Background
Methods
Variables
Analysis
Results
Barriers to health care
|
Family structure, %
| ||
Num. of reasons delayed care, mean | 0.14 | Married couple | 67 |
Has routine place for care, % | 92 | Cohabiting couple | 6 |
No Rx because of cost, % | 3 | Single mother | 16 |
No dentist due to cost (ages 2+), % | 6 | Single father | 2 |
Utilization of health care
| Extended married couple | 3 | |
No checkup last 12 mos., % | 25 | Extended cohabiting couple | <1 |
Times to the ER past 12 mos., % | Extended single mother | 4 | |
None | 80 | Extended single father | 1 |
1 visit | 13 | Skipped generation | 1 |
2-3 visits | 5 |
Family and caregiver SES
| |
4-9 visits | 1 | Family income equivalence, mean | $42,751 |
10-12 visits | <1 | Highest educational attainment, % | |
13+ visits | <1 | Less than high school | 10 |
Health outcomes
| High school degree | 24 | |
Global health, % | Some college | 32 | |
Excellent | 56 | Baccalaureate degree | 20 |
Very good | 27 | Post-baccalaureate | 14 |
Good | 15 | Proportion employed, % | 74 |
Fair | 2 | Homeowner, % | 66 |
Poor | <1 |
Children’s demographic characteristics
| |
Headaches last 12 mos. (ages 3+), % | 6 | Age, mean | 8.5 |
Activity limitation, % | 8 | Male, % | 51 |
Cold last 2 weeks, 1998–2013, % | 18 | Race/Ethnicity, % | |
3+ ear infections last 12 mo., % | 6 | Non-Hispanic white | 61 |
Condition requiring Rx for 3+ mos., % | 13 | Non-Hispanic black | 15 |
Asthma severity, % | Non-Hispanic other | 6 | |
Never diagnosed with asthma | 87 | Mexican American | 13 |
Diagnosed but no attacks in 12 mos. | 7 | Other Hispanic | 6 |
Diagnosed & attack in 12 mos. | 4 | Foreign born, % | 4 |
Diagnosed & hospitalized 12 mos. | 2 | Survey year, mean | 2005 |
Anemia last 12 mos., % | 1 | Region of residence, % | |
Schooling and cognitive outcomes (ages 6+)
| Northeast | 17 | |
School days missed last year, mean | 4 | South | 36 |
Learning disability, % | 9 | Midwest | 24 |
ADD/ADHD, % | 8 | West | 22 |
Number children in family, mean | 2.4 | ||
Calendar quarter of interview, % | |||
First quarter | 25 | ||
Second quarter | 25 | ||
Third quarter | 25 | ||
Fourth quarter | 25 | ||
Birth weight, % | |||
≥2,500 grams | 90 | ||
1,500 to 2,499 grams | 7 | ||
<1,500 grams | 3 | ||
N (unweighted): 198,894 |
Barriers to health care and health care utilization
Barriers to health care | Health care utilization | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reasons for delaye | Routine place for carec | No Rx due to costc | No dental care due to costc | No well-child checkupc | Times ERd | |
Panel A: Reduced model
a
| ||||||
Married couple | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Cohabiting couple | 1.58*** | 0.67*** | 1.97*** | 1.82*** | 1.22*** | 1.60*** |
(1.44,1.74) | (0.62,0.73) | (1.72,2.27) | (1.64,2.02) | (1.15,1.30) | (1.52,1.70) | |
Single mother | 1.76*** | 0.83*** | 2.25*** | 1.86*** | 1.06** | 1.70*** |
(1.67,1.86) | (0.78,0.88) | (2.07,2.45) | (1.75,1.99) | (1.02,1.10) | (1.63,1.77) | |
Single father | 0.96 | 0.53*** | 1.38** | 1.27** | 1.43*** | 1.17** |
(0.82,1.13) | (0.47,0.60) | (1.10,1.73) | (1.10,1.48) | (1.31,1.56) | (1.06,1.28) | |
Extended married couple | 1.28*** | 0.87* | 1.63*** | 1.40*** | 1.08 | 1.23*** |
(1.14,1.43) | (0.76,0.98) | (1.35,1.98) | (1.17,1.67) | (0.99,1.17) | (1.13,1.34) | |
Extended cohabiting couple | 1.78*** | 0.72* | 2.71*** | 2.62*** | 1.30* | 1.83*** |
(1.33,2.40) | (0.54,0.97) | (1.79,4.12) | (1.81,3.79) | (1.01,1.67) | (1.48,2.27) | |
Extended single mother | 1.58*** | 0.85** | 2.21*** | 1.38*** | 1.05 | 1.73*** |
(1.43,1.75) | (0.76,0.95) | (1.91,2.57) | (1.21,1.58) | (0.97,1.13) | (1.62,1.86) | |
Extended single father | 0.94 | 0.59*** | 1.89*** | 1.46** | 1.23* | 1.44*** |
(0.72,1.22) | (0.48,0.72) | (1.33,2.70) | (1.10,1.93) | (1.05,1.44) | (1.23,1.67) | |
Skipped generation | 1.19* | 0.76*** | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.13* | 1.49*** |
(1.01,1.40) | (0.66,0.88) | (0.76,1.26) | (0.84,1.25) | (1.03,1.26) | (1.33,1.67) | |
Panel B: Full model
b
| ||||||
Married couple | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Cohabiting couple | 1.30*** | 0.87*** | 1.33*** | 1.30*** | 1.02 | 1.32*** |
(1.18,1.43) | (0.80,0.94) | (1.16,1.53) | (1.17,1.45) | (0.96,1.09) | (1.25,1.40) | |
Single mother | 1.30*** | 1.23*** | 1.23*** | 1.13** | 0.83*** | 1.31*** |
(1.22,1.38) | (1.15,1.31) | (1.13,1.35) | (1.05,1.21) | (0.79,0.87) | (1.26,1.37) | |
Single father | 0.84* | 0.68*** | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.18*** | 1.00 |
(0.71,0.99) | (0.60,0.77) | (0.77,1.23) | (0.81,1.10) | (1.08,1.28) | (0.91,1.11) | |
Extended married couple | 1.25*** | 0.84** | 1.66*** | 1.41*** | 1.07 | 1.21*** |
(1.12,1.40) | (0.74,0.96) | (1.37,2.02) | (1.18,1.69) | (0.98,1.17) | (1.11,1.32) | |
Extended cohabiting couple | 1.62** | 0.83 | 2.23*** | 2.22*** | 1.13 | 1.62*** |
(1.21,2.16) | (0.61,1.11) | (1.47,3.39) | (1.53,3.22) | (0.88,1.45) | (1.31,2.01) | |
Extended single mother | 1.35*** | 1.01 | 1.64*** | 1.06 | 0.91* | 1.50*** |
(1.22,1.50) | (0.90,1.13) | (1.41,1.91) | (0.92,1.22) | (0.84,0.99) | (1.40,1.61) | |
Extended single father | 0.81 | 0.72** | 1.38 | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.24** |
(0.61,1.08) | (0.59,0.89) | (0.96,1.97) | (0.83,1.46) | (0.87,1.20) | (1.06,1.44) | |
Skipped generation | 0.90 | 1.09 | 0.62*** | 0.72** | 0.86** | 1.22** |
(0.76,1.06) | (0.94,1.27) | (0.48,0.81) | (0.59,0.88) | (0.77,0.95) | (1.08,1.37) | |
N (unweighted) | 198,894 | 198,894 | 198,894 | 174,723 | 198,894 | 198,894 |
Health, schooling, and cognitive outcomes
Health outcomes | Schooling and cognitive outcomes | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global healthd | Headachec | Activity limitationc | Coldc | Ear infectionc | Requiried Rx for 3+ mos.c | Asthma severityd | Anemiac | School days missede | Learning disabilityc | ADD/ADHDc | |
Panel A: Reduced model
a
| |||||||||||
Married couple | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Cohabiting couple | 1.52*** | 1.55*** | 1.51*** | 1.05 | 1.20*** | 1.18*** | 1.31*** | 1.43*** | 1.23*** | 1.78*** | 1.93*** |
(1.44,1.59) | (1.38,1.74) | (1.37,1.66) | (0.98,1.13) | (1.08,1.33) | (1.09,1.28) | (1.21,1.43) | (1.16,1.76) | (1.11,1.35) | (1.58,2.01) | (1.72,2.16) | |
Single mother | 1.54*** | 1.57*** | 1.82*** | 1.20*** | 1.43*** | 1.42*** | 1.50*** | 1.64*** | 1.48*** | 1.76*** | 1.74*** |
(1.49,1.59) | (1.47,1.68) | (1.72,1.92) | (1.15,1.26) | (1.34,1.53) | (1.35,1.48) | (1.44,1.57) | (1.42,1.89) | (1.40,1.57) | (1.65,1.88) | (1.63,1.85) | |
Single father | 1.11** | 0.89 | 1.12 | 0.85** | 0.85 | 0.72*** | 0.91 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 1.26** | 1.31*** |
(1.03,1.19) | (0.76,1.06) | (0.98,1.29) | (0.75,0.96) | (0.68,1.08) | (0.64,0.80) | (0.81,1.02) | (0.45,1.10) | (0.87,1.05) | (1.08,1.47) | (1.15,1.51) | |
Extended married couple | 1.36*** | 1.24* | 1.25** | 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.15* | 1.32* | 1.36** | 1.33** | 1.36** |
(1.26,1.45) | (1.04,1.48) | (1.08,1.43) | (0.94,1.14) | (0.96,1.27) | (0.98,1.25) | (1.02,1.29) | (1.01,1.72) | (1.12,1.64) | (1.09,1.63) | (1.10,1.68) | |
Extended cohabiting couple | 1.58*** | 1.54 | 1.70** | 0.89 | 1.25 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 1.61 | 1.43 | 2.40*** | 1.97* |
(1.31,1.90) | (0.86,2.74) | (1.14,2.53) | (0.70,1.14) | (0.89,1.76) | (0.63,1.35) | (0.95,1.77) | (0.75,3.47) | (0.96,2.13) | (1.51,3.81) | (1.13,3.45) | |
Extended single mother | 1.85*** | 1.82*** | 1.52*** | 1.19*** | 1.36*** | 1.35*** | 1.60*** | 1.39** | 1.59*** | 1.66*** | 1.54*** |
(1.74,1.96) | (1.57,2.10) | (1.34,1.72) | (1.10,1.29) | (1.22,1.51) | (1.24,1.49) | (1.46,1.76) | (1.14,1.71) | (1.40,1.81) | (1.44,1.92) | (1.34,1.77) | |
Extended single father | 1.85*** | 1.41* | 1.46** | 1.10 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 1.50 | 1.08 | 1.43** | 1.74*** |
(1.60,2.13) | (1.07,1.85) | (1.14,1.87) | (0.91,1.33) | (0.91,1.59) | (0.84,1.27) | (0.93,1.41) | (0.86,2.61) | (0.91,1.28) | (1.09,1.87) | (1.34,2.27) | |
Skipped generation | 1.85*** | 1.39*** | 2.03*** | 1.13 | 1.33** | 1.52*** | 1.48*** | 1.37 | 1.34*** | 2.16*** | 2.32*** |
(1.68,2.04) | (1.17,1.65) | (1.75,2.35) | (1.00,1.29) | (1.10,1.60) | (1.34,1.73) | (1.32,1.66) | (0.95,1.98) | (1.18,1.52) | (1.82,2.55) | (1.99,2.70) | |
Panel B: Full model
b
| |||||||||||
Married couple | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Cohabiting couple | 1.14*** | 1.26*** | 1.25*** | 1.04 | 1.10 | 1.15** | 1.19*** | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.43*** | 1.61*** |
(1.08,1.20) | (1.12,1.42) | (1.13,1.38) | (0.97,1.12) | (0.98,1.22) | (1.05,1.24) | (1.09,1.29) | (0.91,1.40) | (0.97,1.22) | (1.26,1.63) | (1.42,1.81) | |
Single mother | 1.02 | 1.15*** | 1.36*** | 1.16*** | 1.26*** | 1.31*** | 1.32*** | 1.16 | 1.20*** | 1.26*** | 1.38*** |
(0.98,1.05) | (1.07,1.25) | (1.28,1.45) | (1.10,1.22) | (1.17,1.36) | (1.25,1.38) | (1.25,1.38) | (0.99,1.37) | (1.12,1.28) | (1.18,1.36) | (1.28,1.48) | |
Single father | 0.85*** | 0.75** | 0.97 | 0.84** | 0.79* | 0.72*** | 0.85** | 0.59* | 0.87** | 1.05 | 1.16* |
(0.79,0.91) | (0.64,0.89) | (0.85,1.12) | (0.75,0.95) | (0.63,0.99) | (0.64,0.81) | (0.76,0.96) | (0.38,0.93) | (0.80,0.96) | (0.89,1.22) | (1.01,1.34) | |
Extended married couple | 1.32*** | 1.16 | 1.12 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.12 | 1.28 | 1.27* | 1.18 | 1.23 |
(1.23,1.41) | (0.97,1.39) | (0.97,1.29) | (0.93,1.14) | (0.95,1.25) | (0.92,1.18) | (0.99,1.25) | (0.98,1.68) | (1.06,1.53) | (0.97,1.44) | (1.00,1.52) | |
Extended cohabiting couple | 1.26* | 1.28 | 1.39 | 0.89 | 1.17 | 0.88 | 1.20 | 1.38 | 1.27 | 1.88** | 1.63 |
(1.05,1.52) | (0.71,2.29) | (0.93,2.06) | (0.69,1.14) | (0.83,1.64) | (0.60,1.29) | (0.88,1.65) | (0.64,2.98) | (0.82,1.96) | (1.18,2.99) | (0.93,2.86) | |
Extended single mother | 1.45*** | 1.43*** | 1.17* | 1.16*** | 1.26*** | 1.23*** | 1.46*** | 1.14 | 1.33*** | 1.22** | 1.24** |
(1.36,1.53) | (1.24,1.66) | (1.03,1.33) | (1.07,1.26) | (1.13,1.40) | (1.12,1.36) | (1.33,1.60) | (0.92,1.40) | (1.16,1.51) | (1.06,1.42) | (1.07,1.43) | |
Extended single father | 1.38*** | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 1.20 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 1.38* |
(1.19,1.59) | (0.82,1.42) | (0.84,1.40) | (0.89,1.31) | (0.84,1.46) | (0.77,1.16) | (0.84,1.28) | (0.69,2.11) | (0.75,1.06) | (0.76,1.30) | (1.06,1.79) | |
Skipped generation | 1.19*** | 0.99 | 1.40*** | 1.10 | 1.17 | 1.38*** | 1.33*** | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.37*** | 1.78*** |
(1.08,1.31) | (0.83,1.18) | (1.20,1.63) | (0.97,1.25) | (0.97,1.42) | (1.21,1.58) | (1.18,1.50) | (0.67,1.45) | (0.90,1.16) | (1.15,1.64) | (1.51,2.09) | |
N (unweighted) | 198,894 | 162,853 | 198,894 | 171,892 | 198,894 | 198,894 | 198,894 | 198,894 | 129,687 | 129,687 | 129,687 |