Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Typ-2-Diabetes und Adipositas Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende Patientenratgeber
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Erschienen in:

01.06.2015 | Review

Genetics in child and adolescent psychiatry: methodological advances and conceptual issues

verfasst von: Sarah Hohmann, Nicoletta Adamo, Benjamin B. Lahey, Stephen V. Faraone, Tobias Banaschewski

Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Ausgabe 6/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Discovering the genetic basis of early-onset psychiatric disorders has been the aim of intensive research during the last decade. We will first selectively summarize results of genetic research in child and adolescent psychiatry by using examples from different disorders and discuss methodological issues, emerging questions and future directions. In the second part of this review, we will focus on how to link genetic causes of disorders with physiological pathways, discuss the impact of genetic findings on diagnostic systems, prevention and therapeutic interventions. Finally we will highlight some ethical aspects connected to genetic research in child and adolescent psychiatry. Advances in molecular genetic methods have led to insights into the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders, but not yet provided definite pathways to pathophysiology. If replicated, promising findings from genetic studies might in some cases lead to personalized treatments. On the one hand, knowledge of the genetic basis of disorders may influence diagnostic categories. On the other hand, models also suggest studying the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders across diagnoses and clinical groups.
Literatur
1.
Ahn K, Gotay N, Andersen TM, Anvari AA, Gochman P, Lee Y, Sanders S, Guha S, Darvasi A, Glessner JT, Hakonarson H, Lencz T, State MW, Shugart YY, Rapoport JL (2014) High rate of disease-related copy number variations in childhood onset schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 19:568–572PubMedCrossRef
2.
Aneja A, Fremont WP, Antshel KM, Faraone SV, AbdulSabur N, Higgins AM, Shprintzen R, Kates WR (2007) Manic symptoms and behavioral dysregulation in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17:105–114PubMedCrossRef
3.
Anney R, Klei L, Pinto D, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Baird G, Bolshakova N, Bolte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Casey J, Conroy J, Correia C, Corsello C, Crawford EL, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Green A, Green J, Guter SJ, Heron EA, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Jacob S, Kenny GP, Kim C, Kolevzon A, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Law-Smith M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Liu XQ, Lombard F, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Magalhaes TR, Mantoulan C, McDougle CJ, Melhem NM, Merikangas A, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Noakes C, Nygren G, Papanikolaou K, Pagnamenta AT, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Posey DJ, Poustka F, Ragoussis J, Regan R, Roberts W, Roeder K, Roge B, Rutter ML, Schlitt S, Shah N, Sheffield VC, Soorya L, Sousa I, Stoppioni V, Sykes N, Tancredi R, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tryfon A, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Vorstman JA, Wallace S, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Wood S, Zurawiecki D, Zwaigenbaum L, Bailey AJ et al (2012) Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorderspi. Hum Mol Genet 21:4781–4792PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
4.
Antshel KM, Faraone SV, Fremont W, Monuteaux MC, Kates WR, Doyle A, Mick E, Biederman J (2007) Comparing ADHD in velocardiofacial syndrome to idiopathic ADHD: a preliminary study. J Atten Disord 11:64–73PubMedCrossRef
5.
Antshel KM, Hendricks K, Shprintzen R, Fremont W, Higgins AM, Faraone SV, Kates WR (2013) The longitudinal course of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. J Pediatr 163:187e1–193e1
6.
Antshel KM, Shprintzen R, Fremont W, Higgins AM, Faraone SV, Kates WR (2010) Cognitive and psychiatric predictors to psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:333–344PubMedCentralPubMed
7.
Arcos-Burgos M, Castellanos FX, Pineda D, Lopera F, Palacio JD, Palacio LG, Rapoport JL, Berg K, Bailey-Wilson JE, Muenke M (2004) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population isolate: linkage to loci at 4q13.2, 5q33.3, 11q22, and 17p11. Am J Hum Genet 75:998–1014PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
Asherson P, Zhou K, Anney RJ, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Brookes K, Buschgens C, Butler L, Cambell D, Chen W, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriels I, Johansson L, Lubetzki I, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Muller U, Mulligan A, Neale B, Rijsdijk F, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Xu X, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV (2008) A high-density SNP linkage scan with 142 combined subtype ADHD sib pairs identifies linkage regions on chromosomes 9 and 16. Mol Psychiatry 13:514–521PubMedCrossRef
9.
Banaschewski T, Becker K, Scherag S, Franke B, Coghill D (2010) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:237–257PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
10.
Banaschewski T, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Brandeis D, Buitelaar JK, Kuntsi J, Poustka L, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Frazier-Wood AC, Albrecht B, Chen W, Uebel H, Schlotz W, van der Meere JJ, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Asherson P (2012) Neuropsychological correlates of emotional lability in children with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53:1139–1148PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
11.
12.
Bassett AS, Hodgkinson K, Chow EW, Correia S, Scutt LE, Weksberg R (1998) 22q11 deletion syndrome in adults with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 81:328–337PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
13.
Becker K, El-Faddagh M, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Laucht M (2008) Interaction of dopamine transporter genotype with prenatal smoke exposure on ADHD symptoms. J Pediatr 152:263–269PubMedCrossRef
14.
15.
Bentley MJ, Lin H, Fernandez TV, Lee M, Yrigollen CM, Pakstis AJ, Katsovich L, Olds DL, Grigorenko EL, Leckman JF (2013) Gene variants associated with antisocial behaviour: a latent variable approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54:1074–1085PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
Biederman J, Spencer T, Lomedico A, Day H, Petty CR, Faraone SV (2012) Deficient emotional self-regulation and pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a family risk analysis. Psychol Med 42:639–646PubMedCrossRef
17.
Binbay T, Drukker M, Elbi H, Tanik FA, Ozkinay F, Onay H, Zagli N, van Os J, Alptekin K (2012) Testing the psychosis continuum: differential impact of genetic and nongenetic risk factors and comorbid psychopathology across the entire spectrum of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 38:992–1002PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
18.
Blangero J, Elston RC (1989) Familial analysis of bipolar affective disorder using logistic models. Genet Epidemiol 6:221–227PubMedCrossRef
19.
Boulle F, van den Hove DL, Jakob SB, Rutten BP, Hamon M, van Os J, Lesch KP, Lanfumey L, Steinbusch HW, Kenis G (2012) Epigenetic regulation of the BDNF gene: implications for psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 17:584–596PubMedCrossRef
20.
Burton PR, Tobin MD, Hopper JL (2005) Key concepts in genetic epidemiology. Lancet 366:941–951PubMedCrossRef
21.
Cardno AG, Gottesman II (2000) Twin studies of schizophrenia: from bow-and-arrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics. Am J Med Genet 97:12–17PubMedCrossRef
22.
Caspi A, Langley K, Milne B, Moffitt TE, O’Donovan M, Owen MJ, Polo Tomas M, Poulton R, Rutter M, Taylor A, Williams B, Thapar A (2008) A replicated molecular genetic basis for subtyping antisocial behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:203–210PubMedCrossRef
23.
Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R (2002) Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851–854PubMedCrossRef
24.
Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2006) Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:583–590PubMedCrossRef
25.
Chang Q, Khare G, Dani V, Nelson S, Jaenisch R (2006) The disease progression of Mecp2 mutant mice is affected by the level of BDNF expression. Neuron 49:341–348PubMedCrossRef
26.
Chetverin AB, Kramer FR (1994) Oligonucleotide arrays: new concepts and possibilities. Biotechnology (N Y) 12:1093–1099CrossRef
27.
Chetverin AB, Kramer FR (1993) Sequencing of pools of nucleic acids on oligonucleotide arrays. Biosystems 30:215–231PubMedCrossRef
28.
Conrad DF, Pinto D, Redon R, Feuk L, Gokcumen O, Zhang Y, Aerts J, Andrews TD, Barnes C, Campbell P, Fitzgerald T, Hu M, Ihm CH, Kristiansson K, Macarthur DG, Macdonald JR, Onyiah I, Pang AW, Robson S, Stirrups K, Valsesia A, Walter K, Wei J, Wellcome Trust Case Control C, Tyler-Smith C, Carter NP, Lee C, Scherer SW, Hurles ME (2010) Origins and functional impact of copy number variation in the human genome. Nature 464:704–712PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK (2009) Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA 302:1765–1773PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
Cortijo S, Wardenaar R, Colome-Tatche M, Gilly A, Etcheverry M, Labadie K, Caillieux E, Hospital F, Aury JM, Wincker P, Roudier F, Jansen RC, Colot V, Johannes F (2014) Mapping the epigenetic basis of complex traits. Science 343:1145–1148PubMedCrossRef
31.
Costain G, Bassett AS (2012) Clinical applications of schizophrenia genetics: genetic diagnosis, risk, and counseling in the molecular era. Appl Clin Genet 5:1–18PubMedCentralPubMed
32.
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics C, Genetic Risk Outcome of Psychosis C (2013) Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 381:1371–1379CrossRef
33.
Danchin E, Charmantier A, Champagne FA, Mesoudi A, Pujol B, Blanchet S (2011) Beyond DNA: integrating inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution. Nat Rev Genet 12:475–486PubMedCrossRef
34.
Dani VS, Chang Q, Maffei A, Turrigiano GG, Jaenisch R, Nelson SB (2005) Reduced cortical activity due to a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12560–12565PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
de Brouwer AP, Yntema HG, Kleefstra T, Lugtenberg D, Oudakker AR, de Vries BB, van Bokhoven H, Van Esch H, Frints SG, Froyen G, Fryns JP, Raynaud M, Moizard MP, Ronce N, Bensalem A, Moraine C, Poirier K, Castelnau L, Saillour Y, Bienvenu T, Beldjord C, des Portes V, Chelly J, Turner G, Fullston T, Gecz J, Kuss AW, Tzschach A, Jensen LR, Lenzner S, Kalscheuer VM, Ropers HH, Hamel BC (2007) Mutation frequencies of X-linked mental retardation genes in families from the EuroMRX consortium. Hum Mutat 28:207–208PubMedCrossRef
37.
DeLisi LE, Bertisch H (2006) A preliminary comparison of the hopes of researchers, clinicians, and families for the future ethical use of genetic findings on schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B:110–115PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
Eley TC, Hudson JL, Creswell C, Tropeano M, Lester KJ, Cooper P, Farmer A, Lewis CM, Lyneham HJ, Rapee RM, Uher R, Zavos HM, Collier DA (2012) Therapygenetics: the 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy. Mol Psychiatry 17:236–237PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
Elia J, Glessner JT, Wang K, Takahashi N, Shtir CJ, Hadley D, Sleiman PM, Zhang H, Kim CE, Robison R, Lyon GJ, Flory JH, Bradfield JP, Imielinski M, Hou C, Frackelton EC, Chiavacci RM, Sakurai T, Rabin C, Middleton FA, Thomas KA, Garris M, Mentch F, Freitag CM, Steinhausen HC, Todorov AA, Reif A, Rothenberger A, Franke B, Mick EO, Roeyers H, Buitelaar J, Lesch KP, Banaschewski T, Ebstein RP, Mulas F, Oades RD, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Warnke A, Walitza S, Meyer J, Palmason H, Seitz C, Loo SK, Smalley SL, Biederman J, Kent L, Asherson P, Anney RJ, Gaynor JW, Shaw P, Devoto M, White PS, Grant SF, Buxbaum JD, Rapoport JL, Williams NM, Nelson SF, Faraone SV, Hakonarson H Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet 44:78–84
41.
Faraone SV (2013) Real progress in molecular psychiatric genetics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52:1006–1008PubMedCrossRef
42.
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Chen WJ, Krifcher B, Keenan K, Moore C, Sprich S, Tsuang MT (1992) Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2:257–276CrossRef
43.
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Wozniak J (2012) Examining the comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar I disorder: a meta-analysis of family genetic studies. Am J Psychiatry 169:1256–1266PubMedCrossRef
44.
Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P (2005) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323PubMedCrossRef
45.
Faraone SV, Zhang-James Y (2013) Can sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibitors be repositioned for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? An in silico approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 162B:711–717PubMedCrossRef
46.
Franic S, Middeldorp CM, Dolan CV, Ligthart L, Boomsma DI (2010) Childhood and adolescent anxiety and depression: beyond heritability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:820–829PubMedCrossRef
47.
48.
Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM, Perry JR, Elliott KS, Lango H, Rayner NW, Shields B, Harries LW, Barrett JC, Ellard S, Groves CJ, Knight B, Patch AM, Ness AR, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Ring SM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Jarvelin MR, Sovio U, Bennett AJ, Melzer D, Ferrucci L, Loos RJ, Barroso I, Wareham NJ, Karpe F, Owen KR, Cardon LR, Walker M, Hitman GA, Palmer CN, Doney AS, Morris AD, Smith GD, Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI (2007) A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 316:889–894PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
49.
Gordon L, Joo JE, Powell JE, Ollikainen M, Novakovic B, Li X, Andronikos R, Cruickshank MN, Conneely KN, Smith AK, Alisch RS, Morley R, Visscher PM, Craig JM, Saffery R (2012) Neonatal DNA methylation profile in human twins is specified by a complex interplay between intrauterine environmental and genetic factors, subject to tissue-specific influence. Genome Res 22:1395–1406PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160:636–645PubMedCrossRef
51.
Gratten J, Wray NR, Keller MC, Visscher PM (2014) Large-scale genomics unveils the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 17:782–790PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
52.
53.
Haggarty SJ, Perlis RH (2013) Translation: screening for novel therapeutics with disease-relevant cell types derived from human stem cell models. Biol Psychiatry
54.
Hamshere ML, Stergiakouli E, Langley K, Martin J, Holmans P, Kent L, Owen MJ, Gill M, Thapar A, O’Donovan M, Craddock N (2013) Shared polygenic contribution between childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and adult schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 203:107–111PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
Hanna GL, Fingerlin TE, Himle JA, Boehnke M (2005) Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in families with pediatric probands. Hum Hered 60:1–9PubMedCrossRef
56.
Happonen M, Pulkkinen L, Kaprio J, Van der Meere J, Viken RJ, Rose RJ (2002) The heritability of depressive symptoms: multiple informants and multiple measures. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43:471–479PubMedCrossRef
57.
Hebebrand J, Dempfle A, Saar K, Thiele H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Linder M, Kiefl H, Remschmidt H, Hemminger U, Warnke A, Knolker U, Heiser P, Friedel S, Hinney A, Schafer H, Nurnberg P, Konrad K (2006) A genome-wide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 155 German sib-pairs. Mol Psychiatry 11:196–205PubMedCrossRef
58.
Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, Sanislow C, Wang P (2010) Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 167:748–751PubMedCrossRef
59.
International Schizophrenia C, Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, Sklar P (2009) Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460:748–752
60.
Investigators G, Investigators M, Investigators SD (2013) Common genetic variation and antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of three genome-wide pharmacogenetic studies. Am J Psychiatry 170:207–217CrossRef
61.
Ising M, Lucae S, Binder EB, Bettecken T, Uhr M, Ripke S, Kohli MA, Hennings JM, Horstmann S, Kloiber S, Menke A, Bondy B, Rupprecht R, Domschke K, Baune BT, Arolt V, Rush AJ, Holsboer F, Muller-Myhsok B (2009) A genomewide association study points to multiple loci that predict antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:966–975PubMedCrossRef
62.
Kenny EM, Cormican P, Furlong S, Heron E, Kenny G, Fahey C, Kelleher E, Ennis S, Tropea D, Anney R, Corvin AP, Donohoe G, Gallagher L, Gill M, Morris DW (2014) Excess of rare novel loss-of-function variants in synaptic genes in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 19:872–879PubMedCrossRef
63.
Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, Moffitt TE (2006) MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 11:903–913PubMedCrossRef
64.
Krueger RF, Markon KE (2006) Reinterpreting comorbidity: a model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2:111–133PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
Ladd-Acosta C, Hansen KD, Briem E, Fallin MD, Kaufmann WE, Feinberg AP (2014) Common DNA methylation alterations in multiple brain regions in autism. Mol Psychiatry 19:862–871PubMedCrossRef
66.
Lahey BB, Applegate B, Hakes JK, Zald DH, Hariri AR, Rathouz PJ (2012) Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? J Abnorm Psychol 121:971–977PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
Lahey BB, D’Onofrio BM, Waldman ID (2009) Using epidemiologic methods to test hypotheses regarding causal influences on child and adolescent mental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50:53–62PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
68.
Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ, Van Hulle C, Urbano RC, Krueger RF, Applegate B, Garriock HA, Chapman DA, Waldman ID (2008) Testing structural models of DSM-IV symptoms of common forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36:187–206PubMedCrossRef
69.
Lahey BB, Van Hulle CA, Singh AL, Waldman ID, Rathouz PJ (2011) Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:181–189PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
70.
Langley K, Martin J, Agha SS, Davies C, Stergiakouli E, Holmans P, Williams N, Owen M, O’Donovan M, Thapar A Clinical and cognitive characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, with and without copy number variants. Br J Psychiatry 199:398-403
71.
Larsson H, Ryden E, Boman M, Langstrom N, Lichtenstein P, Landen M (2013) Risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in relatives of people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 203:103–106PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
72.
Lasky-Su J, Neale BM, Franke B, Anney RJ, Zhou K, Maller JB, Vasquez AA, Chen W, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Daly M, Laird N, Lange C, Faraone SV (2008) Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1345–1354PubMedCrossRef
73.
Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Purcell SM, Perlis RH, Mowry BJ, Thapar A, Goddard ME, Witte JS, Absher D, Agartz I, Akil H, Amin F, Andreassen OA, Anjorin A, Anney R, Anttila V, Arking DE, Asherson P, Azevedo MH, Backlund L, Badner JA, Bailey AJ, Banaschewski T, Barchas JD, Barnes MR, Barrett TB, Bass N, Battaglia A, Bauer M, Bayes M, Bellivier F, Bergen SE, Berrettini W, Betancur C, Bettecken T, Biederman J, Binder EB, Black DW, Blackwood DH, Bloss CS, Boehnke M, Boomsma DI, Breen G, Breuer R, Bruggeman R, Cormican P, Buccola NG, Buitelaar JK, Bunney WE, Buxbaum JD, Byerley WF, Byrne EM, Caesar S, Cahn W, Cantor RM, Casas M, Chakravarti A, Chambert K, Choudhury K, Cichon S, Cloninger CR, Collier DA, Cook EH, Coon H, Cormand B, Corvin A, Coryell WH, Craig DW, Craig IW, Crosbie J, Cuccaro ML, Curtis D, Czamara D, Datta S, Dawson G, Day R, De Geus EJ, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Donohoe GJ, Doyle AE, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Duketis E, Ebstein RP, Edenberg HJ, Elia J, Ennis S, Etain B, Fanous A, Farmer AE, Ferrier IN, Flickinger M, Fombonne E, Foroud T, Frank J, Franke B, Fraser C et al (2013) Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet 45:984–994PubMedCrossRef
74.
Lester KJ, Hudson JL, Tropeano M, Creswell C, Collier DA, Farmer A, Lyneham HJ, Rapee RM, Eley TC (2012) Neurotrophic gene polymorphisms and response to psychological therapy. Transl Psychiatry 2:e108PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
75.
Lewis SJ, Relton C, Zammit S, Smith GD (2013) Approaches for strengthening causal inference regarding prenatal risk factors for childhood behavioural and psychiatric disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54:1095–1108PubMedCrossRef
76.
Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L (2006) Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hum Mol Genet 15:2276–2284PubMedCrossRef
77.
78.
79.
Maher BS, Marazita ML, Moss HB, Vanyukov MM (1999) Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 88:71–78PubMedCrossRef
80.
81.
82.
Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, McCarthy MI, Ramos EM, Cardon LR, Chakravarti A, Cho JH, Guttmacher AE, Kong A, Kruglyak L, Mardis E, Rotimi CN, Slatkin M, Valle D, Whittemore AS, Boehnke M, Clark AG, Eichler EE, Gibson G, Haines JL, Mackay TF, McCarroll SA, Visscher PM (2009) Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 461:747–753PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
83.
Martin J, Cooper M, Hamshere ML, Pocklington A, Scherer SW, Kent L, Gill M, Owen MJ, Williams N, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A, Holmans P (2014) Biological overlap of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: evidence from copy number variants. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(761–770):e726
84.
McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Cardon LR, Goldstein DB, Little J, Ioannidis JP, Hirschhorn JN (2008) Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 9:356–369PubMedCrossRef
85.
86.
Meaney MJ (2010) Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene x environment interactions. Child Dev 81:41–79PubMedCrossRef
87.
Merwood A, Chen W, Rijsdijk F, Skirrow C, Larsson H, Thapar A, Kuntsi J, Asherson P (2014) Genetic associations between the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and emotional lability in child and adolescent twins. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(209–220):e204
88.
Meyer-Lindenberg A (2010) Intermediate or brainless phenotypes for psychiatric research? Psychol Med 40:1057–1062PubMedCrossRef
89.
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR (2006) Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:818–827PubMedCrossRef
90.
Mick E, Neale B, Middleton FA, McGough JJ, Faraone SV (2008) Genome-wide association study of response to methylphenidate in 187 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1412–1418PubMedCrossRef
91.
Mill J, Heijmans BT (2013) From promises to practical strategies in epigenetic epidemiology. Nat Rev Genet 14:585–594PubMedCrossRef
92.
Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S, Biesecker LG, Brothman AR, Carter NP, Church DM, Crolla JA, Eichler EE, Epstein CJ, Faucett WA, Feuk L, Friedman JM, Hamosh A, Jackson L, Kaminsky EB, Kok K, Krantz ID, Kuhn RM, Lee C, Ostell JM, Rosenberg C, Scherer SW, Spinner NB, Stavropoulos DJ, Tepperberg JH, Thorland EC, Vermeesch JR, Waggoner DJ, Watson MS, Martin CL, Ledbetter DH (2010) Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 86:749–764PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
93.
Mitchell PB, Meiser B, Wilde A, Fullerton J, Donald J, Wilhelm K, Schofield PR (2010) Predictive and diagnostic genetic testing in psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 33:225–243PubMedCrossRef
94.
Moeschler JB (2008) Genetic evaluation of intellectual disabilities. Semin Pediatr Neurol 15:2–9PubMedCrossRef
95.
Moeschler JB (2008) Medical genetics diagnostic evaluation of the child with global developmental delay or intellectual disability. Curr Opin Neurol 21:117–122PubMedCrossRef
96.
Munger KM, Gill CJ, Ormond KE, Kirschner KL (2007) The next exclusion debate: assessing technology, ethics, and intellectual disability after the Human Genome Project. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 13:121–128PubMedCrossRef
97.
Neale BM, Kou Y, Liu L, Ma’ayan A, Samocha KE, Sabo A, Lin CF, Stevens C, Wang LS, Makarov V, Polak P, Yoon S, Maguire J, Crawford EL, Campbell NG, Geller ET, Valladares O, Schafer C, Liu H, Zhao T, Cai G, Lihm J, Dannenfelser R, Jabado O, Peralta Z, Nagaswamy U, Muzny D, Reid JG, Newsham I, Wu Y, Lewis L, Han Y, Voight BF, Lim E, Rossin E, Kirby A, Flannick J, Fromer M, Shakir K, Fennell T, Garimella K, Banks E, Poplin R, Gabriel S, DePristo M, Wimbish JR, Boone BE, Levy SE, Betancur C, Sunyaev S, Boerwinkle E, Buxbaum JD, Cook EH Jr, Devlin B, Gibbs RA, Roeder K, Schellenberg GD, Sutcliffe JS, Daly MJ (2012) Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 485:242–245PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
98.
Neale BM, Medland SE, Ripke S, Asherson P, Franke B, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Nguyen TT, Schafer H, Holmans P, Daly M, Steinhausen HC, Freitag C, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Walitza S, Warnke A, Meyer J, Palmason H, Buitelaar J, Vasquez AA, Lambregts-Rommelse N, Gill M, Anney RJ, Langely K, O’Donovan M, Williams N, Owen M, Thapar A, Kent L, Sergeant J, Roeyers H, Mick E, Biederman J, Doyle A, Smalley S, Loo S, Hakonarson H, Elia J, Todorov A, Miranda A, Mulas F, Ebstein RP, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T, Oades RD, Sonuga-Barke E, McGough J, Nisenbaum L, Middleton F, Hu X, Nelson S Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:884-897
99.
Nestadt G, Lan T, Samuels J, Riddle M, Bienvenu OJ 3rd, Liang KY, Hoehn-Saric R, Cullen B, Grados M, Beaty TH, Shugart YY (2000) Complex segregation analysis provides compelling evidence for a major gene underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder and for heterogeneity by sex. Am J Hum Genet 67:1611–1616PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
100.
Nikolas MA, Burt SA Genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 119:1-17
101.
Ogdie MN, Bakker SC, Fisher SE, Francks C, Yang MH, Cantor RM, Loo SK, van der Meulen E, Pearson P, Buitelaar J, Monaco A, Nelson SF, Sinke RJ, Smalley SL (2006) Pooled genome-wide linkage data on 424 ADHD ASPs suggests genetic heterogeneity and a common risk locus at 5p13. Mol Psychiatry 11:5–8PubMedCrossRef
102.
Ogdie MN, Fisher SE, Yang M, Ishii J, Francks C, Loo SK, Cantor RM, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Smalley SL, Nelson SF (2004) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: fine mapping supports linkage to 5p13, 6q12, 16p13, and 17p11. Am J Hum Genet 75:661–668PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
103.
Ogdie MN, Macphie IL, Minassian SL, Yang M, Fisher SE, Francks C, Cantor RM, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Nelson SF, Monaco AP, Smalley SL (2003) A genomewide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an extended sample: suggestive linkage on 17p11. Am J Hum Genet 72:1268–1279PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
104.
Pauls DL, Bailey JN, Carter AS, Allen CR, Egeland JA (1995) Complex segregation analyses of old order Amish families ascertained through bipolar I individuals. Am J Med Genet 60:290–297PubMedCrossRef
105.
Pauls DL, Pakstis AJ, Kurlan R, Kidd KK, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ, Kidd JR, Como P, Sparkes R (1990) Segregation and linkage analyses of Tourette’s syndrome and related disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:195–203PubMedCrossRef
106.
107.
Pinto D, Pagnamenta AT, Klei L, Anney R, Merico D, Regan R, Conroy J, Magalhaes TR, Correia C, Abrahams BS, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bader GD, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bolte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Bryson SE, Carson AR, Casallo G, Casey J, Chung BH, Cochrane L, Corsello C, Crawford EL, Crossett A, Cytrynbaum C, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Drmic I, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Goldberg J, Green A, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Heron EA, Hill M, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Korvatska O, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Laskawiec M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lionel AC, Liu XQ, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mahoney W, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Merikangas A, Migita O, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Noakes C, Noor A, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Pilorge M et al (2010) Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 466:368–372PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
108.
Poelmans G, Buitelaar JK, Pauls DL, Franke B (2011) A theoretical molecular network for dyslexia: integrating available genetic findings. Mol Psychiatry 16:365–382PubMedCrossRef
109.
Poelmans G, Franke B, Pauls DL, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK (2013) AKAPs integrate genetic findings for autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 3:e270PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
110.
Poelmans G, Pauls DL, Buitelaar JK, Franke B (2011) Integrated genome-wide association study findings: identification of a neurodevelopmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 168:365–377PubMedCrossRef
111.
Posthuma D, Polderman TJ (2013) What have we learned from recent twin studies about the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders? Curr Opin Neurol 26:111–121PubMedCrossRef
112.
Powell TR, Smith RG, Hackinger S, Schalkwyk LC, Uher R, McGuffin P, Mill J, Tansey KE (2013) DNA methylation in interleukin-11 predicts clinical response to antidepressants in GENDEP. Transl Psychiatry 3:e300PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
113.
Pritchard JK, Donnelly P (2001) Case-control studies of association in structured or admixed populations. Theor Popul Biol 60:227–237PubMedCrossRef
114.
Psychiatric GCCC, Cichon S, Craddock N, Daly M, Faraone SV, Gejman PV, Kelsoe J, Lehner T, Levinson DF, Moran A, Sklar P, Sullivan PF (2009) Genomewide association studies: history, rationale, and prospects for psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 166:540–556CrossRef
115.
Rao DC (2008) An overview of the genetic dissection of complex traits. Adv Genet 60:3–34PubMed
116.
Reynolds GP, Zhang ZJ, Zhang XB (2002) Association of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with a 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphism. Lancet 359:2086–2087PubMedCrossRef
117.
O’Dushlaine C, Chambert K, Moran JL, Kahler AK, Akterin S, Bergen SE, Collins AL, Crowley JJ, Fromer M, Kim Y, Lee SH, Magnusson PK, Sanchez N, Stahl EA, Williams S, Wray NR, Xia K, Bettella F, Borglum AD, Bulik-Sullivan BK, Cormican P, Craddock N, de Leeuw C, Durmishi N, Gill M, Golimbet V, Hamshere ML, Holmans P, Hougaard DM, Kendler KS, Lin K, Morris DW, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Neale BM, O’Neill FA, Owen MJ, Milovancevic MP, Posthuma D, Powell J, Richards AL, Riley BP, Ruderfer D, Rujescu D, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Smit AB, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Suvisaari J, Tosato S, Verhage M, Walters JT, Multicenter Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia C, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Kendler KS, Laurent C, Mowry BJ, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Pulver AE, Riley BP, Schwab SG, Wildenauer DB, Dudbridge F, Holmans P, Shi J, Albus M, Alexander M, Campion D, Cohen D, Dikeos D, Duan J, Eichhammer P, Godard S, Hansen M, Lerer FB, Liang KY, Maier W, Mallet J, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Norton N, O’Neill FA, Papadimitriou GN, Ribble R, Sanders AR, Silverman JM, Walsh D, Williams NM, Wormley B, Psychosis Endophenotypes International C, Arranz MJ, Bakker S, Bender S, Bramon E, Collier D, Crespo-Facorro B, et al. (2013) Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nat Genet 45:1150–1159
118.
Risch N, Baron M (1984) Segregation analysis of schizophrenia and related disorders. Am J Hum Genet 36:1039–1059PubMedCentralPubMed
119.
Risch N, Merikangas K (1996) The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273:1516–1517PubMedCrossRef
120.
Romanos M, Freitag C, Jacob C, Craig DW, Dempfle A, Nguyen TT, Halperin R, Walitza S, Renner TJ, Seitz C, Romanos J, Palmason H, Reif A, Heine M, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Vogler C, Sigmund J, Warnke A, Schafer H, Meyer J, Stephan DA, Lesch KP (2008) Genome-wide linkage analysis of ADHD using high-density SNP arrays: novel loci at 5q13.1 and 14q12. Mol Psychiatry 13:522–530PubMedCrossRef
121.
Ronald A, Happe F, Bolton P, Butcher LM, Price TS, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S, Plomin R (2006) Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: a twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:691–699PubMedCrossRef
122.
123.
Rothenberger LG (2012) Molecular genetics research in ADHD: ethical considerations concerning patients’ benefit and resource allocation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 159B:885–895PubMedCrossRef
124.
Ruiz A, Blanco R, Arcos M, Santander J, San Martin A (1997) Complex segregation analysis of schizophrenia in Santiago, Chile. Schizophr Res 26:65–69PubMedCrossRef
125.
Rutter M, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2006) Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:226–261PubMedCrossRef
126.
Sanders SJ, Murtha MT, Gupta AR, Murdoch JD, Raubeson MJ, Willsey AJ, Ercan-Sencicek AG, DiLullo NM, Parikshak NN, Stein JL, Walker MF, Ober GT, Teran NA, Song Y, El-Fishawy P, Murtha RC, Choi M, Overton JD, Bjornson RD, Carriero NJ, Meyer KA, Bilguvar K, Mane SM, Sestan N, Lifton RP, Gunel M, Roeder K, Geschwind DH, Devlin B, State MW (2012) De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism. Nature 485:237–241PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
127.
Schaefer GB, Mendelsohn NJ (2008) Genetics evaluation for the etiologic diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Genet Med 10:4–12PubMedCrossRef
128.
Schumann G, Loth E, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker G, Buchel C, Conrod PJ, Dalley JW, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Itterman B, Lathrop M, Mallik C, Mann K, Martinot JL, Paus T, Poline JB, Robbins TW, Rietschel M, Reed L, Smolka M, Spanagel R, Speiser C, Stephens DN, Strohle A, Struve M, consortium I (2010) The IMAGEN study: reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 15:1128–1139PubMedCrossRef
129.
Sebat J, Lakshmi B, Malhotra D, Troge J, Lese-Martin C, Walsh T, Yamrom B, Yoon S, Krasnitz A, Kendall J, Leotta A, Pai D, Zhang R, Lee YH, Hicks J, Spence SJ, Lee AT, Puura K, Lehtimaki T, Ledbetter D, Gregersen PK, Bregman J, Sutcliffe JS, Jobanputra V, Chung W, Warburton D, King MC, Skuse D, Geschwind DH, Gilliam TC, Ye K, Wigler M (2007) Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science 316:445–449PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
130.
Sesarini CV, Costa L, Naymark M, Granana N, Cajal AR, Garcia Coto M, Pallia RC, Argibay PF (2013) Evidence for interaction between markers in gaba(a) receptor subunit genes in an argentinean autism spectrum disorder population. Autism Res 7:162–166PubMedCrossRef
131.
Shen Y, Dies KA, Holm IA, Bridgemohan C, Sobeih MM, Caronna EB, Miller KJ, Frazier JA, Silverstein I, Picker J, Weissman L, Raffalli P, Jeste S, Demmer LA, Peters HK, Brewster SJ, Kowalczyk SJ, Rosen-Sheidley B, McGowan C, Duda AW 3rd, Lincoln SA, Lowe KR, Schonwald A, Robbins M, Hisama F, Wolff R, Becker R, Nasir R, Urion DK, Milunsky JM, Rappaport L, Gusella JF, Walsh CA, Wu BL, Miller DT, Autism Consortium Clinical Genetics DNADC (2010) Clinical genetic testing for patients with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 125:e727–e735PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
132.
Shevell M, Ashwal S, Donley D, Flint J, Gingold M, Hirtz D, Majnemer A, Noetzel M, Sheth RD, Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of N, Practice Committee of the Child Neurology S (2003) Practice parameter: evaluation of the child with global developmental delay: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and The Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 60:367–380PubMedCrossRef
133.
Sicard MN, Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Souza RP, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL, Muller DJ (2010) Polymorphisms of the HTR2C gene and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: an update and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 11:1561–1571PubMedCrossRef
134.
Skafidas E, Testa R, Zantomio D, Chana G, Everall IP, Pantelis C (2012) Predicting the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using gene pathway analysis. Mol Psychiatry
135.
136.
Sobanski E, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Chen W, Franke B, Holtmann M, Krumm B, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Stringaris A, Taylor E, Anney R, Ebstein RP, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV (2010) Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): clinical correlates and familial prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51:915–923PubMedCrossRef
137.
Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC (2003) Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:1187–1192PubMedCrossRef
138.
Surman CB, Biederman J, Spencer T, Miller CA, McDermott KM, Faraone SV (2013) Understanding deficient emotional self-regulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled study. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 5:273–281PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
139.
Surman CB, Biederman J, Spencer T, Yorks D, Miller CA, Petty CR, Faraone SV (2011) Deficient emotional self-regulation and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a family risk analysis. Am J Psychiatry 168:617–623PubMedCrossRef
140.
Tackett JL, Waldman ID, Van Hulle CA, Lahey BB (2011) Shared genetic influences on negative emotionality and major depression/conduct disorder comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50:818–827PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
141.
Toledo-Rodriguez M, Lotfipour S, Leonard G, Perron M, Richer L, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T (2010) Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with epigenetic modifications of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-6 exon in adolescent offspring. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 153B:1350–1354PubMedCrossRef
142.
Tost H, Kolachana B, Hakimi S, Lemaitre H, Verchinski BA, Mattay VS, Weinberger DR, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2010) A common allele in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) impacts prosocial temperament and human hypothalamic-limbic structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:13936–13941PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
143.
Tsankova N, Renthal W, Kumar A, Nestler EJ (2007) Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:355–367PubMedCrossRef
144.
Tsuang MT, Faraone SV, Lyons MJ (1993) Identification of the phenotype in psychiatric genetics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 243:131–142PubMedCrossRef
145.
Uher R, Huezo-Diaz P, Perroud N, Smith R, Rietschel M, Mors O, Hauser J, Maier W, Kozel D, Henigsberg N, Barreto M, Placentino A, Dernovsek MZ, Schulze TG, Kalember P, Zobel A, Czerski PM, Larsen ER, Souery D, Giovannini C, Gray JM, Lewis CM, Farmer A, Aitchison KJ, McGuffin P, Craig I (2009) Genetic predictors of response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project. Pharmacogenomics J 9:225–233PubMedCrossRef
146.
Uher R, Perroud N, Ng MY, Hauser J, Henigsberg N, Maier W, Mors O, Placentino A, Rietschel M, Souery D, Zagar T, Czerski PM, Jerman B, Larsen ER, Schulze TG, Zobel A, Cohen-Woods S, Pirlo K, Butler AW, Muglia P, Barnes MR, Lathrop M, Farmer A, Breen G, Aitchison KJ, Craig I, Lewis CM, McGuffin P (2010) Genome-wide pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response in the GENDEP project. Am J Psychiatry 167:555–564PubMedCrossRef
147.
Visscher PM, Goddard ME, Derks EM, Wray NR (2012) Evidence-based psychiatric genetics, AKA the false dichotomy between common and rare variant hypotheses. Mol Psychiatry 17:474–485PubMedCrossRef
148.
Visscher PM, Hill WG, Wray NR (2008) Heritability in the genomics era–concepts and misconceptions. Nat Rev Genet 9:255–266PubMedCrossRef
149.
150.
Wilde A, Meiser B, Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Schofield PR (2011) Community interest in predictive genetic testing for susceptibility to major depressive disorder in a large national sample. Psychol Med 41:1605–1613PubMedCrossRef
151.
Wilhelm K, Meiser B, Mitchell PB, Finch AW, Siegel JE, Parker G, Schofield PR (2009) Issues concerning feedback about genetic testing and risk of depression. Br J Psychiatry 194:404–410PubMedCrossRef
152.
Williams NM, Franke B, Mick E, Anney RJ, Freitag CM, Gill M, Thapar A, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Holmans P, Kent L, Middleton F, Zhang-James Y, Liu L, Meyer J, Nguyen TT, Romanos J, Romanos M, Seitz C, Renner TJ, Walitza S, Warnke A, Palmason H, Buitelaar J, Rommelse N, Vasquez AA, Hawi Z, Langley K, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Roeyers H, Biederman J, Zaharieva I, Hakonarson H, Elia J, Lionel AC, Crosbie J, Marshall CR, Schachar R, Scherer SW, Todorov A, Smalley SL, Loo S, Nelson S, Shtir C, Asherson P, Reif A, Lesch KP, Faraone SV Genome-wide analysis of copy number variants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the role of rare variants and duplications at 15q13.3. Am J Psychiatry 169:195-204
153.
Williams NM, Zaharieva I, Martin A, Langley K, Mantripragada K, Fossdal R, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Magnusson P, Gudmundsson OO, Gustafsson O, Holmans P, Owen MJ, O’Donovan M, Thapar A Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 376:1401-1408
154.
Wray NR, Lee SH, Mehta D, Vinkhuyzen AA, Dudbridge F, Middeldorp CM (2014) Research review: Polygenic methods and their application to psychiatric traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55:1068–1087PubMedCrossRef
155.
Wray NR, Pergadia ML, Blackwood DH, Penninx BW, Gordon SD, Nyholt DR, Ripke S, MacIntyre DJ, McGhee KA, Maclean AW, Smit JH, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Middeldorp CM, de Geus EJ, Lewis CM, McGuffin P, Hickie IB, van den Oord EJ, Liu JZ, Macgregor S, McEvoy BP, Byrne EM, Medland SE, Statham DJ, Henders AK, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Madden PA, Sullivan PF (2012) Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder: new results, meta-analysis, and lessons learned. Mol Psychiatry 17:36–48PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
156.
Yang L, Neale BM, Liu L, Lee SH, Wray NR, Ji N, Li H, Qian Q, Wang D, Li J, Faraone SV, Wang Y, Psychiatric GCAS, Doyle AE, Reif A, Rothenberger A, Franke B, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Steinhausen HC, Buitelaar JK, Kuntsi J, Biederman J, Lesch KP, Kent L, Asherson P, Oades RD, Loo SK, Nelson SF, Faraone SV, Smalley SL, Banaschewski T, Arias Vasquez A, Todorov A, Charach A, Miranda A, Warnke A, Thapar A, Neale BM, Cormand B, Freitag C, Mick E, Mulas F, Middleton F, HakonarsonHakonarson H, Palmason H, Schafer H, Roeyers H, McGough JJ, Romanos J, Crosbie J, Meyer J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Sergeant J, Elia J, Langely K, Nisenbaum L, Romanos M, Daly MJ, Ribases M, Gill M, O’Donovan M, Owen M, Casas M, Bayes M, Lambregts-Rommelse N, Williams N, Holmans P, Anney RJ, Ebstein RP, Schachar R, Medland SE, Ripke S, Walitza S, Nguyen TT, Renner TJ, Hu X (2013) Polygenic transmission and complex neuro developmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: genome-wide association study of both common and rare variants. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 162B:419–430PubMedCrossRef
157.
Zhang JP, Lencz T, Malhotra AK (2010) D2 receptor genetic variation and clinical response to antipsychotic drug treatment: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 167:763–772PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
158.
Zhou K, Dempfle A, Arcos-Burgos M, Bakker SC, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar J, Castellanos FX, Doyle A, Ebstein RP, Ekholm J, Forabosco P, Franke B, Freitag C, Friedel S, Gill M, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Jacob C, Lesch KP, Loo SK, Lopera F, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Meyer J, Mick E, Miranda A, Muenke M, Mulas F, Nelson SF, Nguyen TT, Oades RD, Ogdie MN, Palacio JD, Pineda D, Reif A, Renner TJ, Roeyers H, Romanos M, Rothenberger A, Schafer H, Sergeant J, Sinke RJ, Smalley SL, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, van der Meulen E, Walitza S, Warnke A, Lewis CM, Faraone SV, Asherson P (2008) Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1392–1398PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
159.
Zhou Z, Hong EJ, Cohen S, Zhao WN, Ho HY, Schmidt L, Chen WG, Lin Y, Savner E, Griffith EC, Hu L, Steen JA, Weitz CJ, Greenberg ME (2006) Brain-specific phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent Bdnf transcription, dendritic growth, and spine maturation. Neuron 52:255–269PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
160.
Zohsel K, Buchmann AF, Blomeyer D, Hohm E, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Laucht M (2014) Mothers’ prenatal stress and their children’s antisocial outcomes–a moderating role for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55:69–76PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Genetics in child and adolescent psychiatry: methodological advances and conceptual issues
verfasst von
Sarah Hohmann
Nicoletta Adamo
Benjamin B. Lahey
Stephen V. Faraone
Tobias Banaschewski
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Ausgabe 6/2015
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0702-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2015

Mental health care use among children and adolescents in Germany: results of the longitudinal BELLA study

  • Original Contribution

Erratum to: Six years ahead: a longitudinal analysis regarding course and predictive value of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in children and adolescents

  • Erratum

Epidemiology of child psychopathology: major milestones

  • Open Access
  • Review

The longitudinal BELLA study: design, methods and first results on the course of mental health problems

  • Original Contribution

Long-term course of ADHD symptoms from childhood to early adulthood in a community sample

  • Original Contribution

A longitudinal perspective on childhood adversities and onset risk of various psychiatric disorders

  • Open Access
  • Original Contribution

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

„Wir wollen die Bedeutung von Gen- und Umwelteinflüssen besser verstehen“

Eine Mutation in einem einzelnen Gen kann bei Mäusen eine Art Bipolarstörung auslösen. PD Dr. Jan Deussing vom Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie in München sieht in solchen Tiermodellen eine Möglichkeit, den Ursachen der Erkrankung auf den Grund zu gehen.

Suizidassistenz erhöht Suizidzahlen: Aktuelle Ergebnisse der geplanten S3-Leitlinie

Erstmals wird in Deutschland eine S3-Leitlinie zum Thema Suizidalität erarbeitet. Ziel ist es, die Versorgung in suizidalen Krisen durch einheitliche Standards zu verbessern. Erste Ergebnisse der bisherigen Leitlinienarbeit wurden auf dem DGPPN-Kongress vorgestellt.

Einer von sieben Frauen macht die Menopause sehr zu schaffen

Von mäßigen bis schweren vasomotorischen Beschwerden sind 14,7% der Frauen in der Postmenopause betroffen. Das haben kanadische Forscherinnen in einer Subgruppenanalyse der WARM-Studie herausgefunden.

Depressive Senioren fahren besonders riskant

Beim Autofahren machen ältere Depressive häufiger eine Vollbremsung, gehen öfter zu schnell in Kurven und halten sich seltener an Tempolimits als Senioren ohne Depression. Offenbar scheint eine Depression eine riskante Fahrweise im Alter zu verstärken.

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise