Introduction
Material and methods
Study selection and inclusion criteria
Search strategy and data extraction
Assessment of risk of bias in the included studies
Statistical analysis
Results
Studies | General characteristics | FC characteristics | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients | FCs | Months | Ventilatory setting | FHT: description | Volume infused (ml) | Time (min) | Rate (ml/min) | Reference variable | Type of fluid | Hemodynamic monitoring | FR (%) | ||
Operating room | Guinot et al. [33] | 42 | 42 | NS | CMV | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | 500 | 10 | 50 | SV > 15% | Ringer | CardioQ | 67 |
Biais et al. [34] | 41 | 41 | 6 | CMV | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 30 s | 250 | 10 | 25 | SVI ≥ 10% | Saline | ProAQT | 51 | |
Biais et al. [35] | 44 | 88 | 12 | CMV | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 120 s | 250 | 10 | 25 | SVI ≥ 10% | Saline | ProAQT | 32 | |
Guinot et al. [36] | 73 | 73 | 6 | SB | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | 500 | 10 | 50 | SV > 15% | Ringer | NICCOMO | 37 | |
Preisman et al. [37] | 18 | 70 | NS | CMV | RSVT: decrease in SAP after successive incremental pressure-controlled breaths (10, 20, and 30 cmH2O) | 250 | 5 | 50 | SVI ≥ 15% | Poligeline 3.5% | PiCCO | 46 | |
Biais et al. [38] | 28 | 28 | 12 | CMV | LRM: 30 cmH20/30 s | 250 | 10 | 25 | SVI ≥ 10% | Saline | ProAQT | 57 | |
De Broca et al. [39] | 60 | 60 | 9 | CMV | LRM: 25 cmH20/25 s | 500 | 10 | 50 | SV ≥ 15% | Ringer | CardioQ | 62 | |
Intensive care unit | Wu et al. [40] | 50 | 50 | 8 | CMV | Mini-FC: 50 ml in 10 s | 500 | 15 | 33 | CO ≥ 15% | Crystalloids (undefined) | TTE | 54 |
Smorenberg et al. [41] | 21 | 21 | NS | CMV | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 120 s | 500 | 20 | 25 | CO > 10% | Hydroxyethyl starch 6% | Modelflow/PulseCO | 62 | |
Muller et al. [29] | 39 | 39 | 10 | CMV | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | 500 | 15 | 33.3 | VTI ≥ 15% | 6% HES | TTE | 54 | |
Monge Garcia et al. [42] | 30 | 30 | 6 | SB | Airway pressure elevated up to 30 cmH20 for 10 s | 500 | 30 | 16.6 | SVI ≥ 15% | 6% HES | Flow-Trac | 37 | |
Perel et al. [28] | 14 | 14 | NS | CMV | RSVT: decrease in SAP after successive incremental pressure-controlled breaths (5,10, 15, and 20 cmH2O) | 7/kg | 30 | NA | CI ≥ 15% | Plasma expander (undefined) | PAC | 57 | |
Yonis et al. [43] | 33 | 33 | 40 | CMV | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | 500 | 15 | 33.3 | CI ≥ 15% | Crystalloids (undefined) | PiCCO | 45 | |
Xiao-ting et al. [44] | 48 | 48 | 8 | CMV | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | 500 | 15 | 33.3 | CI ≥ 10% | Saline | PiCCO | 71 | |
Mallat et al. [45] | 49 | 49 | NS | CMV | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | 500 | 15 | 33.3 | CI ≥ 15% | 4% albumin | PiCCO | 45 | |
Georges et al. [46] | 50 | 50 | NS | ACV(V); no SE | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 12 s | 500 | 15 | 33.3 | CO ≥ 15% | Saline | TTE | 56 | |
Wilkman et al. [47] | 20 | 20 | NS | CMV | PEEP elevated from 10 to 20 cmH2O for 60–120 s | 6/kg | 30 | NA | CO ≥ 15% | Succinilgelatine 4% | TEE | 30 | |
Jozwiak et al. [48] | 30 | 30 | 14 | ACV(V); no SE | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | 500 | 10 | 50 | CI > 15% | Saline | PiCCO | 50 | |
Monnet et al. [23] | 34 | 34 | NS | ACV(V); SE | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | 500 | 10 | 50 | CI > 15% | Saline | PiCCO | 68 | |
Myatra et al. [49] | 20 | 30 | NS | ACV(V); no SE | Vt raised up from 6 to 8 ml/kg for 1 min | 7/kg | 10 | NA | CI > 15% | Saline | PiCCO | 53 | |
Monnet et al. [50] | 54 | 54 | NS | ACV(V); no SE | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | 500 | 20 | 25 | CI ≥ 15% | Saline | PiCCO | 55 |
Studies | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Final score | Final risk | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of bias | Applicability judgments | TOT | Risk of bias | Applicability judgments | TOT | Risk of bias | Applicability judgments | TOT | ||||||||||||
Operating room | Guinot et al. [33] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 9 | L |
Biais et al. [34] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | 10 | M | |
Biais et al. [35] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L | |
Guinot et al. [36] | Unclear | 2 | High | 3 | 5 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | 12 | H | |
Preisman et al. [37] | High | 3 | High | 3 | 6 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 11 | H | |
Biais et al. [38] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | High | 3 | 11 | H | |
De Broca et al. [39] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L | |
Intensive care unit | Wu et al. [40] Smorenberg et al. [41] | UncleaR | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L |
Low | 1 | High | 3 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | High | 3 | 11 | H | ||
Muller et al. [29] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L | |
Monge Garcia et al. [42] | Low | 1 | Unclear | 2 | 3 | Low | 1 | Unclear | 2 | 3 | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | High | 3 | 13 | H | |
Perel et al. [28] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | High | 3 | 11 | H | |
Yonis et al. [43] | Unclear | 2 | High | 3 | 5 | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 11 | H | |
Xiao-ting et al. [44] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | High | 3 | 10 | H | |
Mallat et al. [45] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 9 | M | |
Georges et al. [46] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 9 | M | |
Wilkman et al. [47] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | High | 3 | 11 | H | |
Jozwiak et al. [48] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L | |
Monnet et al. [23] | High | 3 | Low | 1 | 4 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 9 | M | |
Myatra et al. [49] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L | |
Monnet et al. [50] | Unclear | 2 | Low | 1 | 3 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | Low | 1 | 2 | Low | 1 | 8 | L |
Metanalysis of the included studies (see Figs. 2, 3, and 4)
Discussion
EEOT
Studies | Functional hemodynamic test | Parameter | AUC (95%CI) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Y | +PV | −PV | +LR | −LR | Threshold | GZ high | GZ low | Pt in GZ (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operating room | Guinot et al. [33] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | DELTA SV (%) | 0.78 (0.63–0.89) | 82 | 71 | NA | 85 | 67 | 2.87 | 0.25 | 2.3 | NA | NA | NA |
Biais et al. [34] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 30 s | DELTA SV (%) | 0.91 (0.81–1.0) | 100 | 81 | 0.81 | 84 | 100 | NA | NA | 5 | 8 | 4 | 17 | |
Biais et al. [35] | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 120 s | DELTA SV (%) | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 93 | 85 | 0.78 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 | 7 | 4 | 19 | |
Guinot et al. [36] | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | DELTA SV (%) | 0.93 (0.84–0.97) | 89 | 89 | NA | 83 | 93 | 8.18 | 0.12 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 14 | |
Preisman et al. [37] | RSVT: decrease in SAP after successive incremental pressure-controlled breaths (10, 20, and 30 cmH2O) | RSVT (slope, mmHg/cmH2O) | 0.96 (0.92–1.0) | 93 | 89 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.51 | NA | NA | NA | |
Biais et al. [38] | LRM: 30 cmH20/30 s | DELTA SV (%) | 0.96 (0.81–0.99) | 88 | 92 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 30 | − 22 | − 37 | 36 | |
De Broca et al. [39] | LRM: 25 cmH20/25 s | DELTA SV (%) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 92 | 96 | 0.92 | 100 | 89 | NA | NA | 16 | − 15 | − 17 | 8 | |
Intensive care unit | Wu et al. [40] | Mini-FC: 50 ml in 10 s | DELTA VTI (%) | 0.83 (0.69–0.96) | 74 | 95 | NA | 94 | 79 | NA | NA | 9 | NA | NA | NA |
Smorenberg et al. [41] | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 120 s | DELTA CO (%) | 0.85 (0.63–0.97) | NA | NA | NA | 92 | 88 | NA | NA | 2.3 | NA | NA | NA | |
Muller et al. [29] | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | DELTA VTI (%) | 0.92 (0.78–0.98) | 95 | 78 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3 | NA | NA | NA | |
Monge Garcia et al. [42] | Airway pressure elevated up to 30 cmH20 for 10 s | DELTA PP (%) | 0.98 (0.84–0.99) | 91 | 95 | NA | 91 | 95 | NA | NA | 52 | NA | NA | NA | |
Perel et al. [28] | RSVT: decrease in SAP after successive incremental pressure-controlled breaths (5,10, 15, and 20 cmH2O) | RSVT (slope, mmHg/cmH2O) | 0.89 (0.72–1.0) | 87.5 | 83 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.24 | NA | NA | NA | |
Yonis et al. [43] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | DELTA CI (%) | 0.65 (0.46–0.84) | 33 | 100 | NA | NA | NA | INF | 0.67 | 10 | 11 | − 4 | 79 | |
Yonis et al. [43] | Trendelemburg maneuver | DELTA CI (%) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 87 | 89 | NA | NA | NA | 7.9 | 0.15 | 8 | 12 | 5 | 30 | |
Xiao-ting et al. [44] | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | DELTA CI (%) | 0.83 (0.69–0.96) | 73.2 | 60.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.4 | NA | NA | NA | |
Mallat et al. [45] | Mini-FC: 100 ml in 60 s | DELTA CI (%) | 0.78 (0.64–0.88) | 77 | 74 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.2 | 12.6 | − 1.5 | 67 | |
Georges et al. [46] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 12 s | DELTA VTI (%) | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 89 | 95 | 0.85 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9 | 10 | 6 | 20 | |
Wilkman et al. [47] | PEEP elevated from 10 to 20 cmH2O for 60–120 s | DELTA MAP (%) | 0.91 (0.77–1.0) | 83 | 86 | NA | 71 | 92 | NA | NA | − 10.2 | NA | NA | NA | |
Jozwiak et al. [48] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | DELTA CI (%) | 0.98 (0.85–1.0) | 93 | 100 | 0.93 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 | NA | NA | NA | |
Monnet et al. [23] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s | DELTA CI (%) | 0.97 (0.85–0.99) | 91 | 100 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 | NA | NA | NA | |
Myatra et al. [49] | Vt raised up from 6 to 8 ml/kg for 1 min | DELTA PPV (%) | 0.99 (0.98–1.0) | 94 | 100 | NA | 100 | 93 | NA | NA | 3.5 | NA | NA | NA | |
Myatra et al. [49] | Vt raised up from 6 to 8 ml/kg for 1 min | DELTA SVV (%) | 0.97 (0.92–1.0) | 88 | 100 | NA | 100 | 88 | NA | NA | 2.5 | NA | NA | NA | |
Myatra et al. [49] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s (6 ml/kg ventilation) | DELTA CI (%) | 0.44 (0.23–0.66) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Myatra et al. [49] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s (8 ml/kg ventilation) | DELTA CI (%) | 0.95 (0.88–1.0) | 88 | 93 | NA | 93 | 78 | NA | NA | 4.1 | NA | NA | NA | |
Monnet et al. [50] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s (Crs < 30 cmH2O/ml) | DELTA CI (%) | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 93 | 91 | 0.85 | 93 | 91 | NA | NA | 5 | NA | NA | NA | |
Monnet et al. [50] | EEOT: ventilation interrupted for 15 s (Crs > 30 cmH2O/ml) | DELTA CI (%) | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 93 | 92 | 0.84 | 93 | 92 | NA | NA | 5 | NA | NA | NA |