Background
Methods
Collection of clinical parasite samples
PCR amplification
Multiplicity of infection
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of included patients
Allelic polymorphism of msp1 and msp2
Allelic types | Mengla, Yunnan | Tengchong, Yunnan | Yingjiang, Yunnan | Laza, Myanmar | Nawei, Myanmar | Nankajiang, Myanmar | Mangdong, Myanmar | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
n = 28 | n = 16 | n = 21 | n = 77 | n = 26 | n = 19 | n = 28 | n = 215 | |
msp1 | ||||||||
K1 | 10 (35.71) | 5 (31.25) | 5 (23.81) | 16 (20.78) | 9 (34.62) | 7 (36.84) | 13 (46.43) | 65 (30.23) |
MAD20 | 11 (39.29) | 9 (56.25) | 10 (47.62) | 28 (36.36) | 8 (30.77) | 7 (36.84) | 11 (39.29) | 84 (39.07) |
RO33 | 0 | 1 (6.25) | 0 | 15 (19.48) | 1 (3.85) | 1 (5.26) | 1 (3.57) | 19 (8.84) |
K1/MAD20 | 7 (25.00) | 0 | 2 (9.52) | 8 (10.39) | 6 (23.08) | 0 | 2 (7.14) | 25 (11.63) |
KI/RO33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.93) |
MAD20/RO33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.93) |
K1/MAD20/RO33 | 0 | 0 | 3 (14.29) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.86) |
Negative | 0 | 1 (6.25) | 1 (4.76) | 5 (6.49) | 2 (7.69) | 4 (21.05) | 1 (3.57) | 14 (6.51) |
Multiclonal isolates | 22 (78.57) | 12 (75.00) | 13 (61.90) | 51 (66.23) | 12 (46.15) | 3 (15.80) | 25 (89.29) | 138 (64.19) |
Mean MOI | 1.83 ± 0.59 | 1.94 ± 0.68 | 2.01 ± 1.28 | 1.82 ± 0.94 | 1.44 ± 0.58 | 1.15 ± 0.40 | 1.98 ± 0.51 | 1.76 ± 0.85 |
msp2 | ||||||||
FC27 | 1 (3.57) | 2 (12.5) | 11 (52.38) | 21 (27.27) | 1 (3.85) | 2 (10.53) | 3 (10.71) | 41 (19.07) |
3D7 | 3 (10.71) | 0 | 0 | 8 (10.39) | 6 (23.08) | 12 (63.16) | 1 (3.57) | 30 (13.95) |
FC27/3D7 | 23 (82.14) | 13 (81.25) | 9 (42.86) | 43 (55.84) | 19 (73.08) | 3 (15.79) | 23 (82.14) | 133 (61.86) |
Negative | 1 (3.57) | 1 (6.25) | 1 (4.76) | 5 (6.49) | 0 | 2 (10.53) | 1 (3.57) | 11 (5.12) |
Multiclonal isolates | 26 (92.86) | 14 (87.50) | 19 (90.48) | 52 (67.53) | 21 (80.77) | 3 (15.79) | 20 (71.43) | 155 (72.09) |
Mean MOI | 3.27 ± 0.99 | 3.29 ± 1.20 | 2.57 ± 1.21 | 1.86 ± 1.03 | 2.63 ± 1.51 | 1.13 ± 0.38 | 2.21 ± 1.08 | 2.21 ± 1.29 |
The MOI distribution of allelic families across different parasite density and age groups
Allelic types | Age group (years) | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 9 | 9–19 | 19–29 | 29–39 | 39–49 | ≥ 49 | n (%) | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
n = 11 | n = 57 | n = 70 | n = 40 | n = 26 | n = 11 | n = 215 | |
MSP-1 | |||||||
K1 | 4 (36.36) | 17 (29.82) | 23 (32.86) | 9 (22.5) | 11 (42.31) | 1 (9.09) | 65 (30.23) |
MAD20 | 2 (18.18) | 21 (36.84) | 33 (47.14) | 13 (32.5) | 10 (38.46) | 5 (45.45) | 84 (39.07) |
RO33 | 0 (0) | 7 (12.28) | 2 (2.86) | 6 (15) | 1 (3.85) | 3 (27.27) | 19 (8.84) |
K1/MAD20 | 4 (36.36) | 4 (7.02) | 5 (7.14) | 8 (20) | 3 (11.54) | 1 (9.09) | 25 (11.63) |
KI/RO33 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.75) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.93) |
MAD20/RO33 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.75) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.93) |
K1/MAD20/RO33 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.75) | 2 (2.86) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.85) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.86) |
Negative | 1 (9.09) | 5 (8.77) | 5 (7.14) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (9.09) | 14 (6.51) |
Multiclonal isolates | 4 (36.36) | 7 (12.28) | 7 (10) | 10 (25) | 4 (15.38) | 1 (9.09) | 33 (15.35) |
Mean MOI | 1.87 ± 0.77 | 1.88 ± 0.80 | 1.80 ± 0.90 | 1.74 ± 0.84 | 1.44 ± 0.57 | 1.73 ± 1.18 | 1.76 ± 0.85 |
MSP-2 | |||||||
FC27 | 1 (9.09) | 12 (21.05) | 10 (14.29) | 13 (32.5) | 2 (7.69) | 3 (27.27) | 41 (19.07) |
3D7 | 2 (18.18) | 8 (14.04) | 7 (10) | 5 (12.5) | 8 (30.77) | 0 (0) | 30 (13.95) |
FC27/3D7 | 8 (72.73) | 34 (59.65) | 48 (68.57) | 20 (50) | 16 (61.54) | 7 (63.64) | 133 (61.86) |
Negative | 0 (0) | 3 (5.26) | 5 (7.14) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (9.09) | 11 (5.12) |
Multiclonal isolates | 8 (72.73) | 34 (59.65) | 48 (68.57) | 20 (50) | 16 (61.54) | 7 (63.64) | 133 (61.86) |
Mean MOI | 2.06 ± 1.23 | 2.09 ± 1.14 | 2.45 ± 1.29 | 2.16 ± 1.24 | 2.04 ± 1.39 | 2.28 ± 1.72 | 2.21 ± 1.29 |
Allelic type | Parasite density (no. of parasites/µl of blood) | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 500 | 500–1000 | 1000–2500 | 2500–10,000 | 10,000–100,000 | ≥100,000 | n (%) | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
n = 11 | n = 22 | n = 44 | n = 66 | n = 61 | n = 11 | n = 215 | |
msp1 | |||||||
K1 | 4 (36.36) | 9 (40.91) | 18 (40.91) | 18 (27.27) | 14 (22.95) | 2 (18.18) | 65 (30.23) |
MAD20 | 5 (45.45) | 8 (36.36) | 17 (38.64) | 29 (43.94) | 22 (36.07) | 3 (27.27) | 84 (39.07) |
RO33 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.55) | 3 (4.55) | 8 (13.11) | 6 (54.55) | 19 (8.84) |
K1/MAD20 | 2 (18.18) | 5 (22.73) | 2 (4.55) | 9 (13.64) | 7 (11.48) | 0 (0) | 25 (11.63) |
KI/RO33 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.28) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.93) |
MAD20/RO33 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.28) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.93) |
K1/MAD20/RO33 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.55) | 1 (1.64) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.86) |
Negative | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (11.36) | 4 (6.06) | 5 (8.2) | 0 (0) | 14 (6.51) |
Multiclonal isolates | 2 (18.18) | 5 (22.73) | 2 (4.55) | 12 (18.18) | 12 (19.67) | 0 (0) | 33 (15.35) |
Mean MOI | 1.32 ± 0.68 | 1.52 ± 0.73 | 1.67 ± 0.68 | 1.91 ± 0.86 | 1.80 ± 0.95 | 2.02 ± 0.83 | 1.76 ± 0.85 |
msp2 | |||||||
FC27 | 0 (0) | 1 (4.55) | 5 (11.36) | 17 (25.76) | 16 (26.23) | 2 (18.18) | 41 (19.07) |
3D7 | 1 (9.09) | 5 (22.73) | 10 (22.73) | 6 (9.09) | 3 (4.92) | 5 (45.45) | 30 (13.95) |
FC27/3D7 | 10 (90.91) | 15 (68.18) | 26 (59.09) | 41 (62.12) | 38 (62.3) | 3 (27.27) | 133 (61.86) |
Negative | 0 (0) | 1 (4.55) | 3 (6.82) | 2 (3.03) | 4 (6.56) | 1 (9.09) | 11 (5.12) |
Multiclonal isolates | 10 (90.91) | 15 (68.18) | 26 (59.09) | 41 (62.12) | 38 (62.3) | 3 (27.27) | 133 (61.86) |
Mean MOI | 1.32 ± 0.68 | 1.52 ± 0.73 | 1.67 ± 0.68 | 1.89 ± 0.86 | 1.80 ± 0.95 | 2.02 ± 0.83 | 2.21 ± 1.29 |