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Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology 8/2016

21.10.2015 | Review

Genome-wide association studies in pediatric chronic kidney disease

verfasst von: Jayanta Gupta, Peter A. Kanetsky, Matthias Wuttke, Anna Köttgen, Franz Schaefer, Craig S. Wong

Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology | Ausgabe 8/2016

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Abstract

The genome-wide association study (GWAS) has become an established scientific method that provides an unbiased screen for genetic loci potentially associated with phenotypes of clinical interest, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, GWAS provides opportunities to gain new perspectives regarding the genetic architecture of CKD progression by identifying new candidate genes and targets for intervention. As such, it has become an important arm of translational science providing a complementary line of investigation to identify novel therapeutics to treat CKD. In this review, we describe the method and the challenges of performing GWAS in the pediatric CKD population. We also provide an overview of successful GWAS for kidney disease, and we discuss the established pediatric CKD cohorts in North America and Europe that are poised to identify genetic risk variants associated with CKD progression.
Glossar
Alleles
Alternative DNA sequences at the same physical position on homologous chromosomes.
Ancestry informative markers
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms that have large frequency differences across different continental populations; can be used to infer ancestry and adjust for population stratification in genetic association studies.
Common variant
A genetic variant that is common in the population; frequently defined as one with a population frequency of 1 % or more.
Deep sequencing
The whole genome or a genomic region is sequenced multiple times using high-throughput sequencing (next-generation sequencing) technology to reduce the number of sequencing errors and detect rare genetic variants.
Genomic
Pertaining to the collection of all DNA in an organism.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual, which may refer to the whole genome or to specific genes or regions of genes.
Haplotype
A set of genetic variants (usually clustered together at the same physical position of the genome) that are inherited together.
Imputation
In the context of genetic studies, a statistical procedure that uses linkage disequilibrium (i.e., correlation between individual genetic variants) to infer missing or untyped genotypes in an individual based on a reference panel of several individuals who have been fully genotyped.
Linkage disequilibrium
A non-random association of two or more alleles that are located at different loci.
Loci
Specific positions of genes or genetic markers on a chromosome; the term locus is singular for loci.
Phenotype
Measurable or observable physical characteristic or trait of an organism.
Population stratification
Presence of a systematic difference in allele frequencies between subpopulations in a population, can be introduced by different ancestries.
Principal component analysis
A statistical procedure for reducing high dimensional data into fewer dimensions. Used in population genetics to determine how genetic diversity across the genome varies according to geographical location and race/ethnicity. Widely used to adjust for population stratification in GWAS.
Rare variant
A genetic variant with a population frequency of less than 1 %.
Replication
Validation of a gene-disease association from a discovery genetic association study by a follow-up study in an independent sample of subjects.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
DNA sequence variation resulting from a change of a single nucleotide, commonly defined as having a frequency of at least 1 % in a given population.
Tag-SNP
A SNP that is highly correlated with other SNPs and used to serve as a marker for a haplotype block. Tag-SNPs can be utilized for SNP-based genotyping.
Variant
A variation in the DNA sequence, e.g., a SNP. Other forms of genetic variation include structural variations (e.g., deletions and insertions, copy number variations etc.)
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Metadaten
Titel
Genome-wide association studies in pediatric chronic kidney disease
verfasst von
Jayanta Gupta
Peter A. Kanetsky
Matthias Wuttke
Anna Köttgen
Franz Schaefer
Craig S. Wong
Publikationsdatum
21.10.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Pediatric Nephrology / Ausgabe 8/2016
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3235-y

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