9, 50.1]) | 166 | 74 (44.6 [36.9, 52.2]) | 166 | 92 (55.4 [47.8, 63.1]) | 1.07 [0.71, 1.62] | 0.740 |
Iron supplementation given post pregnancy
1
| 369 | 86 (23.3 [19.0, 27.6]) | 86 | 84 (97.7 [94.4, 100.0]) | 86 | 2 (2.3 [0.0, 5.6]) | 4.61 [1.08, 19.78] | 0.040 |
Antenatal maternal iron supplementation
1
| 374 | 344 (92.0 [89.2, 94.7]) | 344 | 153 (44.5 [39.2, 49.8]) | 344 | 191 ((55.5 [50.3, 60.8]) | 2.20 [0.95, 5.08] | 0.064 |
Postnatal maternal iron supplementation
1
| 369 | 85 (23.0 [18.7, 27.4]) | 85 | 54 (63.5 [53.1, 73.9]) | 85 | 31 (36.5 [26.0, 46.9]) | 2.88 [1.74, 4.76]) | < 0.0001 |
Blood test during pregnancy
1
| 374 | 291 (78.0 [73.8, 82.2]) | 291 | 137 (47.1 [41.3, 52.8]) | 291 | 154 (52.9 [47.2, 58.7]) | 2.15 [1.27, 3.65] | 0.005 |
Child's sex (male = 1)
1
| 402 | 203 (50.5 [45.6, 55.4]) | 203 | 103 (50.7 [43.8, 57.7]) | 203 | 100 (49.3 [42.3, 56.2]) | 2.17 [1.45, 3.26] | < 0.001 |
Services accessed ever
| ||||||||
Doctor1
| 403 | 385 (95.7 [93.8, 97.5]) | 385 | 164 (42.6 [37.6, 47.6]) | 385 | 221 (57.4 [52.4, 62.4]) | 3.46 [0.98, 12.25] | 0.054 |
Primary Health Centre1
| 402 | 328 (81.8 [78.0, 85.6]) | 328 | 138 (42.1 [36.7, 47.4]) | 328 | 190 (57.9 [52.6, 63.3]) | 1.10 [0.66, 1.84]) | 0.713 |
Anganwadi Centre1
| 402 | 345 (85.8 [82.4, 89.2]) | 345 | 124 (35.9 [30.8, 41.0]) | 345 | 221 (64.1 [59.0, 69.1]) | 0.18 [0.10, 0.35]) | < 0.001 |
Child fully vaccinated1
| 402 | 359 (89.1 [86.0, 92.1]) | 358 | 136 (40.0 [32.9, 43.0]) | 358 | 222 (62.0 [57.0, 67.1]) | 0.6 [0.13, 0.51] | < 0.001 |
Factor | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | P |
---|---|---|
Child's sex (male = 1)
| 2.45 [1.47, 4.10] | < 0.001 |
Wealth quintile
1
| ||
Quintile 1
| 1.00 (Reference) | |
Quintile 2
| 0.89 [0.37, 2.16] | 0.797 |
Quintile 3
| 1.31 [0.59, 2.90] | 0.504 |
Quintile 4
| 1.65 [0.71, 3.83] | 0.242 |
Quintile 5
| 2.63 [1.11, 6.24] | 0.028 |
Religion/Caste
| ||
Hindu, non SC/ST
2
| 1.00 (Reference) | |
Scheduled Caste
| 0.69 [0.38, 1.28] | 0.240 |
Scheduled Tribe
| 0.90 [0.43, 1.77] | 0.776 |
Muslim
| 0.02 [0.00, 0.27] | 0.002 |
Number of antenatal health worker visits
3
| ||
Quintile 1
| 1.00 (Reference) | |
Quintile 2
| 0.25 [0.10, 0.61] | 0.003 |
Quintile 3
| 0.54 [0.21, 1.40] | 0.201 |
Quintile 4
| 0.78 [0.37, 1.63] | 0.506 |
Quintile 5
| 0.25 [0.11, 0.55] | < 0.001 |
Visited Anganwadi
| 0.23 [0.11, 0.49] | < 0.001 |
Child fully vaccinated
| 0.33 [0.15, 0.75] | 0.008 |
Postnatal maternal iron supplementation
| 2.31 [1.25, 4.28] | 0.008 |
Maternal blood test during pregnancy
| 2.10 [1.09, 4.03] | 0.026 |
Third National Family Health Study
Antenatal iron supplements received by mother | Iron supplements currently received by children | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | P | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | P |
Univariate logistic regression
| ||||
Wealth quintile | 1.51 [1.44, 1.57] | < 0.001 | 1.35 [1.26,1.45] | < 0.001 |
Maternal education | ||||
0 years | Reference | Reference | ||
Primary | 2.58 [2.30, 2.89] | < 0.001 | 1.76 [1.36, 2.28] | < 0.001 |
Secondary | 4.11 [3.66, 4.61] | < 0.001 | 2.41 [1.96, 2.96] | < 0.001 |
Higher | 14.00 [8.87, 22.08] | < 0.001 | 3.80 [2.61, 5.52] | < 0.001 |
Child's sex (male = 1) | 0.98 [0.91, 1.05] | 0.516 | 1.10 [0.95, 1.26] | 0.191 |
Literate mother1
| 1.94 [1.84, 2.05] | < 0.001 | 1.47 [1.34, 1.61] | < 0.001 |
Birth order | 0.78 [-.77, 0.80] | < 0.001 | 0.85 [0.81, 0.89] | < 0.001 |
Religion/Caste2
| ||||
Hindu, non SC/ST | 1.21 [1.08, 1.34] | = 0.001 | 1.31 [1.09, 1.57] | = 0.005 |
Scheduled Caste | 0.95 [0.85, 1.07] | = 0.418 | 0.71 [0.55, 0.92] | = 0.008 |
Scheduled Tribe | 1.04 [0.88, 1.23] | = 0.657 | 1.06 [0.82, 1.38] | = 0.651 |
Muslim | 0.74 [0.62, 0.87] | < 0.001 | 0.82 [0.61, 1.09] | = 0.167 |
Antenatal health worker visits (OR per visit) | 1.77 [1.70, 1.85] | < 0.001 | 1.02 [1.01, 1.02] | < 0.001 |
Antenatal iron received by mother | N/A | N/A | 3.02 [2.32, 3.93] | < 0.001 |
Postnatal iron received by mother | Not measured | Not measured | ||
Blood test during pregnancy | 2.36 [2.10, 2.64] | < 0.001 | 2.50 [2.02, 3.10] | < 0.001 |
Services accessed: | ||||
Anganwadi Centre3
| 2.03 [1.79, 2.30] | < 0.001 | 1.79 [1.47, 2.19] | < 0.001 |
Child vaccinated4
| 2.03 [1.73, 2.38] | < 0.001 | 1.28 [0.84, 1.94] | = 0.244 |
Multiple logistic regression
5
| ||||
Wealth quintile | - | 1.12 [1.02, 1.23] | = 0.019 | |
Maternal education | ||||
0 years | Reference | Reference | ||
Primary | 1.60 [1.34, 1.91] | < 0.001 | 1.47 [1.02, 2.11] | = 0.039 |
Secondary | 1.53 [1.31, 1.79] | < 0.001 | 2.15 [1.17, 3.97] | = 0.014 |
Higher | 5.20 [2.65, 10.22] | < 0.001 | 3.17 [1.56, 6.44] | = 0.001 |
Literate mother1
| - | 0.74 [0.57, 0.97] | = 0.030 | |
Birth Order | - | - | ||
Religion/Caste2
| ||||
Hindu, non SC/ST | - | - | ||
Scheduled Caste | - | - | ||
Scheduled Tribe | - | - | ||
Muslim | 0.75 [0.62, 0.91] | = 0.003 | - | |
Antenatal health worker visits (OR per visit) | - | - | ||
Antenatal iron supplementation given to mother | N/A | 2.24 [1.56, 3.22] | < 0.001 | |
Blood test during pregnancy | 2.06 [1.78, 2.38] | < 0.001 | 1.86 [1.47, 2.37] | < 0.001 |
Services accessed: | ||||
Anganwadi Centre3
| 1.79 [1.51, 2.12] | < 0.001 | 1.47 [1.20, 1.80] | < 0.001 |
Child Vaccinated4
| 1.28 [1.06, 1.54] | = 0.010 | - |