Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3/2017

03.08.2016 | Original Paper

Family Qualities, Self-Deprecation, and Depressive Symptoms of Zoroastrian Young Adults in Immigrant Families

verfasst von: Farin Bakhtiari, Scott. W. Plunkett, David Alpizar

Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Ausgabe 3/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine family qualities and self-deprecation in relation to depressive symptoms of young adult Zoroastrians from immigrant families in North America. Using snowball sampling and online surveys, self-report data were collected from 171 Zoroastrian young adults (i.e., 18–30 years old) about their perception of cohesion in their families, conflict with their parents, and the extent that they met parental general expectations (e.g., not embarrassing the family). The findings from a path analysis showed that parent–child conflict and meeting parental expectations were indirectly related to depressive symptoms through self-deprecation. Also, higher family cohesion predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms among Zoroastrian young adults. These results are similar to findings in studies with non Zoroastrians. The results suggested prevention and interventions to decrease depressive symptoms could target self-deprecating thoughts as well as perceived family dynamics.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Publ Health. 2013;34:119–38.CrossRef Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Publ Health. 2013;34:119–38.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current depression among adults—United States, 2006 and 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(38):1229–35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current depression among adults—United States, 2006 and 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(38):1229–35.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Park MJ, Mulye TP, Adams SH, Brindis CD, Irwin CE. The health status of young adults in the United States. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(3):305–17.CrossRefPubMed Park MJ, Mulye TP, Adams SH, Brindis CD, Irwin CE. The health status of young adults in the United States. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(3):305–17.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnett J. Emerging adulthood(s): the cultural psychology of a new life stage. In: Jensen L, editor. Bridging cultural and developmental approaches to psychology: new syntheses in theory, research, and policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 255–75. Arnett J. Emerging adulthood(s): the cultural psychology of a new life stage. In: Jensen L, editor. Bridging cultural and developmental approaches to psychology: new syntheses in theory, research, and policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 255–75.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Weitzman ER. Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consumption, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(4):269–77.CrossRefPubMed Weitzman ER. Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consumption, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(4):269–77.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Aalto-Setälä T, Marttunen MM, Tuulio-Henriksson AA, Poikolainen KK, Lönnqvist JJ. One-month prevalence of depression and other DSM-IV disorders among young adults. Psychol Med. 2001;31(5):791–801.CrossRefPubMed Aalto-Setälä T, Marttunen MM, Tuulio-Henriksson AA, Poikolainen KK, Lönnqvist JJ. One-month prevalence of depression and other DSM-IV disorders among young adults. Psychol Med. 2001;31(5):791–801.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Foltz R. Zoroastrians in Iran: what future in the homeland? Middle East J. 2011;65(1):73–84.CrossRef Foltz R. Zoroastrians in Iran: what future in the homeland? Middle East J. 2011;65(1):73–84.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Prorok CV. Iran. In: Melton JG, Baumann M, editors. Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2010. p. 1490–6. Prorok CV. Iran. In: Melton JG, Baumann M, editors. Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2010. p. 1490–6.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Stepaniants M. The encounter of Zoroastrianism with Islam. Philos East West. 2002;52(2):159–72.CrossRef Stepaniants M. The encounter of Zoroastrianism with Islam. Philos East West. 2002;52(2):159–72.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinnells J. The Zoroastrian diasporas: religion and migration. Oxford: University Press; 1985. Hinnells J. The Zoroastrian diasporas: religion and migration. Oxford: University Press; 1985.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Lerner RM. Developing individuals within changing contexts: Implications of developmental contextualism for human development research, policy, and programs. In: Kinderman TA, Valsiner F, editors. Development of person-context relations. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1995. p. 13–38. Lerner RM. Developing individuals within changing contexts: Implications of developmental contextualism for human development research, policy, and programs. In: Kinderman TA, Valsiner F, editors. Development of person-context relations. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1995. p. 13–38.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Restifo K, Akse J, Guzman NV, Benjamins C, Dick K. A pilot study of self-esteem as a mediator between family factors and depressive symptoms in young adult university students. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(3):166–71.CrossRefPubMed Restifo K, Akse J, Guzman NV, Benjamins C, Dick K. A pilot study of self-esteem as a mediator between family factors and depressive symptoms in young adult university students. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(3):166–71.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Owens TJ. Two dimensions of self-esteem: reciprocal effects of positive self worth and self-deprecation on adolescent problems. Am Soc Rev. 1994;59:391–407.CrossRef Owens TJ. Two dimensions of self-esteem: reciprocal effects of positive self worth and self-deprecation on adolescent problems. Am Soc Rev. 1994;59:391–407.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Supple AJ, Su J, Plunkett SW, Peterson GW, Bush KR. Factor structure of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2013;44:748–64.CrossRef Supple AJ, Su J, Plunkett SW, Peterson GW, Bush KR. Factor structure of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2013;44:748–64.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Farruggia S, Chen C, Greenberger E, Dmitrieva J, Macek P. Adolescent self-esteem in cross-cultural perspective: testing measurement equivalence and a mediation model. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2004;35:719–33.CrossRef Farruggia S, Chen C, Greenberger E, Dmitrieva J, Macek P. Adolescent self-esteem in cross-cultural perspective: testing measurement equivalence and a mediation model. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2004;35:719–33.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Orth U, Robins RW, Roberts BW. Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood 2008. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2008;95(3):695–708.CrossRef Orth U, Robins RW, Roberts BW. Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood 2008. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2008;95(3):695–708.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Plunkett SW, Henry CS, Robinson LC, Behnke A, Falcon PC. Adolescent perceptions of parental behaviors, adolescent self-esteem, and adolescent depressed mood. J Child Fam Stud. 2007;16(6):760–72.CrossRef Plunkett SW, Henry CS, Robinson LC, Behnke A, Falcon PC. Adolescent perceptions of parental behaviors, adolescent self-esteem, and adolescent depressed mood. J Child Fam Stud. 2007;16(6):760–72.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kling KC, Hyde JS, Showers CJ, Buswell BN. Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125(4):470–500.CrossRefPubMed Kling KC, Hyde JS, Showers CJ, Buswell BN. Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125(4):470–500.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyde J, Mezulis A, Abramson L. The ABCs of depression: integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychol Rev. 2008;115(2):291–313.CrossRefPubMed Hyde J, Mezulis A, Abramson L. The ABCs of depression: integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychol Rev. 2008;115(2):291–313.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Choksy JK. Gender and religion: gender and Zoroastrianism. In: Jones L, editor. Encyclopedia of religion, vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan; 2005. p. 3371–5. Choksy JK. Gender and religion: gender and Zoroastrianism. In: Jones L, editor. Encyclopedia of religion, vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan; 2005. p. 3371–5.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris T, Molock S. Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide Life Threat. 2000;30(4):341–53. Harris T, Molock S. Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide Life Threat. 2000;30(4):341–53.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Dennis J, Basanez T, Farahmand A. Intergenerational conflicts among Latinos in early adulthood: separating values conflicts with parents from acculturation conflicts. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2010;32(1):118–35.CrossRef Dennis J, Basanez T, Farahmand A. Intergenerational conflicts among Latinos in early adulthood: separating values conflicts with parents from acculturation conflicts. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2010;32(1):118–35.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinherz HZ, Paradis AD, Giaconia RM, Stashwick CK, Fitzmaurice G. Childhood and adolescent predictors of major depression in the transition to adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(12):2141–7.CrossRefPubMed Reinherz HZ, Paradis AD, Giaconia RM, Stashwick CK, Fitzmaurice G. Childhood and adolescent predictors of major depression in the transition to adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(12):2141–7.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Olson DH. Circumplex model of marital and family systems. J Fam Ther. 2000;22:144–67.CrossRef Olson DH. Circumplex model of marital and family systems. J Fam Ther. 2000;22:144–67.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson HD, Lavoie JC, Mahoney M. Interparental conflict and family cohesion: predictors of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance in late adolescence. J Adolesc Res. 2001;16(3):304–18.CrossRef Johnson HD, Lavoie JC, Mahoney M. Interparental conflict and family cohesion: predictors of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance in late adolescence. J Adolesc Res. 2001;16(3):304–18.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Cumsille P, Epstein N. Family cohesion, family adaptability, social support, and adolescent depressive symptoms in outpatient clinic families. J Fam Psychol. 1994;8(2):202–14.CrossRef Cumsille P, Epstein N. Family cohesion, family adaptability, social support, and adolescent depressive symptoms in outpatient clinic families. J Fam Psychol. 1994;8(2):202–14.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Guassi Moreira JF, Telzer EH. Changes in family cohesion and links to depression during the college transition. J Adolesc. 2015;43:72–82.CrossRefPubMed Guassi Moreira JF, Telzer EH. Changes in family cohesion and links to depression during the college transition. J Adolesc. 2015;43:72–82.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang L, Heppner PP. Assessing the impact of parental expectations and psychological distress on Taiwanese college students. Couns Psychol. 2002;30:582–608.CrossRef Wang L, Heppner PP. Assessing the impact of parental expectations and psychological distress on Taiwanese college students. Couns Psychol. 2002;30:582–608.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Agliata AK, Renk K. College students’ affective distress: the role of expectation discrepancies and communication. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18(4):396–411.CrossRef Agliata AK, Renk K. College students’ affective distress: the role of expectation discrepancies and communication. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18(4):396–411.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Oishi S, Sullivan HW. The mediating role of parental expectations in culture and well-being. J Personal. 2005;73(5):1267–94.CrossRef Oishi S, Sullivan HW. The mediating role of parental expectations in culture and well-being. J Personal. 2005;73(5):1267–94.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradford K, Vaughn LB, Barber BK. When there is conflict: interparental conflict, parent–child conflict, and youth problem behaviors. J Fam Issues. 2008;29(6):780–805.CrossRef Bradford K, Vaughn LB, Barber BK. When there is conflict: interparental conflict, parent–child conflict, and youth problem behaviors. J Fam Issues. 2008;29(6):780–805.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeh KH, Tsao WC, Chen WW. Parent–child conflict and psychological maladjustment: a mediational analysis with reciprocal filial belief and perceived threat. Int J Psychol. 2009;45(2):131–9.CrossRef Yeh KH, Tsao WC, Chen WW. Parent–child conflict and psychological maladjustment: a mediational analysis with reciprocal filial belief and perceived threat. Int J Psychol. 2009;45(2):131–9.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Garber J, Robinson N, Valentiner D. The relation between parenting and adolescent depression: self-worth as a mediator. J Adolesc Res. 1997;12(1):12–33.CrossRef Garber J, Robinson N, Valentiner D. The relation between parenting and adolescent depression: self-worth as a mediator. J Adolesc Res. 1997;12(1):12–33.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozdemir Y. Parent-adolescent conflict and depression symptoms of adolescents: mediator role of self-esteem. Dusunen Adam. 2014;27(3):211–20.CrossRef Ozdemir Y. Parent-adolescent conflict and depression symptoms of adolescents: mediator role of self-esteem. Dusunen Adam. 2014;27(3):211–20.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kohout FJ, Berkman LF, Evans DA, Cornoni-Huntley J. Two shorter forms of the CES-D depression symptoms index. J Aging Health. 1993;5:179–93.CrossRefPubMed Kohout FJ, Berkman LF, Evans DA, Cornoni-Huntley J. Two shorter forms of the CES-D depression symptoms index. J Aging Health. 1993;5:179–93.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;7:385–401.CrossRef Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;7:385–401.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Grzywacz JG, Hovey JD, Seligman LD, Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Evaluating short-form versions of the CES-D for measuring depressive symptoms among immigrants from Mexico. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2006;28:404–24.CrossRef Grzywacz JG, Hovey JD, Seligman LD, Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Evaluating short-form versions of the CES-D for measuring depressive symptoms among immigrants from Mexico. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2006;28:404–24.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C, Rosenberg F. Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: different concepts, different outcomes. Am Soc Rev. 1995;60:141–56.CrossRef Rosenberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C, Rosenberg F. Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: different concepts, different outcomes. Am Soc Rev. 1995;60:141–56.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bámaca-Colbert MY, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Gayles JG. A developmental-contextual model of depressive symptoms in Mexican-origin female adolescents. Dev Psychol. 2012;48(2):406–21.CrossRefPubMed Bámaca-Colbert MY, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Gayles JG. A developmental-contextual model of depressive symptoms in Mexican-origin female adolescents. Dev Psychol. 2012;48(2):406–21.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres J: Perceived parenting behaviors and emerging adults’ depression in Armenian American families. (Master’s thesis). California State University Northridge. 2013. Torres J: Perceived parenting behaviors and emerging adults’ depression in Armenian American families. (Master’s thesis). California State University Northridge. 2013.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Calix I: Family characteristics and parental behaviors in relation to depressive symptoms in the emerging adult Latino population. (Master’s thesis). California State University Northridge. 2013. Calix I: Family characteristics and parental behaviors in relation to depressive symptoms in the emerging adult Latino population. (Master’s thesis). California State University Northridge. 2013.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabachnick B, Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics. New York: Pearson; 2007. Tabachnick B, Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics. New York: Pearson; 2007.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Holbert RL, Stephenson MT. The importance of indirect effects in media effects research: testing for mediation in structural equation modeling. J Broadcast Electron. 2003;47(4):556–72.CrossRef Holbert RL, Stephenson MT. The importance of indirect effects in media effects research: testing for mediation in structural equation modeling. J Broadcast Electron. 2003;47(4):556–72.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press; 2005. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes AF, Scharkow M. The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: does method really matter? Psychol Sci. 2013;24(10):1918–27.CrossRefPubMed Hayes AF, Scharkow M. The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: does method really matter? Psychol Sci. 2013;24(10):1918–27.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomarken AJ, Waller NG. Potential problems with “well fitting” models. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112(4):578–98.CrossRefPubMed Tomarken AJ, Waller NG. Potential problems with “well fitting” models. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112(4):578–98.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Butler A, Chapman J, Forman E, Beck A. The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(1):17–31.CrossRefPubMed Butler A, Chapman J, Forman E, Beck A. The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(1):17–31.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Twomey C, O’Reilly G, Byrne M. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2015;32(1):3–15.CrossRefPubMed Twomey C, O’Reilly G, Byrne M. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2015;32(1):3–15.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuijpers P, Geraedts AS, Oppen PV, Andersson G, Markowitz JC, Straten AV. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(6):581–92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cuijpers P, Geraedts AS, Oppen PV, Andersson G, Markowitz JC, Straten AV. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(6):581–92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Szapocznik J, Kurtines WM. Family psychology and cultural diversity: opportunities for theory, research, and application. Am Psychol. 1993;48:400–7.CrossRef Szapocznik J, Kurtines WM. Family psychology and cultural diversity: opportunities for theory, research, and application. Am Psychol. 1993;48:400–7.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzales NA, LE Dumka, Millsap RE, Gottschall A, McClain DB, Wong JJ, et al. Randomized trial of a broad preventive intervention for Mexican American adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(1):1–16.CrossRefPubMed Gonzales NA, LE Dumka, Millsap RE, Gottschall A, McClain DB, Wong JJ, et al. Randomized trial of a broad preventive intervention for Mexican American adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(1):1–16.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Y, Warner LA. Parent-adolescent conflict, family cohesion, and self-esteem among Hispanic adolescents in immigrant families: a comparative analysis. Fam Relat. 2015;64(5):579–91.CrossRef Li Y, Warner LA. Parent-adolescent conflict, family cohesion, and self-esteem among Hispanic adolescents in immigrant families: a comparative analysis. Fam Relat. 2015;64(5):579–91.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Family Qualities, Self-Deprecation, and Depressive Symptoms of Zoroastrian Young Adults in Immigrant Families
verfasst von
Farin Bakhtiari
Scott. W. Plunkett
David Alpizar
Publikationsdatum
03.08.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Ausgabe 3/2017
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Elektronische ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0476-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2017

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3/2017 Zur Ausgabe