2. Fetale Programmierung

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Zurück zum Zitat Arck PC, Hecher K (2013) Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring’s health. Nat Med 19: 548–556CrossRefPubMed Arck PC, Hecher K (2013) Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring’s health. Nat Med 19: 548–556CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Bach JF (2002) The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 347: 911–920CrossRefPubMed Bach JF (2002) The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 347: 911–920CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Barker DJ, Thornburg KL (2013) Placental programming of chronic diseases, cancer and lifespan: a review. Placenta 34: 841–845CrossRefPubMed Barker DJ, Thornburg KL (2013) Placental programming of chronic diseases, cancer and lifespan: a review. Placenta 34: 841–845CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Gerardin P,Wendland J, Bodeau N, Galin A, Bialobos S, Tordjman S, Mazet P, Darbois Y, Nizard J, Dommergues M, Cohen D (2011) Depression during pregnancy: Is the developmental impact earlier in boys? a prospective case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 72: 378–387CrossRefPubMed Gerardin P,Wendland J, Bodeau N, Galin A, Bialobos S, Tordjman S, Mazet P, Darbois Y, Nizard J, Dommergues M, Cohen D (2011) Depression during pregnancy: Is the developmental impact earlier in boys? a prospective case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 72: 378–387CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert SF (2002) The genome in its ecological context: philosophical perspectives on interspecies epigenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 981: 202–218CrossRefPubMed Gilbert SF (2002) The genome in its ecological context: philosophical perspectives on interspecies epigenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 981: 202–218CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Pandey DK, Paynter NP, Reeves MJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee (2002) Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 129: e28–e292 Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Pandey DK, Paynter NP, Reeves MJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee (2002) Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 129: e28–e292

Zurück zum Zitat Gore AC (2008) Developmental programming and endocrine disruptor effects on reproductive neuroendocrine systems. Front Neuroendocrinol 29: 358–374CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gore AC (2008) Developmental programming and endocrine disruptor effects on reproductive neuroendocrine systems. Front Neuroendocrinol 29: 358–374CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Hartwig IR, Pincus MK, Diemert A, Hecher K, Arck PC (2013) Sex-specific effect of first-trimester maternal progesterone on birthweight. Hum Reprod 28: 77–86CrossRefPubMed Hartwig IR, Pincus MK, Diemert A, Hecher K, Arck PC (2013) Sex-specific effect of first-trimester maternal progesterone on birthweight. Hum Reprod 28: 77–86CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hartwig IR, Sly PD, Schmidt LA, van Lieshout R, Bienenstock J, Holt PG, Arck PC (2014) Prenatal adverse life events increase the risk for atopic diseases in children, which is enhanced in the absence of a maternal atopic predisposition. J All Clin Immunol (in press) Hartwig IR, Sly PD, Schmidt LA, van Lieshout R, Bienenstock J, Holt PG, Arck PC (2014) Prenatal adverse life events increase the risk for atopic diseases in children, which is enhanced in the absence of a maternal atopic predisposition. J All Clin Immunol (in press)

Zurück zum Zitat Hemmings DG, Williams SJ, Davidge ST (2005) Increased myogenic tone in 7-month-old adult male but not female offspring from rat dams exposed to hypoxia during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H674–H682CrossRef Hemmings DG, Williams SJ, Davidge ST (2005) Increased myogenic tone in 7-month-old adult male but not female offspring from rat dams exposed to hypoxia during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H674–H682CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Hickey RJ, Clelland RC, Bowers EJ (1978) Maternal smoking, birth weight, infant death, and the self-selection problem. Am J Obstet Gynecol 131: 805–811CrossRefPubMed Hickey RJ, Clelland RC, Bowers EJ (1978) Maternal smoking, birth weight, infant death, and the self-selection problem. Am J Obstet Gynecol 131: 805–811CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Jaddoe VW, de Jonge LL, Hofman A, Franco OH, Steegers EA, Gaillard R (2014) First trimester fetal growth restriction and cardiovascular risk factors in school age children: population based cohort study. BMJ 348: g14CrossRef Jaddoe VW, de Jonge LL, Hofman A, Franco OH, Steegers EA, Gaillard R (2014) First trimester fetal growth restriction and cardiovascular risk factors in school age children: population based cohort study. BMJ 348: g14CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Johnstone S (2010) Stress and the epigenetic landscape: a link to the pathobiology of human diseases? Nature Rev Gen 11: 806–812CrossRef Johnstone S (2010) Stress and the epigenetic landscape: a link to the pathobiology of human diseases? Nature Rev Gen 11: 806–812CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Jones A, Godfrey KM, Wood P, Osmond C, Goulden P, Phillips DI (2006) Fetal growth and the adrenocortical response to psychological stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1868–1871CrossRefPubMed Jones A, Godfrey KM, Wood P, Osmond C, Goulden P, Phillips DI (2006) Fetal growth and the adrenocortical response to psychological stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1868–1871CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kermack WO, McKendrick AG, McKinlay PL (1934) Death rates in Great Britain and Sweden; some general regularities and their significance. Lancet 31: 698–703CrossRef Kermack WO, McKendrick AG, McKinlay PL (1934) Death rates in Great Britain and Sweden; some general regularities and their significance. Lancet 31: 698–703CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Kermack WO, McKendrick AG, McKinlay PL (2001) Death-rates in Great Britain and Sweden. Some general regularities and their significance. Int J Epidemiol 30: 678–683PubMed Kermack WO, McKendrick AG, McKinlay PL (2001) Death-rates in Great Britain and Sweden. Some general regularities and their significance. Int J Epidemiol 30: 678–683PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Khan IY, Taylor P D, Dekou V, Seed PT, Lakasing L, Graham D, Dominiczak AF, Hanson MA, Poston L (2003) Gender-linked hypertension in offspring of lard-fed pregnant rats. Hypertension 41: 168–175CrossRefPubMed Khan IY, Taylor P D, Dekou V, Seed PT, Lakasing L, Graham D, Dominiczak AF, Hanson MA, Poston L (2003) Gender-linked hypertension in offspring of lard-fed pregnant rats. Hypertension 41: 168–175CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Lampl M, Jeanty P (2003) Timing is everything: a reconsideration of fetal growth velocity patterns identifies the importance of individual and sex differences. Am J Hum Biol 15: 667–680CrossRefPubMed Lampl M, Jeanty P (2003) Timing is everything: a reconsideration of fetal growth velocity patterns identifies the importance of individual and sex differences. Am J Hum Biol 15: 667–680CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Langley-Evans SC1, McMullen S (2010) Developmental origins of adult disease. Med Princ Pract 19: 87–98CrossRefPubMed Langley-Evans SC1, McMullen S (2010) Developmental origins of adult disease. Med Princ Pract 19: 87–98CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Lawlor DA, Lichtenstein P, Langstrom N (2011) Association of maternal diabetes mellitus in pregnancy with offspring adiposity into early adulthood: sibling study in a prospective cohort of 280,866 men from 248,293 families. Circulation 123: 258–265CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lawlor DA, Lichtenstein P, Langstrom N (2011) Association of maternal diabetes mellitus in pregnancy with offspring adiposity into early adulthood: sibling study in a prospective cohort of 280,866 men from 248,293 families. Circulation 123: 258–265CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat McFall-Ngai MJ (2002) Unseen forces: the influence of bacteria on animal development. Dev Biol 242: 1–14CrossRefPubMed McFall-Ngai MJ (2002) Unseen forces: the influence of bacteria on animal development. Dev Biol 242: 1–14CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Mueller BR, Bale TL (2008) Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. J Neurosci 28: 9055–9065CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mueller BR, Bale TL (2008) Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. J Neurosci 28: 9055–9065CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat von Mutius E, Vercelli D (2010) Farm living: effects on childhood asthma and allergy. Nat Rev Immunol 10: 861–868CrossRef von Mutius E, Vercelli D (2010) Farm living: effects on childhood asthma and allergy. Nat Rev Immunol 10: 861–868CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Nuyt AM, Alexander BT (2009) Developmental programming and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18: 144–152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nuyt AM, Alexander BT (2009) Developmental programming and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18: 144–152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat O’Regan D, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2004) Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation in the rat permanently programs gender-specific differences in adult cardiovascular and metabolic physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287: E863–E870CrossRef O’Regan D, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2004) Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation in the rat permanently programs gender-specific differences in adult cardiovascular and metabolic physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287: E863–E870CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat van Os J, Selten JP (1998) Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia: The May 1940 invasion of the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 172: 324–326CrossRefPubMed van Os J, Selten JP (1998) Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia: The May 1940 invasion of the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 172: 324–326CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pincus M, Arck P (2012) Developmental programming of allergic diseases. Chem Immunol Allergy 98: 70–84CrossRefPubMed Pincus M, Arck P (2012) Developmental programming of allergic diseases. Chem Immunol Allergy 98: 70–84CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pincus M, Keil T, Rücke M, Bruenahl C, Magdorf K, Klapp BF, Douglas AJ, Paus R, Wahn U, Arck P (2010) Fetal origin of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125: 273–275CrossRefPubMed Pincus M, Keil T, Rücke M, Bruenahl C, Magdorf K, Klapp BF, Douglas AJ, Paus R, Wahn U, Arck P (2010) Fetal origin of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125: 273–275CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Plagemann A (2008) A matter of insulin: developmental programming of body weight regulation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 21: 143–148CrossRefPubMed Plagemann A (2008) A matter of insulin: developmental programming of body weight regulation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 21: 143–148CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW (1976) Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 295: 349–353CrossRefPubMed Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW (1976) Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 295: 349–353CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Reynolds RM (2010) Corticosteroid-mediated programming and the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 122: 3–9CrossRefPubMed Reynolds RM (2010) Corticosteroid-mediated programming and the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 122: 3–9CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Schaub B, Liu J, Höppler S, Schleich I, Huehn J, Olek S, Wieczorek G, Illi S, von Mutius E (2009) Maternal farm exposure modulates neonatal immune mechanisms through regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123: 774–782CrossRefPubMed Schaub B, Liu J, Höppler S, Schleich I, Huehn J, Olek S, Wieczorek G, Illi S, von Mutius E (2009) Maternal farm exposure modulates neonatal immune mechanisms through regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123: 774–782CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2007) Mechanisms of disease: glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal ‘programming’ of adult pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3: 479–488CrossRefPubMed Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2007) Mechanisms of disease: glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal ‘programming’ of adult pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3: 479–488CrossRefPubMed

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Zurück zum Zitat Thiele K, Kessler T, Arck P, Erhardt A, Tiegs G (2013) Acetaminophen and pregnancy: short- and long-term consequences for mother and child. J Reprod Immunol 97: 128–139CrossRefPubMed Thiele K, Kessler T, Arck P, Erhardt A, Tiegs G (2013) Acetaminophen and pregnancy: short- and long-term consequences for mother and child. J Reprod Immunol 97: 128–139CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Trivers RL, Willard DE (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179: 90–92CrossRefPubMed Trivers RL, Willard DE (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179: 90–92CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Xue Q, Zhang L (2009) Prenatal hypoxia causes a sex-dependent increase in heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in adult male offspring: role of protein kinase C epsilon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 330: 624–632CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Xue Q, Zhang L (2009) Prenatal hypoxia causes a sex-dependent increase in heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in adult male offspring: role of protein kinase C epsilon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 330: 624–632CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral