Background
Methods
Study design, participants and setting
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of participants
Variables | Overall | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
p-value | p-trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2726 (100) | 559 (20.5) | 469 (17.2) | 690 (25.3) | 1008 (37.0) | ||
Men, n (%) | 1893 (69.4) | 389 (69.6) | 300 (64.0) | 504 (73.0) | 700 (69.4) | 0.013 | 0.383 |
Mean age, years | 21.8 (2.4) | 21.8 (2.4) | 21.7 (2.4) | 21.9 (2.5) | 21.7 (2.4) | 0.271 | 0.850 |
Pulse, beats per min | 77 (13) | 76 (13) | 79 (13) | 75 (13) | 77 (14) | <0.0001 | 0.314 |
Weight, kg | 67.8 (10.6) | 67.1 (10.2) | 67.0 (10.9) | 67.6 (10.0) | 68.7 (10.9) | 0.177 | 0.005 |
Height, cm | 171 (9) | 171 (9) | 171 (9) | 171 (8) | 171 (9) | 0.687 | 0.232 |
Hip circumference, cm | 96 (7) | 96 (9) | 96 (8) | 94 (7) | 96 (8) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Men | |||||||
N (%) | 1893 (100) | 389 (20.6) | 300 (15.9) | 504 (26.6) | 700 (36.9) | ||
Mean age, years | 21.9 (2.5) | 22.0 (2.5) | 21.9 (2.5) | 22.1 (2.6) | 21.8 (2.4) | 0.166 | 0.420 |
Pulse, beats per min | 74 (13) | 74 (12) | 77 (13) | 73 (12) | 74 (13) | 0.0004 | 0.355 |
Weight, kg | 69.8 (9.4) | 68.6 (8.9) | 69.9 (9.7) | 69.3 (9.3) | 70.7 (9.6) | 0.002 | 0.288 |
Height, cm | 174.4 (7.0) | 174 (7) | 175 (7) | 174.2 (6.6) | 174.5 (7.0) | 0.130 | 0.618 |
Hip circumference, cm | 94.4 (6.9) | 94.5 (7.5) | 95.4 (6.6) | 93.2 (5.9) | 94.8 (7.1) | <0.0001 | 0.004 |
Women | |||||||
N (%) | 833 (100) | 170 (20.4) | 169 (20.3) | 186 (22.3) | 308 (37.0) | ||
Mean age, years | 21.4 (2.3) | 21.6 (2.3) | 21.4 (2.0) | 21.3 (2.1) | 21.4 (2.5) | 0.626 | 0.186 |
Pulse, beats per min | 83 (13) | 82 (12) | 83 (12) | 82 (14) | 85 (13) | 0.098 | 0.818 |
Weight, kg | 63.4 (11.7) | 63.6 (12.1) | 61.9 (11.1) | 63.2 (10.4) | 64.2 (12.4) | 0.236 | 0.767 |
Height, cm | 163.7 (7.2) | 163.7 (7.2) | 163.9 (6.0) | 164.0 (7.2) | 163.3 (7.7) | 0.773 | 0.769 |
Hip circumference, cm | 98.8 (9.4) | 100.6 (9.9) | 98.3 (9.0) | 97.6 (8.2) | 98.8 (10.0) | 0.018 | 0.002 |
Variables | Overall | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
p-value |
p-trend | p year*gender |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2726 (100) | 559 (20.5) | 469 (17.2) | 690 (25.3) | 1008 (37.0) | |||
SBP, mmHg) | 118 (12) | 119 (11) | 118 (11) | 117 (13) | 118 (13) | 0.008 | 0.0007 | 0.695 |
DBP mmHg | 70 (10) | 72 (9) | 72 (10) | 69 (10) | 70 (10) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.841 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 172 (6.3) | 33 (5.9) | 26 (5.6) | 36 (5.2) | 77 (7.6) | 0.170 | 0.141 | 0.430 |
BMI, kg/m2
| 23.1 (3.3) | 23.0 (3.3) | 22.9 (3.2) | 23.0 (2.9) | 23.5 (3.5) | 0.0009 | 0.965 | 0.306 |
Obesity, n (%) | 95 (3.5) | 17 (3.0) | 14 (3.0) | 15 (2.2) | 49 (4.9) | 0.019 | 0.054 | 0.500 |
Overweight and obesity, n (%) | 571 (21.0) | 95 (17.0) | 96 (20.5) | 131 (19.0) | 249 (24.7) | 0.001 | 0.0005 | 0.832 |
Waist circumference, cm | 76 (7) | 76 (7) | 75 (7) | 76 (6) | 76 (8) | 0.095 | 0.975 | 0.170 |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 73 (2.7) | 12 (2.2) | 10 (2.3) | 11 (1.6) | 40 (4.0) | 0.016 | 0.032 | 0.601 |
Hip circumference, cm | 96 (7) | 96 (9) | 96 (8) | 94 (7) | 96 (8) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.021 |
WHR, cm | 0.79 (0.05) | 0.79 (0.05) | 0.78 (0.05) | 0.81 (0.04) | 0.79 (0.06) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
WHtR, cm | 0.44 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.44 (0.05) | 0.177 | 0.513 | 0.096 |
Trends in measures of adiposity
Variables | Overall | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
p-value | p-trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men, N (%) | 1893 (100) | 389 (20.6) | 300 (15.9) | 504 (26.6) | 700 (36.9) | ||
SBP, mmHg | 120 (12) | 121 (10) | 120 (11) | 118 (12) | 120 (13) | 0.003 | 0.0002 |
DBP, mmHg | 70 (10) | 72 (9) | 72 (10) | 69 (10) | 70 (10) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 133 (7.0) | 22 (5.7) | 20 (6.7) | 30 (5.9) | 61 (8.7) | 0.160 | 0.063 |
BMI, kg/m2
| 22.9 (2.8) | 22.7 (2.9) | 22.8 (2.8) | 22.8 (2.6) | 23.2 (2.9) | 0.007 | 0.501 |
Obesity, n (%) | 39 (2.1) | 6 (1.5) | 7 (2.3) | 8 (1.6) | 18 (2.6) | 0.551 | 0.336 |
Overweight and obesity, n (%) | 332 (17.5) | 51 (13.1) | 51 (17.0) | 84 (16.7) | 146 (20.9) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Waist circumference, cm | 76.1 (6.5) | 76.5 (5.8) | 75.9 (6.3) | 76.3 (5.6) | 75.8 (7.4) | 0.320 | 0.639 |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 9 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | 0.843 | 0.429 |
Hip circumference, cm | 94.4 (6.9) | 94.5 (7.5) | 95.4 (6.6) | 93.2 (5.9) | 94.8 (7.1) | <0.0001 | 0.004 |
WHR | 0.81 (0.05) | 0.81 (0.04) | 0.79 (0.04) | 0.82 (0.04) | 0.80 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 0.011 |
WHtR | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.43 (0.04) | 0.44 (0.03) | 0.43 (0.04) | 0.065 | 0.424 |
Women, N (%) | 833 (100) | 170 (20.4) | 169 (20.3) | 186 (22.3) | 308 (37.0) | ||
SBP, mmHg | 113 (12) | 114 (11) | 114 (11) | 113 (14) | 113 (13) | 0.565 | 0.241 |
DBP, mmHg | 70 (10) | 71 (10) | 72 (9) | 69 (10) | 70 (10) | 0.007 | 0.009 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 39 (4.7) | 11 (6.5) | 6 (3.6) | 6 (3.2) | 16 (5.2) | 0.426 | 0.700 |
BMI, kg/m2
| 23.7 (4.1) | 23.7 (4.1) | 23.0 (3.9) | 23.5 (3.6) | 24.1 (4.6) | 0.057 | 0.675 |
Obesity, n (%) | 56 (6.7) | 11 (6.5) | 7 (4.2) | 7 (3.8) | 31 (10.1) | 0.020 | 0.064 |
Overweight and obesity, n (%) | 239 (28.7) | 44 (25.9) | 45 (26.8) | 47 (25.3) | 103 (33.4) | 0.144 | 0.068 |
Waist circumference, cm | 75.1 (8.8) | 75.2 (8.8) | 73.7 (8.2) | 75.5 (7.6) | 75.6 (9.7) | 0.149 | 0.709 |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 64 (7.8) | 11 (6.5) | 9 (5.6) | 8 (4.3) | 36 (11.7) | 0.011 | 0.027 |
Hip circumference, cm | 98.8 (9.4) | 100.6 (9.9) | 98.3 (9.0) | 97.6 (8.2) | 98.8 (10.0) | 0.018 | 0.002 |
WHR | 0.76 (0.05) | 0.75 (0.05) | 0.75 (0.05) | 0.77 (0.05) | 0.76 (0.05) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
WHtR | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.45 (0.05) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.108 | 0.764 |
Trends in blood pressure
Adiposity variables and prediction of hypertension
Variable | Basic models | Multivariable models | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) |
p-value | aOR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Age, per year | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.918 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.770 |
Sex (men) | 1.52 (1.05–2.19) | 0.027 | 1.14 (0.73–1.78) | 0.559 |
Year | 0.163 | 0.300 | ||
2009 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
2010 | 0.92 (0.54–1.59) | 0.89 (0.52–1.55) | ||
2011 | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 0.84 (0.51–1.37) | ||
2012 | 1.31 (0.86–1.99) | 1.21 (0.79–1.86) | ||
BMI (per kg/m2) | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.013 |
Obesity | 2.74 (1.47–5.12) | 0.0015 | ||
Obesity or overweight | 2.03 (1.45–2.86) | <0.0001 | ||
Waist circumference (per cm) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 0.0004 |
Abdominal obesity | 4.30 (2.15–8.63) | <0.0001 | ||
Hip circumference | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | <0.0001 | ||
WHR | 1.64 (0.08–33.09) | 0.747 |