Introduction
Nuclear and Membrane Receptor Ligand-Based Therapies
Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists
Bile Acid–Derived FXR Agonists
Nuclear and membrane receptor ligand-based therapies | |||
Obeticholic acid | FXR agonist | NCT02177136 Phase 2 | AESOP, open-label phase ongoing |
GS-9674 | Selective, non-steroidal FXR agonist | NCT02943460 Phase 2 | Significant reduction of AP with 100mg at 12 weeks |
FGF-19 signalling pathway analogues | |||
NGM282 | Supposedly non-tumorigenic, engineered variant of the human hormone FGF-19 | NCT02704364 Phase 2 | Primary endpoint (statistically significant change in AP) not met according to a press release |
PPAR agonists | |||
Fenofibrate | PPAR-α agonist | NCT01142323 Phase 2 | Open label, significant reduction in AP and ALT; no significant change in Mayo PSC risk score |
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) | Low-dose all-trans retinoic acid | NCT01456468 Phase 1 NCT03359174 Phase 2 | Primary endpoint (statistically significant reduction in AP) not met in phase 1 study (completed), phase 2 ongoing |
Bile acids | |||
norUrsodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA) | HCO3−-rich choleresis-inducing bile acid derivative | Phase 3 | |
Cytokine/chemokine mediator targeting therapies | |||
Cenicriviroc | CCR2/CCR5 antagonist | NCT02653625 Phase 2 | PERSEUS, completed December 2017 |
Vedolizumab | Anti-α4β7 integrin antibody | NCT03035058 Phase 3 | withdrawn in early 2018 |
Timolumab (BTT1023) | Anti-VAP-1 antibody | NCT02239211 Phase 2 | BUTEO |
Antifibrotic therapy | |||
Simtuzumab | LOXL2 inhibition | NCT01672853 Phase 2b | Primary endpoint (significant change in hepatic collagen content) not met |
Modulation of the gut microbiome | |||
Vancomycin | Antibiotic | NCT02605213 NCT02464020 NCT02137668 NCT01322386 NCT01802073 NCT01085760 | |
Rifaximin | Antibiotic | NCT01695174 (published) | Open-label pilot study, no significant improvements in serum AP, bilirubin, GGT, or Mayo PSC risk score |
Minocycline | Antibiotic | NCT00630942 | Open-label pilot study |
Metronidazol | Antibiotic | NCT03069976 | Peadiatric |
Faecal microbiota transplantation | NCT02424175 Phase 1/2 | ||
Other or undefined modes of action | |||
Maralixibat (LUM001) | ASBT inhibitor | NCT02061540 Phase 2 | CAMEO, completed, no clinically relevant change in liver biochemistries |
Hymecromone | Inhibition of synthesis of hyaluronan | NCT02780752 Phase 1/2 | |
Mitamycin C | Inhibition of myofibroblasts | NCT01688024 Phase 2 | |
HTD1801 | NCT03333928 Phase 2 | No valid information retrievable | |
DUR-928 | NCT03394781 Phase 2 | No valid information retrievable | |
Thalidomid | NCT00953615 | One subject, terminated | |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | High DHA supplementation | NCT00325013 Phase 1 | |
Sulfasalazine | Anti-inflammatory | NCT03561584 Phase 2a | |
Curcumin | Naturally occurring plant compound | NCT02978339 Phase 1/2 | |
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC) | Intra-arterial injection of UCMSC | NCT03516006 Phase 1 | |
ORBCEL-C | Selected UCMSC | NCT02997878 Phase 1/2 | |
Erlotinib (Tarceva) | Epodermal grotwh factor receptor (EGFR) blockade in patients with trisomy 7 | NCT00955149 Phase 1 |