Background
Methods
Study design
Setting
Participants
Measures and instruments
Sociodemographics
Mental health status
Physical health
Physical function
Anthropometrics
Statistical analysis
Results
Usual gait speed | Fast gait speed | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | General | Slower | Intermediate | Faster |
p
| Slower | Intermediate | Faster |
p
|
(N=385) | (N=75) | (N=207) | (N=103) | (N=58) | (N=218) | (N=109) | |||
Demographics
| |||||||||
Age, years | 71.4 (5.7) | 75.0 (7.1) | 70.8 (5.0) | 69.8 (4.7) | <0.001 | 74.7 (6.6) | 71.2 (5.4) | 69.9 (4.8) | <0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 248 (64.4) | 52 (69.3) | 151 (72.9) | 45 (43.7) | <0.001 | 45 (77.6) | 158 (72.5) | 45 (41.3) | <0.001 |
Illiterate, n (%) | 111 (28.9) | 29 (38.7) | 61 (31.8) | 21 (20.4) | 0.028 | 22 (37.9) | 69 (31.8) | 20 (18.3) | 0.011 |
Income level | |||||||||
0.0–1.0 | 189 (51.5) | 41 (56.9) | 109 (55.3) | 39 (39.8) | 0.103 | 32 (59.3) | 115 (55.6) | 42 (39.6) | 0.003 |
1.1–3.0 | 128 (34.9) | 23 (31.9) | 64 (32.5) | 41 (41.8) | 19 (35.2) | 70 (33.8) | 39 (36.8) | ||
≥ 3.1 | 50 (13.6) | 8 (11.1) | 24 (12.2) | 18 (18.4) | 3 (5.6) | 22 (10.6) | 25 (23.6) | ||
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||||
White | 184 (47.8) | 37 (49.3) | 105 (50.7) | 42 (40.8) | 0.531 | 28 (48.3) | 106 (48.6) | 50 (45.9) | 0.499 |
Black | 43 (11.2) | 11 (14.7) | 18 (8.7) | 14 (13.6) | 10 (17.2) | 21 (9.6) | 12 (11.0) | ||
Pardo or brown | 143 (37.1) | 24 (32.0) | 76 (36.7) | 43 (41.7) | 17 (29.3) | 85 (39.0) | 41 (37.6) | ||
Mental health
| |||||||||
MMSE score, points | 23.9 (3.5) | 22.2 (3.7) | 23.9 (3.3) | 25.1 (3.3) | <0.001 | 22.1 (3.7) | 23.7 (3.3) | 25.2 (3.1) | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms, n (%) | 76 (19.7) | 17 (22.7) | 47 (22.7) | 12 (11.7) | 0.001 | 17 (29.3) | 43 (19.7) | 16 (14.7) | 0.077 |
High concern of falling, n (%) | 192 (49.9) | 55 (73.3) | 109 (52.7) | 28 (27.2) | <0.001 | 43 (74.1) | 118 (54.1) | 31 (28.4) | <0.001 |
Physical health
| |||||||||
Heart disease, n (%) | 77 (20) | 19 (25.3) | 42 (20.3) | 16 (15.5) | 0.269 | 40 (69.0) | 49 (22.5) | 16 (14.7) | 0.249 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 249 (64.7) | 52 (69.3) | 135 (65.2) | 62 (60.2) | 0.44 | 8 (13.8) | 150 (68.8) | 59 (54.1) | 0.025 |
Stroke, n (%) | 28 (7.3) | 11 (14.7) | 13 (6.3) | 4 (3.9) | 0.017 | 22 (37.9) | 17 (7.8) | 3 (2.8) | 0.029 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 110 (28.6) | 33 (44.0) | 56 (27.1) | 21 (20.4) | 0.002 | 21 (36.2) | 66 (30.3) | 22 (20.2) | 0.038 |
Arthritis, n (%) | 89 (23.1) | 27 (36.0) | 48 (23.2) | 14 (13.6) | 0.002 | 4 (6.9) | 55 (25.2) | 13 (11.9) | 0.001 |
Lung disease, n (%) | 37 (9.6) | 9 (12.0) | 18 (8.7) | 10 (9.7) | 0.714 | 23 (39.7) | 23 (10.6) | 10 (9.2) | 0.685 |
Urinary incontinence, n (%) | 72 (18.8) | 29 (38.7) | 34 (16.4) | 9 (8.8) | <0.001 | 33 (56.9) | 37 (17) | 12 (11) | <0.001 |
“Very good” and “Good” self rated health, n (%) | 203 (52.7) | 33 (44.0) | 107 (51.7) | 63 (61.2) | 0.15 | 24 (41.4) | 116 (53.2) | 63 (57.8) | 0.086 |
Two or more falls, n (%) | 59 (15.3) | 17 (22.7) | 35 (16.9) | 7 (6.8) | 0.01 | 30 (51.7) | 34 (15.6) | 9 (8.3) | 0.004 |
Single fall, n (%) | 153 (39.7) | 33 (44.0) | 85 (41.1) | 35 (34) | 0.342 | 2.95 (1.51) | 86 (39.4) | 37 (33.9) | 0.081 |
Three or more diseases, n (%) | 140 (36.6) | 43 (58.1) | 75 (36.4) | 22 (21.6) | <0.001 | 33 (56.9) | 84 (38.9) | 23 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Polypharmacy | 133 (34.5) | 39 (52.0) | 70 (33.8) | 24 (23.3) | <0.001 | 30 (51.7) | 80 (36.7) | 23 (21.1) | <0.001 |
Fatigue, n (%) | 43 (11.2) | 12 (16.0) | 27 (13.0) | 4 (3.9) | 0.018 | 10 (17.2) | 28 (12.8) | 5 (4.6) | 0.023 |
Physical functioning
| |||||||||
77 (20) | 31 (41.3) | 37 (17.9) | 9 (8.7) | <0.001 | 25 (43.1) | 38 (17.4) | 14 (12.8) | <0.001 | |
Low PAL | |||||||||
Impaired ADL, n (%) | 25 (6.6) | 11 (15.1) | 11 (5.3) | 3 (3.0) | 0.004 | 10 (17.9) | 12 (5.5) | 3 92.8) | 0.001 |
Variables | Usual gait speed | Fast gait speed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% IC) |
p
| OR (95% IC) |
p
| |
Demographics
| ||||
Female | 1.29 (0.75-2.22) | 0.359 | 2.12 (1.10-4.09) | 0.024‡ |
Age group (years) | ||||
70-74 (ref 65–69) | 1.07 (0.53-2.18) | 0.846 | 1.58 (0.74-3.36) | 0.233 |
75 and over | 3.91 (2.16-7.06) | <0.001‡ | 3.63 (1.86-7.07) | <0.001‡ |
Illiterates (ref >1 year of schooling) | 1.74 (1.02-2.96) | 0.039‡ | 1.62 (0.90-2.91) | 0.102 |
Income level | ||||
1.1-3.0 (ref 0.0-1.0) | 0.79 (0.44-1.39) | 0.418 | 0.85 (0.46-1.58) | 0.620 |
3.1 or over (ref 0.0-1.0) | 0.68 (0.29 – 1.57) | 0.377 | 0.31 (0.09-1.06) | 0.064 |
Mental health
| ||||
MMSE score | 0.85 (0.79-0.91) | <0.001‡ | 0.84 (0.77-0.91) | <0.001‡ |
1.27 (0.69-2.34) | 0.445 | 1.87 (1.00-3.53) | 0.051 | |
Depressive symptoms | ||||
High concern of falling | 3.65 (2.07-6.45) | <0.001‡ | 3.40 (1.82-10.53) | <0.001‡ |
Physical health
| ||||
Hypertension | 1.27 (0.74-2.19) | 0.386 | 1.26 (0.69-2.30) | 0.450 |
Heart diseases | 1.40 (0.76-2.55) | 0.278 | 1.07 (0.53-2.13) | 0.852 |
Stroke | 3.01 (1.34-6.73) | 0.007‡ | 2.44 (1.02-5.86) | 0.044‡ |
Diabetes | 2.38 (1.41-4.01) | 0.001‡ | 1.65 (0.92-2.96) | 0.092 |
Arthritis | 2.25 (1.30-3.89) | 0.004‡ | 2.15 (1.18-3.91) | 0.012‡ |
Lung disease | 1.37 (0.61-3.04) | 0.441 | 0.65 (0.22-1.92) | 0.442 |
Urinary incontinence | 3.98 (2.26-7.03) | <0.001‡ | 3.70 (2.01-6.79) | <0.001‡ |
Number of diseases | ||||
1 or 2 diseases (ref 0 disease) | 1.83 (0.60-5.50) | 0.282 | 3.17 (0.72-13.97) | 0.126 |
≥ 3 diseases (ref 0 disease) | 4.98 (1.68-14.74) | 0.004‡ | 7.24 (1.67-31.45) | 0.008‡ |
Polypharmacy (ref 0–3 drugs) | 2.42 (1.45-4.06) | <0.001‡ | 2.35 (1.33-4.14) | 0.003‡ |
Fatigue | 1.74 (0.85-3.58) | 0.131 | 1.85 (0.85-4.00) | 0.118 |
Poor self-rated health (ref good or very good) | 1.54 (0.93-2.56) | 0.093 | 1.71 (0.97-3.01) | 0.062 |
Single fall (ref no falls) | 1.27 (0.76-2.13) | 0.353 | 1.77 (1.01-3.10) | 0.047‡ |
Two or more falls (ref no falls) | 1.90 (1.01-3.58) | 0.046‡ | 2.51 (1.30-4.85) | 0.006‡ |
Physical functioning
| ||||
≥ 1ADL ( ref 0 ADL) | 3.77 (1.63-8.71) | 0.002‡ | 4.46 (1.89-10.53) | 0.001‡ |
Low physical activity level (ref other quintiles) | 3.91 (2.23-6.85) | <0.001‡ | 4.08 (2.24-7.44) | <0.001‡ |
Variables | Usual gait speed | Fast gait speed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% IC) |
p
| OR (95% IC) |
p
| |
Age group (years) | ||||
70-74 (ref 65–69) | 1.01 (0.47-2.18) | 0.966 | 1.51 (0.68-3.38) | 0.308 |
≥ 75 (ref 65–69) | 3.81 (1.89-7.67) | <0.001 | 2.69 (1.29-5.62) | 0.008 |
Low PAL | 2.24 (1.18-4.25) | 0.013 | 2.24 (1.15-4.36) | 0.017 |
Stroke | 3.41 (1.31-8.86) | 0.012 | ||
Diabetes | 2.25 (1.20-4.19) | 0.011 | ||
Urinary incontinence | 1.98 (1.02-3.84) | 0.041 | 2.44 (1.23-4.84) | 0.010 |
High concern of falling (FESI) | 2.27 (1.21-4.24) | 0.010 | 2.30 (1.17-4.54) | 0.016 |