Background
Methods
Study design and population
Data collection procedure
Variables and outcomes
Statistical analysis
Results
Very fit--well (N = 189) | Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable (N = 108) | Mildly frail--Moderately frail (N = 37) |
p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
65-74 | 98 (51.9) | 42 (38.9) | 8 (21.6) | 0.0006 |
75-85 | 77 (40.7) | 50 (46.3) | 19 (51.4) | |
85+ | 14 (7.4) | 16 (14.8) | 10 (27.0) | |
Male | 45 (23.3) | 24 (22.4) | 9 (24.3) | 1.0 |
Schooling | ||||
Primary | 14 (7.6) | 17 (16.0) | 4 (11.1) | 0.0004 |
Secondary | 55 (29.7) | 47 (44.3) | 11 (30.6) | |
College | 40 (21.6) | 23 (21.7) | 3 (8.3) | |
University | 76 (41.1) | 19 (17.9) | 18 (50.0) | |
Number of comorbidities | ||||
0–4 | 125 (66.1) | 59 (54.6) | 14 (38.9) | 0.004 |
5–13 | 64 (33.9) | 49 (45.4) | 22 (61.1) | |
Living alone, without help | 66 (35.1) | 36 (33.3) | 9 (24.3) | 0.4 |
Social Support Index (SSI > 63/100) | 159 (84.6) | 83 (78.3) | 24 (68.6) | 0.06 |
ED visits in the last 3 months | 21 (11.2) | 17 (15.9) | 4 (11.8) | 0.5 |
Falls in the last 3 months | 31 (16.4) | 24 (22.2) | 7 (20.0) | 0.5 |
Numbers of outings/week < 5 | 150 (82.9) | 69 (63.9) | 18 (56.3) | 0.0001 |
Occasional use of a walking aid | 17 (9.1) | 25 (23.2) | 17 (47.2) | <0.0001 |
Baseline BADL score (14/14) | 137 (72.5) | 98 (90.7) | 29 (78.4) | <0.0001 |
Baseline IADL score (<14) | 137 (72.5) | 51 (47.2) | 15 (40.5) | <0.0001 |
Injury mechanisma
| ||||
- Fall from own height | 134 (72.0) | 80 (75.5) | 31 (86.1) | 0.5 |
- Fall from greater height | 24 (12.9) | 16 (15.1) | 4 (11.1) | |
- Motor vehicle accident | 5 (2.7) | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
- Others | 23 (12.4) | 7 (6.6) | 1 (2.8) | |
Location of fracture (injured body region)a
| ||||
Head | 9 (4.8) | 6 (5.6) | 3 (8.1) | 0.6 |
Spine | 5 (2.7) | 3 (2.8) | 3 (8.1) | |
Upper limb | 104 (55.0) | 53 (49.1) | 22 (59.5) | |
Thorax | 27 (14.3) | 17 (15.7) | 5 (13.5) | |
Lower limb | 37 (19.6) | 25 (23.2) | 4 (10.8) | |
Multiple | 7 (3.7) | 4 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Description of injury | ||||
Fracture only | 133 (70.4) | 61 (56.5) | 28 (75.7) | 0.02 |
With co-occurring injuriesb
| 56 (29.6) | 47 (43.5) | 9 (24.3) | |
Tear | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0 | |
Abrasion | 9 (4.8) | 12 (11.1) | 0 | |
Luxation | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | |
Laceration | 10 (5.3) | 16 (14.8) | 0 | |
Contusion | 26 (13.8) | 25 (23.2) | 3 (8.1) | |
Sprain | 5 (2.7) | 4 (3.7) | 2 (5.4) | |
Avulsion | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (2.7) | |
Effusion | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | |
Traumatic brain injury | 16 (8.5) | 14 (13) | 5 (13.5) | |
Injury Severity Score (ISS) (/75) | ||||
1–2 | 22 (11.6) | 10 (9.3) | 3 (6.9) | 0.1 |
3–4 | 141 (74.6) | 70 (64.8) | 27 (62.7) | |
5 + | 26 (13.8) | 28 (25.9) | 7 (18.9) | |
Pain (Visual Analog Scale ≥7/10) | 20 (10.7) | 14 (13.0) | 6 (16.2) | 0.6 |
Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (<9.8) | 120 (63.5) | 56 (51.9) | 14 (38.9) | 0.01 |
Cognitive status (MoCA < 23/30 or TICS-modified ≤ 31/50) | 36 (19.7) | 37 (35.2) | 10 (28.6) | 0.01 |
Mean (95 % CI) | Standard of Error |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical Component Summary SF-12 scoreb
| |||
3 monthsc
| |||
- Very fit--well | 69.6 (66.2 72.7) | 21.9 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 65.6(61.4 69.9) | 21.4 | |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 51.9 (43.9 59.9) | 24.1 | <0.001 |
6 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 70.2 (67.3 73.1) | 17.8 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 61.6 (56.7 66.4) | 22.1 | |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 50.5 (41.7–59.3) | 23.1 | <0.001 |
Mental Component Summary SF-12 scored
| |||
3 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 70.6 (68.1 73.1) | 16.5 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 64.5 (60.5–68.5) | 20.3 | |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 59.2 (51.7 66.8) | 22.7 | <0.001 |
6 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 71.0 (68.773.2) | ||
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 69.7 (66.0–73.5) | ||
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 59.6 (50.4–68.8) | 0.003 |
Mean (95 % CI) | Standard of Error | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical Component Summary SF-12 scoreb
| |||
3 monthsc
| |||
- Very fit--well | 60.9 (57.0–64.8) | 2.0 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 62.4 (58.1–66.7) | 2.2 | 0.6 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 49.2 (42.1–56.5) | 3.7 | 0.005 |
6 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 61.1 (57.6–64.8) | 1.8 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 57.5 (52.6–62.5) | 2.5 | 0.2 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 48.7 (41.2–56.2) | 3.8 | 0.003 |
Mental Component Summary SF-12 scored
| |||
3 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 69.6 (65.8–73.4) | 1.9 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 63.5 (59.2–67.7) | 2.2 | 0.014 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 59.5 (50.9–68.1) | 4.4 | 0.032 |
6 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 70.1 (66.5–73.7) | 1.84 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 69.0 (65.2–72.9) | 1.94 | 0.6 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 60.8 (51.1 − 70.6) | 4.96 | 0.08 |
Proportion (95 % CI) | Standard of Error |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical Component Summary SF-12 scoreb
| |||
3 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 26.6 (19.1–36.9) | 4.5 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 21.7 (14.9–31.7) | 4.2 | 0.4 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 46.7 (32.1–67.9) | 8.9 | 0.02 |
6 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 16.8 (10.9–25.9) | 3.7 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 34.4 (24.8–47.7) | 5.7 | 0.006 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 40.3 (27.5–59.1) | 7.9 | 0.003 |
Mental Component Summary SF-12 scorec
| |||
3 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 12.4 (7.4–20.7) | 3.3 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 18.9 (11.3–31.2) | 4.9 | 0.2 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 29.7 (16.6–53.4) | 8.9 | 0.01 |
6 months | |||
- Very fit--well | 10.1 (5.7–17.8) | 2.9 | |
- Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable | 9.1 (4.4–19.0) | 3.4 | 0.8 |
- Mildly frail--Moderately frail | 25.9 (14.1–47.5) | 8.0 | 0.01 |