Background
Methods
Study area
Data source
Variables
Fuel types
Indoor cooking practice
Indoor smoking
Indoor air pollution
Explanatory variable
Statistical analyses
Results
Fuel types
Variable | Fuel type | Cooking practice | Indoor smoking | Indoor air pollution | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clean (3282, 34%) | Unclean (7730, 66%) | p-value | Separate kitchen (4229, 55.5%) | No separate kitchen (3188, 44.5%) | p-value | No (5992, 56.9%) | Yes (5048, 43.1%) | p-value | No (1705, 17.0%) | Yes (9335, 83.0%) | p-value | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
Sex of household head | ||||||||||||
Male | 2175 (67.9) | 5254 (69.1) | 0.4118 | 2811 (68.2) | 2097 (67.4) | 0.5803 | 3761 (64.8) | 3690 (73.8) | < 0.001 | 1132 (67.9) | 6319 (68.8) | 0.5724 |
Female | 1107 (32.1) | 2476 (30.9) | 1418 (31.8) | 1091 (32.6) | 2231 (35.2) | 1358 (26.2) | 573 (32.1) | 3016 (31.2) | ||||
Age of household head in, years | ||||||||||||
15–25 | 278 (8.48) | 321 (4.02) | < 0.001 | 163 (3.7) | 301 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 412 (7.1) | 202 (3.8) | < 0.001 | 85 (4.9) | 529 (5.8) | 0.0166 |
25–35 | 787 (24.4) | 1444 (18.2) | 809 (18.5) | 743 (24.4) | 1417 (23.5) | 820 (16.1) | 363 (21.2) | 1874 (20.1) | ||||
35–45 | 781 (23.7) | 1774 (23.0) | 976 (23.5) | 664 (20.4) | 1503 (25.2) | 1052 (20.5) | 442 (26.0) | 2113 (22.6) | ||||
45–55 | 681 (20.8) | 1684 (21.7) | 1002 (23.9) | 581 (17.7) | 1150 (18.8) | 1218 (24.7) | 383 (22.2) | 1985 (21.2) | ||||
55–65 | 448 (12.8) | 1392 (18.3) | 721 (16.7) | 501 (15.5) | 830 (13.9) | 1010 (19.7) | 244 (14.1) | 1596 (16.9) | ||||
> 65 | 307 (9.85) | 1115 (14.8) | 558 (13.6) | 398 (12.3) | 680 (11.5) | 746 (15.2) | 188 (11.7) | 1238 (13.4) | ||||
Education level of household head | ||||||||||||
No education, preschool | 642 (18.6) | 3775 (49.6) | < 0.001 | 1439 (31.4) | 1484 (45.5) | < 0.001 | 2078 (33.8) | 2345 (46.0) | < 0.001 | 289 (15.9) | 4134 (43.8) | < 0.001 |
Primary (Grade 1–5) | 585 (18.3) | 1976 (24.9) | 950 (22.1) | 756 (22.4) | 1167 (19.4) | 1394 (26.7) | 238 (14.8) | 2323 (24.2) | ||||
Secondary (Grade 5–10) | 1231 (37.4) | 1608 (21.2) | 1254 (31.5) | 646 (21.7) | 1798 (30.3) | 1048 (21.9) | 668 (39.0) | 2178 (24.2) | ||||
Higher (Above grade 10) | 818 (25.3) | 366 (4.27) | 583 (14.8) | 300 (10.2) | 948 (16.4) | 251 (5.1) | 509 (30.2) | 690 (7.7) | ||||
Don’t know | 6 (0.36) | 5 (0.08) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 10 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 10 (0.2) | ||||
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
Quintile 1 | 19 (0.47) | 2744 (30.2) | < 0.001 | 943 (17.1) | 1290 (32.3) | < 0.001 | 1002 (13.2) | 1764 (29.1) | < 0.001 | 4 (0.2) | 2762 (24.1) | < 0.001 |
Quintile 2 | 137 (3.26) | 2289 (29.0) | 926 (19.5) | 630 (18.9) | 1152 (17.4) | 1277 (24.0) | 39 (1.9) | 2390 (24.0) | ||||
Quintile 3 | 616 (15.7) | 1579 (22.3) | 675 (15.3) | 511 (17.7) | 273 (20.8) | 927 (19.2) | 220 (11.0) | 1980 (21.9) | ||||
Quintile 4 | 1147 (36.3) | 777 (12.5) | 681 (18.8) | 576 (23.6) | 1303 (24.5) | 637 (15.6) | 505 (28.5) | 1435 (19.1) | ||||
Quintile 5 | 1363 (44.3) | 341 (5.94) | 1004 (29.3) | 181 (7.5) | 1262 (24.1) | 443 (12.1) | 937 (58.4) | 768 (10.9) | ||||
Residency | ||||||||||||
Urban | 2824 (86.3) | 4129 (48.5) | < 0.001 | 2867 (68.3) | 1824 (57.0) | < 0.001 | 3985 (64.3) | 2993 (57.7) | 0.0033 | 1458 (85.1) | 5520 (56.6) | < 0.001 |
Rural | 458 (13.7) | 3601 (51.5) | 1362 (31.7) | 1364 (43.0) | 2007 (35.7) | 2055 (42.3) | 247 (14.9) | 3815 (43.4) | ||||
Provinces | ||||||||||||
Province 1 | 530 (15.7) | 1140 (19.4) | < 0.001 | 637 (17.8) | 353 (12.9) | < 0.001 | 1001 (18.8) | 674 (17.3) | < 0.001 | 335 (19.6) | 1340 (17.9) | < 0.001 |
Province 2 | 285 (8.36) | 1336 (23.3) | 270 (7.9) | 401 (16.5) | 998 (20.0) | 628 (16.0) | 174 (10.0) | 1452 (19.9) | ||||
Province 3 | 819 (40.9) | 818 (13.5) | 706 (26.6) | 645 (30.2) | 828 (21.8) | 811 (24.2) | 343 (32.5) | 1296 (20.9) | ||||
Province 4 | 561 (12.7) | 930 (9.52) | 695 (13.3) | 417 (9.8) | 906 (11.4) | 592 (9.7) | 300 (13.7) | 1198 (10.0) | ||||
Province 5 | 577 (16.5) | 1050 (16.1) | 736 (19.2) | 490 (16.5) | 1040 (18.3) | 591 (13.5) | 324 (18.6) | 1307 (15.8) | ||||
Province 6 | 240 (1.70) | 1245 (7.62) | 630 (6.7) | 472 (6.2) | 572 (3.4) | 916 (8.6) | 110 (1.6) | 1378 (6.4) | ||||
Province 7 | 270 (4.16) | 1211 (10.4) | 555 (8.5) | 410 (7.9) | 647 (6.4) | 836 (10.8) | 119 (4.0) | 1364 (9.2) | ||||
Ecological region | ||||||||||||
Mountain | 114 (2.80) | 797 (9.31) | 0.0012 | 436 (8.7) | 335 (8.6) | 0.6546 | 303 (4.3) | 608 (10.7) | < 0.001 | 43 (2.1) | 868 (8.1) | 0.0005 |
Hill | 1550 (53.1) | 3745 (43.1) | 2340 (55.7) | 1756 (53.4) | 2740 (44.2) | 2571 (49.5) | 723 (45.7) | 4588 (46.7) | ||||
Terai | 1618 (44.1) | 3188 (47.6) | 1453 (35.7) | 1097 (38.0) | 2949 (51.4) | 1869 (39.8) | 939 (52.2) | 3879 (45.2) | ||||
Developmental region | ||||||||||||
Eastern | 565 (16.8) | 1578 (26.9) | < 0.001 | 654 (18.3) | 400 (14.9) | 0.0004 | 1249 (23.6) | 899 (23.2) | < 0.001 | 354 (20.7) | 1794 (24.0) | < 0.001 |
Central | 1069 (48.2) | 1716 (29.3) | 959 (34.0) | 999 (44.8) | 1578 (37.0) | 1214 (34.2) | 498 (41.4) | 2294 (34.6) | ||||
Western | 936 (23.8) | 1487 (18.5) | 1109 (24.5) | 714 (20.2) | 1570 (23.5) | 864 (16.2) | 526 (27.1) | 1908 (19.0) | ||||
Mid-western | 442 (7.05) | 1738 (14.8) | 952 (14.7) | 665 (12.3) | 948 (9.6) | 1235 (15.5) | 208 (6.8) | 1975 (13.2) | ||||
Far-western | 270 (4.16) | 1211 (10.4) | 555 (8.5) | 410 (7.9) | 647 (6.4) | 836 (10.8) | 119 (4.0) | 1364 (9.2) | ||||
Eco-developmental region | ||||||||||||
Eastern mountain | 11 (0.48) | 137 (2.56) | < 0.001 | 76 (2.5) | 38 (1.5) | 0.0002 | 62 (1.4) | 86 (2.5) | < 0.001 | 5 (0.5) | 143 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
Central mountain | 55 (1.59) | 168 (2.39) | 77 (1.9) | 100 (3.3) | 74 (1.3) | 149 (3.2) | 19 (1.1) | 204 (2.3) | ||||
Western mountain | 48 (0.72) | 492 (4.36) | 283 (4.3) | 197 (3.7) | 167 (1.7) | 373 (5.0) | 19 (0.5) | 521 (3.6) | ||||
Eastern hill | 30 (1.11) | 508 (9.05) | 193 (5.9) | 174 (6.6) | 252 (5.2) | 286 (7.8) | 19 (1.4) | 519 (7.3) | ||||
Central hill | 699 (36.6) | 568 (9.31) | 575 (22.7) | 504 (24.6) | 676 (18.5) | 593 (18.8) | 285 (28.1) | 984 (16.7) | ||||
Western hill | 577 (13.3) | 1053 (12.2) | 806 (16.7) | 461 (11.8) | 1009 (13.7) | 632 (11.2) | 305 (14.2) | 1336 (12.3) | ||||
Mid-western hill | 233 (1.88) | 1176 (8.49) | 583 (7.5) | 437 (6.7) | 616 (4.8) | 796 (8.1) | 108 (1.9) | 1304 (7.1) | ||||
Far-western hill | 11 (0.15) | 440 (4.04) | 183 (2.9) | 180 (3.7) | 187 (2.0) | 264 (3.7) | 6 (0.2) | 445 (3.2) | ||||
Eastern terai | 524 (15.2) | 933 (15.3) | 385 (9.9) | 188 (6.7) | 935 (17.0) | 527 (13.0) | 330 (18.8) | 1132 (14.6) | ||||
Central terai | 315 (10.0) | 980 (17.6) | 307 (9.5) | 395 (16.9) | 828 (17.2) | 472 (12.2) | 194 (12.3) | 1106 (15.6) | ||||
Western terai | 359 (10.5) | 434 (6.31) | 303 (7.8) | 253 (8.4) | 561 (9.7) | 232 (5.0) | 221 (12.9) | 572 (6.6) | ||||
Mid-western terai | 192 (5.01) | 326 (4.34) | 226 (5.2) | 135 (4.0) | 281 (4.3) | 237 (4.9) | 91 (4.7) | 427 (4.5) | ||||
Far-western terai | 228 (3.44) | 515 (4.00) | 232 (3.3) | 126 (2.1) | 344 (3.1) | 401 (4.7) | 103 (3.5) | 642 (3.9) |
Variable | Clean Fuel Use (n = 3282, 34%) | Cooking in separate kitchen (n = 4229, 55.5%) | No Indoor Smoking (n = 5992, 56.9%) | No Indoor Air Pollution (n = 1705, 17.0%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
a Sex of house hold head | ||||||||
Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Female | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) |
1.85 (1.52, 2.26)
| 0.96 (0.85, 1.10) |
1.54 (1.32, 1.79)
| 1.53 (1.38, 1.68) |
1.64 (1.47, 1.84)
| 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) |
2.18 (1.79, 2.65)
|
b Age of household head | ||||||||
15–24 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
25–34 |
0.64 (0.47, 0.85)
|
0.58 (0.42, 0.81)
| 1.97 (1.45, 2.67) |
2.26 (1.65, 3.07)
| 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.23) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.67) |
1.59 (1.07, 2.37)
|
35–44 |
0.49 (0.36, 0.66)
|
0.44 (0.31, 0.62)
| 2.98 (2.16, 4.11) |
3.78 (2.74, 5.21)
| 0.66 (0.50, 0.87) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 1.37 (1.02, 1.84) |
2.12 (1.44, 3.12)
|
45–54 |
0.45 (0.33, 0.62)
|
0.45 (0.32, 0.63)
| 3.51 (2.57, 4.79) |
5.03 (3.68, 6.87)
| 0.41 (0.31, 0.54) |
0.57 (0.42, 0.77)
| 1.25 (0.91, 1.70) |
2.10 (1.33, 3.32)
|
55–64 |
0.33 (0.24, 0.46)
|
0.42 (0.29, 0.62)
| 2.79 (1.99, 3.91) |
4.85 (3.43, 6.86)
| 0.38 (0.28, 0.50) |
0.61 (0.45, 0.82)
| 0.99 (0.69, 1.44) |
2.37 (1.48, 3.80)
|
> =65 |
0.32 (0.22, 0.45)
|
0.55 (0.36, 0.83)
| 2.87 (2.02, 4.08) |
5.91 (4.10, 8.52)
| 0.40 (0.30, 0.54) |
0.70 (0.52, 0.95)
| 1.04 (0.71, 1.54) |
3.50 (2.13, 5.76)
|
c Education level of household head | ||||||||
No education, preschool | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Primary (Grade 1–5) |
1.96 (1.69, 2.28)
|
2.08 (1.69, 2.55)
| 1.43 (1.23, 1.67) |
1.81 (1.51, 2.17)
| 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 1.68 (1.39, 2.03) |
1.80 (1.42, 2.28)
|
Secondary (Grade 5–10) |
4.71 (4.06, 5.46)
|
3.01 (2.35, 3.86)
| 2.10 (1.81, 2.45) |
2.54 (2.11, 3.05)
| 1.88 (1.65, 2.15) |
1.45 (1.24, 1.69)
| 4.43 (3.61, 5.44) |
3.30 (2.52, 4.32)
|
Higher (Above grade 10) |
15.77 (12.31, 20.19)
|
6.61 (4.75, 9.18)
| 2.09 (1.59, 2.76) |
2.39 (1.84, 3.11)
| 4.43 (3.67, 5.35) |
2.87 (2.32, 3.54)
| 10.83 (8.45, 13.88) |
6.13 (4.64, 8.11)
|
d Wealth | ||||||||
Quintile 5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Quintile 4 |
0.39 (0.30, 0.50)
|
0.42 (0.33, 0.54)
| 0.20 (0.15, 0.28) |
0.26 (0.18, 0.36)
| 0.78 (0.67, 0.92) |
0.80 (0.69, 0.93)
| 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) |
0.33 (0.26, 0.42)
|
Quintile 3 |
0.09 (0.07, 0.13)
|
0.11 (0.08, 0.15)
| 0.22 (0.17, 0.29) |
0.29 (0.21, 0.39)
| 0.54 (0.44, 0.67) |
0.61 (0.50, 0.74)
| 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) |
0.12 (0.09, 0.15)
|
Quintile 2 |
0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
| 0.26 (0.20, 0.35) |
0.34 (0.25, 0.48)
| 0.36 (0.29, 0.45) |
0.44 (0.35, 0.55)
| 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) |
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
|
Quintile 1 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.13 (0.10, 0.18) |
0.19 (0.14, 0.26)
| 0.23 (0.18, 0.28) |
0.28 (0.22, 0.35)
| 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
0.00 (0.00, 0.01)
|
e Residency | ||||||||
Urban | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Rural |
0.15 (0.10, 0.22)
|
0.03 (0.02, 0.05)
|
0.62 (0.49, 0.77)
|
0.67 (0.53, 0.84)
|
0.76 (0.63, 0.91)
| 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) |
0.23 (0.16, 0.33)
|
0.20 (0.15, 0.27)
|
e Provinces | ||||||||
Province 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Province 2 |
0.44 (0.27, 0.73)
|
0.26 (0.15, 0.44)
| 0.35 (0.24, 0.51) |
0.27 (0.18, 0.41)
| 1.14 (0.83, 1.58) | 1.12 (0.81, 1.53) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.74) |
0.35 (0.22, 0.53)
|
Province 3 |
3.74 (2.29, 6.09)
|
5.20 (3.22, 8.42)
| 0.64 (0.45, 0.91) |
0.49 (0.34, 0.72)
| 0.83 (0.61, 1.11) |
0.63 (0.49, 0.82)
| 1.42 (0.95, 2.14) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) |
Province 4 |
1.65 (1.02, 2.66)
|
2.21 (1.37, 3.58)
| 0.99 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.43) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.36) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.86) | 1.22 (0.85, 1.76) |
Province 5 | 1.26 (0.76, 2.09) | 1.19 (0.69, 2.05) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.24) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.17) | 1.24 (0.93, 1.66) | 1.19 (0.92, 1.53) | 1.08 (0.68, 1.71) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.35) |
Province 6 |
0.28 (0.16, 0.48)
| 1.37 (0.81, 2.34) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.16) | 1.43 (0.91, 2.22) | 0.36 (0.25, 0.51) |
0.46 (0.33, 0.65)
| 0.22 (0.13, 0.38) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.41) |
Province 7 |
0.49 (0.27, 0.91)
| 0.78 (0.44, 1.41) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.14) | 1.12 (0.77, 1.65) | 0.54 (0.39, 0.75) |
0.59 (0.43, 0.79)
| 0.40 (0.20, 0.82) | 0.61 (0.34, 1.08) |
e Developmental region | ||||||||
Eastern | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Central |
2.64 (1.70, 4.11)
|
2.62 (1.59, 4.30)
| 0.62 (0.45, 0.85) |
0.48 (0.33, 0.68)
| 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 1.39 (0.95, 2.04) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) |
Western |
2.07 (1.33, 3.23)
|
2.18 (1.34, 3.54)
| 0.99 (0.71, 1.38) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.12) | 1.42 (1.12, 1.79) |
1.31 (1.05, 1.63)
| 1.66 (1.11, 2.47) | 1.41 (0.98, 2.03) |
Mid-western | 0.77 (0.46, 1.27) |
2.47 (1.37, 4.43)
| 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 1.45 (0.94, 2.23) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.78) |
0.73 (0.57, 0.94)
| 0.59 (0.37, 0.96) | 1.46 (0.92, 2.32) |
Far-western | 0.64 (0.35, 1.16) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.12) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.27) | 1.26 (0.87, 1.84) | 0.58 (0.43, 0.78) |
0.64 (0.48, 0.84)
| 0.51 (0.25, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.47, 1.53) |
e Ecological region | ||||||||
Mountain | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Hill |
4.11 (1.47, 11.49)
| 2.17 (0.86, 5.47) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.50) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.10) | 2.19 (1.59, 3.02) |
1.73 (1.33, 2.25)
| 3.77 (1.48, 9.61) | 1.44 (0.78, 2.67) |
Terai |
3.08 (1.15, 8.27)
| 0.61 (0.24, 1.54) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.38) |
0.56 (0.36, 0.85)
| 3.18 (2.33, 4.34) |
2.35 (1.79, 3.07)
| 4.44 (1.77, 11.10) | 1.24 (0.66, 2.31) |
e Eco-developmental region | ||||||||
Central hill | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Eastern mountain |
0.05 (0.01, 0.20)
|
0.18 (0.04–0.75)
| 1.74 (0.88, 3.42) |
4.15 (1.84, 9.37)
|
0.57 (0.40, 0.83)
| 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.54) | 1.12 (0.33, 3.77) |
Central mountain |
0.17 (0.03, 0.91)
| 0.37 (0.09–1.49) | 0.61 (0.30, 1.26) | 0.92 (0.51, 1.64) |
0.39 (0.18, 0.86)
|
0.57 (0.33, 0.96)
| 0.29 (0.07, 1.18) | 0.88 (0.46, 1.68) |
Western mountain |
0.04 (0.01, 0.18)
|
0.09 (0.02–0.43)
| 1.27 (0.77, 2.10) |
3.36 (2.02, 5.59)
|
0.35 (0.23, 0.52)
|
0.58 (0.40, 0.82)
| 0.09 (0.02, 0.37) | 0.42 (0.13, 1.40) |
Eastern hill |
0.03 (0.01, 0.08)
|
0.08 (0.04–0.19)
| 0.96 (0.58, 1.60) |
2.09 (1.22, 3.58)
| 0.68 (0.41, 1.12) | 1.24 (0.76, 2.02) | 0.11 (0.05, 0.29) | 0.82 (0.35, 1.90) |
Western hill |
0.28 (0.17, 0.46)
|
0.29 (0.18–0.46)
|
1.54 (1.10, 2.15)
|
1.95 (1.42, 2.69)
| 1.25 (0.94, 1.66) |
1.63 (1.23, 2.16)
| 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 1.28 (0.91, 1.80) |
Mid-western hill |
0.06 (0.03, 0.10)
|
0.19 (0.11–0.32)
| 1.23 (0.84, 1.79) |
3.31 (2.26, 4.84)
|
0.60 (0.42, 0.85)
| 1.06 (0.76, 1.47) | 0.15 (0.08, 0.28) | 1.13 (0.67, 1.91) |
Far-western hill |
0.01 (0.00, 0.03)
|
0.03 (0.01–0.07)
| 0.84 (0.52, 1.36) |
2.13 (1.35, 3.35)
|
0.53 (0.34, 0.83)
| 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.28 (0.10, 0.84) |
Eastern terai |
0.25 (0.15, 0.42)
|
0.11 (0.06–0.19)
|
1.62 (1.07, 2.44)
| 1.45 (0.92, 2.28) | 1.33 (0.99, 1.79) |
1.53 (1.15, 2.02)
| 0.77 (0.50, .17) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.30) |
Central terai |
0.14 (0.08, 0.26)
|
0.08 (0.04–0.14)
|
0.61 (0.42, 0.89)
|
0.66 (0.45, 0.98)
| 1.43 (0.99, 2.06) |
1.91 (1.36, 2.70)
| 0.47 (0.27, 0.79) | 0.68 (0.45, 1.04) |
Western terai |
0.42 (0.22, 0.82)
|
0.19 (0.09–0.38)
| 1.01 (0.59, 1.71) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.44) |
1.95 (1.39, 2.74)
|
2.27 (1.71, 3.02)
| 1.15 (0.67, 1.97) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.89) |
Mid-western terai |
0.29 (0.15, 0.56)
|
0.36 (0.16–0.84)
| 1.40 (0.77, 2.53) | 2.00 (0.94, 4.25) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.30) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.66) | 0.62 (0.37, 1.06) | 1.33 (0.76, 2.32) |
Far-western terai |
0.22 (0.12, 0.42)
|
0.19 (0.09–0.36)
| 1.74 (1.20, 2.52) | 2.97 (1.95, 4.52) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.25) | 0.53 (0.26, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.53, 1.85) |