Fatal intoxication with U-47700 in combination with other NPS (N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam, 4-CIC, 4-CMC) confirmed by identification and quantification in autopsy specimens and evidences
verfasst von:
Karolina Nowak, Paweł Szpot, Marcin Zawadzki
We present a case of fatal intoxication with U-47700 in combination with other NPS (N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam, 4-chloro-N-isopropylcathinone (4-CIC), 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC) and sertraline) confirmed by identification and quantification in biological materials and evidences found at the scene in 2017 in Poland.
Methods
Blood and urine samples were extracted with ethyl acetate from alkaline medium (pH 9); powders/crystals were diluted with methanol. The analysis was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Validation criteria were evaluated for blood and urine at the concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/mL.
Results
The validation parameters of the method were within acceptable ranges. In the presented case, the determined concentrations of drugs were as follows, in blood: U-47700, 1470 ng/mL; N-ethylhexedrone, 58 ng/mL; adinazolam, 18 ng/mL; 4-CIC, 8.0 ng/mL; 4-CMC, 1.7 ng/mL; in urine: U-47700, 3940 ng/mL; N-ethylhexedrone, 147 ng/mL; adinazolam, 82 ng/mL; 4-CIC, 130 ng/mL; 4-CMC, 417 ng/mL. Sertraline (blood, 89 ng/mL; urine, 32 ng/mL) was also determined in both materials. The same substances were also found in 5 powders/crystals: U-47700 (12% by weight), N-ethylhexedrone (54%), adinazolam (14%), 4-CIC (23%), 4-CMC (26%). After 775 days of storage, biological samples at + 4 °C, the most stable substance was sertraline and the less, synthetic cathinones, especially 4-CIC and 4-CMC.
Conclusions
The described case of fatal intoxication with NPS presented postmortem concentrations of U-47700, 4-CMC, N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam and 4-CIC for the first time in the literature. The paper also showed stability study of these substances stored at + 4 °C for 775 days.
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Introduction
According to the EMCDDA [1], in 2017, opioids (often heroin) were involved in between 8 and 9 of every 10 drug-induced deaths reported in European countries. Among new synthetic opioids (NSOs), we classify prescription opioid analgesics (e.g., oxycodone), legal and illegal fentanyl analogs (e.g., acetyl fentanyl), and opioid drug candidates (e.g., benzamide derivates). Substances from this group pose a threat to public health in many countries, especially in Europe and the USA [2]. U-47700 has been already detected in, e.g., Belgium (2016) [3], where in 2017 it was involved in 5 deaths [4], as well as in Finland (10 deaths in 2016 and 2017) [5], Italy (2017) [6], Poland [7], the United Kingdom [8], Germany [9], and the USA (e.g., Texas, California, Tennessee, Kansas) [8].
U-47700 (3,4-dichloro-N-[(1R, 2R)-2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide), also known as U4 or fake morphine, is categorized as a fentanyl-related synthetic opioid, a selective µ-opioid receptor agonist. Its potential in animal models is estimated to be approximately 7.5 times greater than morphine [10]. U-47700 is available for illegal sale as a substitute for heroin or oxycodone or sold in combination with other drugs (e.g., fentanyl). Particularly dangerous one seems to be a drug called ‘Gray Death’, which appeared on the streets in the Southeastern United States in 2019. Actually, ‘Gray Death’ is a random combination (depending on each mixture) of U-47700 with fentanyl, carfentanil, furanyl fentanyl, heroin, or other illicit opiates [11]. Nikolau et al. [12] also paid attention to scientific papers describing cases of intoxication or deaths related to U-47700 alone, or in combination with alcohol, medicinal, controlled drugs, new psychoactive substances (NPS; especially fentanyl or its analogues). Routes of administration include oral, intravenous, insufflation, and rectal [13]. The substance demonstrates opiate-like adverse effects, e.g., cyanosis, pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression, and depressed consciousness. According to users’ reports, U-47700 may induce tolerance and dependence [13].
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The substances 4-chloromethcathinone or 4-CMC (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-propan-1-one), 4-chloro-N-isopropylcathinone or 4-CIC (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(isopropylamino)-propan-1-one), and N-ethylhexedrone or α-ethylaminohexanophenone (2-(ethylamino)-1-phenylhexan-1-one) belong to the group of synthetic cathinones, popular all over the world. According to the European Drug Report 2018 [14] in 2016, 4-CMC was the second most frequently confiscated cathinone in Europe and the one seized in the largest amounts (890 kg). The literature contains cases of deaths related to the use of synthetic cathinones, individually or in combination with substances from other groups [7, 15‐20].
Adinazolam (1-(8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine), also known as adinazolamum or deracyn®, belongs to the triazole-benzodiazepine group; however, it has never been approved by the FDA or marketed as a licensed drug [21]. It was detected for the first time in Europe in 2015 [22]. Until now, this substance has not been detected in postmortem material.
The reported case concerns a fatal overdose of U-47700 in combination with N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam, 4-CIC, 4-CMC, and sertraline. Figure 1 shows chemical structures of compounds dealt with in this report. We present, for the first time, concentrations of adinazolam and 4-CIC in autopsy materials. In addition, we present the results of stability studies of the identified substances following storage of the tested biological material for 775 days at + 4 °C. We also present quantifications of evidences found at the scene.
Fig. 1
Chemical structures of determined analytes
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Case history and pathological findings
The body of a 24-year-old woman was found in her bed in the apartment where she lived with her mother. Five resealable bags with unidentified powders/crystals were found at the scene (Fig. 2). The obtained information indicated that the woman had undergone drug addiction therapy due to her addiction to NPS and had attempted suicide several times in the past. Due to the suspicion that death was caused by intoxication with unknown substances, an autopsy was performed, along with toxicological analyses of biological materials and powders/crystals found at the scene. The autopsy showed no obvious pathological changes in the organs of the deceased.
Fig. 2
Evidences found at the scene
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Materials and methods
Chemicals
Water (Chromasolv® LC–MS), acetonitrile (Chromasolv® LC–MS), methanol (Chromasolv® LC–MS) ethyl acetate, and formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); ammonium formate from Sigma-Aldrich (Bangalore, India); ammonium carbonate from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland); 4-CMC, U-47700, N-ethylhexedrone, sertraline, fentanyl-d5, quetiapine-d8 and diazepam-d5 from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA); adinazolam, 4-methylmethcathinone- d3 (4-MMC-d3), 4-CIC from LGC Standards (Dziekanów Leśny, Poland). The internal standards (ISs) were prepared in methanol.
Biological material
For the development and validation of the method, drug-free blank blood samples were obtained from a regional blood donation center, and drug-free blank urine samples were obtained from healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected into glass tubes containing sodium fluoride (NaF)/sodium heparin (5-mL glass BD Vacutainer®, NaF—4 mg/mL; sodium heparin—28 IU/mL, REF 367,764; Plymouth, U.K.) and sent to the Institute of Toxicology Research, Borowa, Poland, for routine toxicological analysis, where they were stored at + 4 °C.
Working solutions, calibration curve, and quality control samples
The working solutions of different concentrations were prepared by dilution of the standards solutions with methanol. The stock and standard solutions were stored at − 20 °C.
Standard solutions were diluted with methanol to obtain working standard solutions at the following concentrations for all analytes: 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 ng/mL. Calibrators and quality control (QC) samples were prepared by spiking the appropriate working solution into drug-free whole blood/urine samples. The final concentrations of the calibrators were: 0.5 (lower limit of quantification (LLOQ)), 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 250 (upper limit of quantification (ULOQ)) ng/mL blood/urine for U-47700, N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam and 4-CIC (in urine). ULOQ for determination of 4-CIC in whole blood and 4-CMC in blood/urine was 100 ng/mL. QC samples were prepared by spiking blank human blood/urine to yield final concentrations at 10 and 100 ng/mL for all analytes.
For quantification of evidences, standard solutions were diluted with methanol to obtain working standard solutions at the concentration of analytes: 10 (LLOQ), 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 (ULOQ) ng/mL. 0.01 mL of each solution was placed into 2-mL Eppendorf tube and spiked with 0.01 mL appropriate IS (4-MMC-d3, fentanyl-d5, diazepam-d5 at concentration of 1 μg/mL) and 0.08 mL methanol. After mixing, whole solution was transferred into glass vial. QC samples were performed at 20, 500 and 5000 ng/mL.
Biological material preparation
The sample procedure was carried out according to the previously described procedure by Zawadzki et al. [23] with minor modifications. Briefly, 0.2 mL biological material (femoral blood/urine) and 0.02 mL of methanolic IS mixture (4-MMC-d3, fentanyl-d5, diazepam-d5 at concentration of 1 μg/mL) were placed into 10-mL plastic tube, then 0.2 mL of 0.5 M ammonium carbonate (pH 9) was added. Liquid–liquid extraction was carried out for 10 min using 2 mL of ethyl acetate. The samples were centrifuged at 2540×g at 4 °C for 10 min. The organic phase was placed into 2 mL Eppendorf tubes and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen (at 40 °C). The dry residues were dissolved with methanol (0.05 mL) and transferred into glass inserts of autosampler vials. Because concentration of some determined substances were markedly above ULOQ, analyses were repeated with appropriate dilution. The injection volume was 2 μL.
Evidence preparation
Approximately 100 mg powder was placed into a 10-mL centrifuge tube with 5 mL of methanol. Then tubes were placed into Ultrasonic bath for 30 min (at 10 °C) and centrifuged at 2540×g at 4 °C for 10 min. The supernatant was diluted with methanol 1000-fold. Finally, 0.01 mL of diluted sample was placed into 2-mL Eppendorf tube and spiked with 0.01 mL appropriate IS (4-MMC-d3, fentanyl-d5, diazepam-d5 at concentration of 1 μg/mL) and 0.08 mL methanol. The solution was transferred into glass inserts of autosampler vials. The injection volume was 2 μL.
To determine the content of pure substance in a given evidence, after determining the concentration of the substance, we performed calculations on the basis of the previous dilution of the evidence, its weight taken to the analysis and the mass of the entire evidence.
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Instrumentation
Chromatographic analyses were performed using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph (UHPLC Nexera X2; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The separation was done using a Kinetex XB-C18, 2.6 μm particle size, 150 × 2.1 mm i.d. column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). The analytical conditions were identical to those presented previously in a study by Zawadzki et al. [23]; the mobile phase A: a mixture of 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid in water, B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The gradient applied: 0 min, 5% B; 12 min, 98% B; 14 min, 98% B; and 15 min, 5% B. Return to the initial gradient compositions (95% A/5% B) was performed in 5 min.
Additionally, we carried out determinations enabling the differentiation of chloromethcathinone isomers (2-, 3- 4-CMC). For this purpose, we used the conditions described in our earlier work [18]. The gradient applied was as follows: 0 min, 5% B; 11 min, 60% B; 12 min, 98% B; 14 min, 98% B; and 15 min, 5% B. Return to the initial gradient compositions was also performed in 5 min.
Analytes were detected using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LCMS-8050; Shimadzu). The spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source; determination of the investigated substances was carried out in the positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The following MS parameters were fixed: heating gas flow, 10 L/min; drying gas flow, 10 L/min; nebulizing gas flow, 3 L/min; interface temperature, 250 °C; desolvation line (DL) temperature, 200 °C; heat block temperature, 350 °C. A summary of precursor and product ions, collision energies, retention time, and internal standard group for each compound are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions used in the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS) analysis of substances and internal standards (ISs)
The method validation was performed in accordance with our previous paper [18]. The linearity, coefficient of determination (R2), LLOQ, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and process efficiency were determined for both matrices (blood and urine). Intraday precision and accuracy were evaluated in five replicates over 1 day and interday precision and accuracy were evaluated as one replicate over five subsequent days. Precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and process efficiency were evaluated for NPS at the concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/mL. Sertraline is routinely determined in our laboratory and had been previously validated.
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Results
Table 2 shows the validation results of the method for blood and urine. All results of the method were within acceptable ranges; therefore, the method was implemented for the routine diagnosis.
Table 2
Validation results in this study
Parameter
QC level
U-47700
N-Ethylhexedrone
Adinazolam
4-CIC
4-CMC
Blood
Urine
Blood
Urine
Blood
Urine
Blood
Urine
Blood
Urine
LLOQ (ng/mL)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Linear concentration range (ng/mL)
0.5–250
0.5–250
0.5–250
0.5–250
0.5–250
0.5–250
0.5–100
0.5–250
0.5–100
0.5–100
Coefficient of determination (R2)
> 0.9998
> 0.9995
> 0.9997
> 0.9993
> 0.9998
> 0.9997
> 0.9995
> 0.9995
> 0.9996
> 0.9996
Intraday precision (%) (n = 5)
10 ng/mL
4.5
4.2
6.3
6.9
8.2
6.5
1.5
9.2
7.8
9.1
100 ng/mL
6.2
2.1
4.7
3.6
4.4
1.8
6.6
2.7
2.9
3.1
Intraday accuracy (%) (n = 5)
10 ng/mL
5.8
0.0
− 3.0
− 2.3
7.6
− 3.7
4.7
3.3
1.2
− 0.1
100 ng/mL
4.7
5.7
− 3.4
3.9
8.0
− 9.7
4.0
− 2.1
− 11.7
7.5
Interday precision (%) (n = 5)
10 ng/mL
1.8
5.2
7.5
6.2
7.9
7.8
5.7
10.4
8.9
3.3
100 ng/mL
1.9
5.8
4.3
6.1
4.3
2.1
5.4
4.2
2.3
2.4
Interday accuracy (%) (n = 5)
10 ng/mL
5.8
0.4
4.7
2.4
4.6
4.5
− 4.3
− 1.7
− 2.8
9.4
100 ng/mL
9.7
4.1
5.0
− 4.6
− 2.6
− 7.6
6.5
4.3
− 13.1
7.0
Recovery (%)
10 ng/mL
102
118
103
88.4
96.3
102
98.6
84.9
102
106
100 ng/mL
93.7
98.0
90.2
114
95.6
99.2
98.5
94.6
103
91.3
Matrix effect (%)
10 ng/mL
105
92.2
92.7
95.9
102
96.5
91.3
109
101
100
100 ng/mL
104
105
107
99.9
99.7
85.6
108
112
78.7
95.3
Process efficiency (%)
10 ng/mL
107
109
95.0
84.8
98.6
98.7
90.0
92.7
103
106
100 ng/mL
97.5
103
96.8
114
95.4
85.0
107
106
80.9
87.1
LLOQ lower limit of quantification, QC quality control
In the presented case, the concentrations of drugs were determined as shown in Table 3. The same substances (separately) were found in 5 powders/crystals in evidences: U-47700 (12% by weight), N-ethylhexedrone (54%), adinazolam (14%), 4-CIC (23%), and 4-CMC (26%). Ethanol was not detected in either material.
Table 3
Concentrations of xenobiotics in blood and urine samples collected from the cadaver at autopsy
Xenobiotic
Concentration (ng/mL)
Blood
Urine
U-47700
1470
3940
Sertraline
89.5
32.5
N-Ethylhexedrone
58.1
147
Adinazolam
18.0
82.1
4-CIC
8.0
130
4-CMC
1.7
417
Figure 3 shows MRM chromatograms of U-47700, adinazolam and 4-CMC and metabolites of these substances in blood and urine in the present case.
Fig. 3
Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatograms of: 1: U-47700 (3) and metabolies: N,N-didesmethyl U-47700 (1), N-desmthyl U-47700 (2), and N-desmethyl-hydroxy U-47700 (4); 2: adinazolam (3) and metabolites: N,N-didesmethyl adinazolam (1), N-desmethyl adinazolam (2), and estazolam (4); 3: 4-CMC (2) and metbolites: 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-amino-1-propanol (1), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-(methylamino)-1-propanol (3); a blood, b urine; * Overloaded peak
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In our case, we tentatively identified the following metabolites of U-47700 in both matrices: N-desmethyl U-47700, N,N-didesmethyl U-47700, and N-desmethyl-hydroxy U-47700 (Table 4). Figure S1 (in supplementary materials) presents the product ion spectra of metabolites of U-47700. We also detected two 4-CMC metabolites in analyzed materials: 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-(methylamino)-1-propanol and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-amino-1-propanol. Figure S2 (in supplementary materials) presents the mass spectra of both metabolites in urine of the cadaver. We also tried to identify adinazolam metabolites: N-desmethyl adinazolam and N,N-didesmethyl adinazolam (in blood and urine), and estazolam (in urine). Figure S3 (in supplementary materials) shows the product ion spectra of N-desmethyl adinazolam, N,N-didesmethyl adinazolam and estazolam, respectively, supporting the data described in Table 4.
Table 4
Comparison of product ions of metabolites of U-4700, adinazolam, and 4-CMC
Table 4 shows comparison between identify product ions of metabolites from this work and those of previous papers.
Additionally, we decided to assess the stability of the xenobiotics determined in both biological materials following storage in a refrigerator (+ 4 °C) for 775 days (2 years and 1.5 months). The analyte was considered stable if the concentration differences were within ± 20% of the initial concentration. Table 5 presents the results of repeated analyses (percentage of individual xenobiotics in relation to the initial determination).
Table 5
Concentrations of xenobiotics in the analyzed case (in blood and in urine preserved with NaF) after 775 days at + 4 °C, expressed as a percentage (%) of the values determined during the first analysis
Xenobiotic
Blood (%)
Urine (%)
U-47700
61.0
55.6
N-Ethylhexedrone
Not detected
46.0
Adinazolam
52.8
47.6
4-CIC
Not detected
Not detected
4-CMC
Not detected
1.8
Sertraline
62.7
103
Discussion
Due to the woman’s addiction to NPS, the concentrations of illicit drugs in her urine may have long fluctuated at certain levels. Accordingly, interpretation of toxicological results indicated lethal intoxication with the opioid U-47700, taken in combination with other substances: cathinones, benzodiazepines, and SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). However, the data in the literature indicate a strong synergistic interaction between U-47700 and benzodiazepines, a group which includes adinazolam. Therefore, the combination of adinazolam and U-47700 may have also contributed to her death. A similar combination case was reported by Koch et al. [24] who describes a fatal poisoning case of a 24-year-old man, in which he developed apnea following consumption of U-47700 in combination with flubromazepam. Despite the resuscitation efforts, he died after 6 days of hospitalization. It should be pointed out that the present of adinazolam is also a triazolo benzodiazepine that is very similar to flubromazepam in its structure. It is also known that cathinones may react with SSRIs, resulting in occurrence of the serotonin syndrome, but in the presented case this combination was not involved in death.
Taking into account reports of previous suicide attempts, we cannot exclude the possibility that in the described case a successful suicide attempt was made as a result of the ingestion of various substances.
Table S1 (in supplementary materials) presents a summary of U-47700 concentrations and toxicological analyses in deaths related to this substance. In many cases, e.g., described by Klavž et al. [25], in addition to U-47700, other substances, including NPS, were identified in biological materials. This is consistent with the EMCDDA’s position that most drug-induced deaths are attributable to multiple drug toxicity [1].
According to Lowry et al. [26], in fatalities involving U-47700, blood concentrations of this substance range from 0.090 to 1460 ng/mL. Among the cases presented in Table S1, blood concentrations of U-47700 in cases of fatal intoxication with this substance alone were: in femoral blood 525–1490 ng/mL [9, 27], in cardiac blood 340–1347 [9, 28]; peripheral blood 190 ng/mL [28] and 380 ng/mL in non-specified blood [29].
In multi-drug intoxication, concentrations of U-47700 were determined as follows: 13.8 ng/mL in subclavian blood (in combination with fentanyl, 10.9 ng/mL in subclavian blood) [30]; 360 ng/mL in femoral blood (other substances: 3-fluorophenmetrazine, amitriptyline, methamphetamine, diazepam, temazepam, flubromazolam, delorazepam) [10].
It appears that the low concentration of 4-CMC, especially in the blood (1.7 ng/mL in blood, 417 ng/mL in urine), made a minor contribution to the woman’s death. Tomczak et al. [20] determined the concentrations of 4-CMC in blood in nonfatal cases (n = 9) to be in the range 1.3–75.3 ng/mL, but in fatal cases (n = 6), in the range of 56.2–1870 ng/mL. However, it is worth considering previous reports [18, 31, 32] suggesting the instability of 4-CMC in biological material. The time between the death and the autopsy in described case was 3 days. Therefore, it should be assumed that at the time of death the concentration of 4-CMC may have been several times higher or even more.
When interpreting concentrations of drugs, the synergistic effect of substances from the same group should be considered. In our case, we identified three substances from the group of synthetic cathinones, 4-CMC, N-ethylhexedrone and 4-CIC. Mikołajczyk et al. [17] described cases of three drivers whose blood contained N-ethylhexedrone. The concentrations of N-ethylhexedrone determined by the authors were 34, 37, and 8 ng/mL. Adamowicz et al. [16] described the case of the death of an 18-year-old male addicted to drugs and NPS; apart from N-ethylhexedrone (1351 ng/mL in urine, 34 ng/mL in bile, 3 ng/mL in bloody fluid from the lung, and 5 ng/g in tissue homogenate from brain), the following drugs were found: 4-CMC (1477 ng/mL in urine, and 41 ng/mL in bile), α-PiHP, benzoylecgonine, and MDMA. Kovács et al. [15] described fatal intoxication with a combination of N-ethylhexedrone and ADB-FUBINACA; the concentration in the blood of N-ethylhexedrone was 285 ng/mL, while the concentration of ADB-FUBINACA was 0.08 ng/mL. Dunlop et al. [33] discussed acute toxicity related to the use by a 56-year-old man of 3-hydroxyphencyclidine and N-ethylhexedrone. Apart from these two substances and their metabolites, clephedrone and its metabolites were detected in his serum and 3-methoxy-PCP and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC in his urine. Paracetamol, atenolol, diazepam, and their metabolites were also detected in the tested materials, but it was concluded that their presence was the result of medical therapy.
To our knowledge, there are no reports on postmortem concentrations of 4-CIC and adinazolam. Detailed characterization on their chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology remains to be explored.
Evidences found at the scene of an incident often support the toxicological analysis studies performed on the corresponding human matrices. In this case we have described, all substances secured at the scene of the incident were detected in the postmortem matrices. Klavž et al. [25] described a case of the failed suicide attempt of a 38-year-old man who took synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids. Qualitative analysis of five grip-seal plastic bags containing powders/crystals demonstrated the presence of AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, α-PHP, α -PVP, and 4-CMC in individual plastic bags. These substances (except 4-CMC) were also detected in the contents of the patient’s stomach, whereas α -PHP and α -PVP were detected in his urine. Coopman et al. [30] described a case of acute intoxication with a combination of fentanyl and U-47700. Qualitative analysis of the powder located at the scene indicated fentanyl (0.0035%) and U-47700 (0.0012%). McIntyre et al. [28] described a case of fatal U-47700 poisoning in a 46-year-old man with its concentration in heart blood being 340 ng/mL. Toxicological analysis of powder located at the scene confirmed that it contained only U-47700. Richeval et al. [34] conducted a toxicological analysis of 70 mg of white powder discovered in April 2017 in the case of a 29-year-old man. Scientists determined the U-47700 content in the evidence at 84%.
The concentration of U-47700 after 775 days at + 4 °C decreased by 39.0% in blood and by 44.4% in urine (Table 5). This, given the long study period, may indicate the relatively high stability of U-47700 in postmortem blood and urine, Mohr et al. [35] performed stability studies on U-47700, U-50488, and furanyl fentanyl at low (5 ng/mL) and high (80 ng/mL) concentrations at temperatures of + 4 and − 20 °C on days 2, 3, and 10. All of the tested analytes, including U-47700, were stable over the time period studied. Smith et al. [36] determined the stability of U-47700 and its two metabolites (N-desmethyl U-47700 and N,N-didesmethyl U-47700) at low (0.3 ng/mL and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively) and high (80 ng/mL) concentrations in human plasma stored in various conditions: tested at + 22 °C (n = 3) for 24 h, at + 4 °C (n = 3) for 72 h, in 3 freeze/thaw cycles (n = 3), and for 72 h in an autosampler (n = 3). For this period of time the stability bias for all three substances ranged from − 10.6 to 4.2%, which was considered stable [36]. Fleming et al. [37] investigated the stability of U-47700 in a fortified drug-free urine sample at a concentration of 12.5 ng/mL. Stability was studied at room temperature (21–27 ºC) for 16 h, in an autosampler (+ 6 °C) for 72 h, and in three freeze–thaw cycles (− 15 °C). The substance was found to be stable in all conditions. The stability of U-47700 was also confirmed by Rojek et al. [7], whose fortified blood with U-47700 and its metabolites (N-desmethyl U-47700, N,N-didesmethyl U-47700) at low concentrations (25 ng/mL) and stored it at − 30 °C, + 3 °C, and + 20 °C. The analyses were performed after 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. U-47700 and its two metabolites were stable in the blood for 21 days at all temperatures tested.
A similar reduction in concentration was observed for adinazolam (Table 5). After 775 days, the concentration of this xenobiotic dropped by 47.2% in blood and 52.4% in urine. Melo et al. [38] examined the stability of four benzodiazepines (ketazolam, estazolam, lorazepam, and chlordiazepoxide) in three biological materials (blood, bile, and vitreous humor) on day 0 and after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks (blood with NaF only on day 0 and after 24 weeks, and vitreous humor on day 0 and after 12 and 24 weeks) within the concentrations usually detected in forensic intoxication cases. The selected conditions were temperatures of approximately + 25, + 4, − 20, and − 80 °C. The authors [38] showed that ketazolam was the least stable benzodiazepine tested. After 1–2 weeks at + 25 °C and after 8–12 weeks at + 4 °C, the concentration of ketazolam was no longer detectable in any of the studied samples. It is noteworthy that the addition of NaF to the samples had no protective effect against degradation. Additionally, the presence of diazepam as a degradation product of ketazolam was demonstrated in the tested samples stored at temperatures above 0 °C. Similarly, degradation in biological matrices was observed in chlordiazepoxide at temperatures above 0 ºC, whereas, after 6 months, lorazepam remained stable in all samples stored at − 20 and − 80 ºC, but was unstable at temperatures above 0 °C. Estazolam proved to be the most stable benzodiazepine. Estazolam concentrations in all samples were stable for 6 months when stored at temperatures below 0 °C and at + 4 °C [38]. Considering the variation in stability observed in different benzodiazepines, the stability of adinazolam seems relatively high.
In the biological materials tested, sertraline was characterized by the highest level of stability. After 775 days at + 4 °C, concentrations of substances in the blood dropped by 37.7%, while the concentrations in the urine were stable throughout the research period. The stability of sertraline in human plasma was confirmed by Yue et al. [39], who tested short-term stability (the first 2 h at room temperature, the second 2 h as a ready-to-inject sample stored in an autosampler at + 4 °C for 12 h), long-term stability (− 20 °C for 30 days), and freeze–thaw stability (− 20 to + 25 °C on consecutive days). Stability studies were performed at three different concentrations: low (2.0 ng/mL), medium (20.0 ng/mL), and high (80.0 ng/mL). Sertraline was found to be stable in human plasma at all concentrations (differences were within ± 15% of the initial concentration).
In our research, substances from the group of synthetic cathinones proved the most unstable. 4-CIC was detectable in neither blood nor urine; 4-CMC and N-ethylhexedrone were not detectable in blood, whereas in urine the concentration of 4-CMC was less than 2% and that of N-ethylhexedrone was 46% as compared to the first analysis. As previously mentioned, 4-CMC a highly unstable substance [18, 31, 32]. In our earlier paper, we showed a decrease in the concentration of 4-CMC in authentic human serum by 65% after 3 days at + 4 °C [31]. On the other hand, in authentic human postmortem blood, the concentration of 4-CMC dropped after 7 days at + 4 °C by 39%, and in vitreous humor by 53% [18]. Adamowicz and Malczyk [32], in blood and urine samples fortified with standard solution of 4-CMC, estimated the half-life of 4-CMC at + 5 °C for 1 day in blood and 2.4 months in urine. The total degradation time of 4-CMC at + 5 °C was estimated at 3.9 months in blood and 4.4 months in urine. Wagmann et al. [40], who conducted toxicokinetic studies of 4-CMC, N-ethylnorpentylone, N-ethylhexedrone and 4-fluoro-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone, investigated the stability of substances in pooled human liver microsomes. The half-life demonstrated in vitro for N-ethylhexedrone was 85 min. To our knowledge, no detailed studies on the stability of 4-CIC and N-ethylhexedrone in blood and urine have been published to date.
Conclusions
The article presents the quantification of U-47700, N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam, 4-CIC, and 4-CMC in postmortem blood and urine, and also quantification of these substances in evidences found at the scene of the fatal incident. No cases presenting concentrations of adinazolam and 4-CIC in postmortem human matrices have been reported to date. In addition, we reported stability results for the identified NPS in blood and urine stored for as long as 775 days at + 4 °C.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the international and/or national committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Blood and urine collections from cadaver were made by judicial authorities, and the samples were sent to our institute for toxicological analysis to their request. This article does not contain any studies with living human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
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Fatal intoxication with U-47700 in combination with other NPS (N-ethylhexedrone, adinazolam, 4-CIC, 4-CMC) confirmed by identification and quantification in autopsy specimens and evidences
