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Erschienen in: Der Gastroenterologe 1/2017

10.01.2017 | Morbus Wilson | Schwerpunkt

Genetik metabolischer und viraler Lebererkrankungen

verfasst von: T. Herta, J. Fischer, Prof. Dr. T. Berg

Erschienen in: Die Gastroenterologie | Ausgabe 1/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Insbesondere für die Frühdiagnose hereditärer Erkrankungen hat sich die Gendiagnostik als Standard etabliert. Sie ermöglicht durch präventive Therapiestrategien die Prognose dieser Erkrankungen wesentlich zu verbessern. Klassische Beispiele hierfür sind die hereditäre Hämochromatose, aber auch der Morbus Wilson. Die variable klinische Manifestation dieser monogenetisch determinierten Krankheitsbilder wird dabei wesentlich, neben exogenen Faktoren, durch die zugrunde liegenden Mutationen im Wilson-Gen ATP7B oder den Hämochromatose-Genen HFE, HFE2, HAMP, TRF2 und SLC40A1 bestimmt. Für komplexe hepatologische Systemerkrankungen wie der alkoholischen und nichtalkoholischen Fettlebererkrankung, aber auch der chronischen Virushepatitis konnten im letzten Jahrzehnt v. a. durch genomweite Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) relevante suszeptibilitäts- und krankheitsprogressionsmodifizierende genetische Varianten identifiziert werden. Hierzu zählen insbesondere Gene des Lipidmetabolismus, wie PNPLA3, TM6SF2 und MBOAT7, sowie genetische Varianten in Genen des angeborenen Immunsystems (Interferon λ, Toll-like-Rezeptoren) und des Systems der humanen Leukozytenantigene (HLA). Die Entdeckung dieser Varianten hat das Verständnis sowohl für die Pathogenese und den Therapieresponse als auch für das individuelle Progressionsrisiko chronischer Lebererkrankungen wesentlich verändert. Es ist eine Frage der Zeit, wann diese Erkenntnisse auch in die Routinediagnostik einfließen und die Erstellung individueller genetischer Risikoprofile erlauben und somit eine individuell adaptierte und optimierte Vorsorge, Surveillance und Behandlung unserer Patienten ermöglichen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Genetik metabolischer und viraler Lebererkrankungen
verfasst von
T. Herta
J. Fischer
Prof. Dr. T. Berg
Publikationsdatum
10.01.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Gastroenterologie / Ausgabe 1/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-7420
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7439
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-016-0128-y

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