Gestational weight gain and its associated factors in Harari Regional State: Institution based cross-sectional study, Eastern Ethiopia

Gestational weight gain is an important factor that is  required to support increased metabolic demands, and to enhance positive pregnancy outcomes. A desirable gestational weight gain is essential for a balanced optimal outcome for both the mother and her infant. In contrast, inadequate or excessive weight gain may pose health risks on the mother and/or the fetus.

The study included 411 women who had given birth at health institutions from January to July of 2014. The researchers collected both primary and secondary data by using a structured questionnaire and a checklist. Based on the United States Institute of Medicine criteria, gestational weight gains were categorized as inadequate, adequate and excessive.

The study revealed that 69.3 %, 28 %, and 2.7 % of the women gained inadequate, adequate and excess gestational weight, respectively. The average gestational weight gain was 8.96 kg. The factors associated with adequate gestational weight gain were high body mass index at early pregnancy; engaging in regular physical activity; Antenatal care visit of ≥4 times; consuming fruit and vegetable, and meat.

Generally, a small proportion of the women gained adequate gestational weight. The women who were with higher body mass index at early pregnancy, who frequently visited Antenatal care visit, and who consumed diverse food items were more likely to measure adequate gestational weight.

Gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important factor that is required to support increased metabolic demands, and to enhance positive pregnancy outcomes [1]. A desirable GWG is essential for a balanced optimal outcome for both the mother and her infant [2]. It supports the growth and development of the fetus [3], and reduces the likelihood of morbidity and mortality [2, 4]. In contrast, inadequate or excessive weight gain may pose health risks on the mother and/or the fetus [5].

GWG is highly influenced by a range of biological, metabolic, and social factors, which include maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) [6], multi-parity [6, 7], maternal age, smoking, educational status [3], healthy eating, physical activity [2], and adequate counseling of mothers on weight gain during pregnancy [8]. However, in developing countries, there is very little information about GWG and its determinants. This is most likely due to the difficulties associated with collecting the data throughout the pregnancy period in these settings [9], and as such GWG remains a neglected public health issue in the developing world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess GWG and its associated factors in the health care facilities in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia.

Adequate gestational weight gain is required for optimal pregnancy outcome. Less than one-third (28 %) of the pregnant women in this study gained adequate gestational weight. The factors positively associated with the adequate gain of the weight were having high BMI at early pregnancy (≥25 kg/m²), engaging in regular physical exercise, visiting ANC frequently, and eating fruit, vegetables and meat.

In the study, the mean weight gain during pregnancy was 8.96 kg. This is consistent with the findings from a study in Pakistan (8.5 kg) [11], but less than the findings from research in Brazil, in which the mean GWG ranged from 11.7 to 13.9 kg depending on BMI at early pregnancy [12‐14]. Although the proportion of the women who gained inadequate (69.3 %) and adequate (28 %) gestational weight in our study is similar to those found in studies conducted in other countries [15, 16], it is smaller than the findings of similar studies conducted in other areas [11, 14, 17, 18]. The inadequate gestational weight gain in our study is most likely related to the nutritional condition of the women, given that 84 % of the women had less than three meals per day. In addition, a significant proportion of women were underweight at the conception. Moreover, while IOM recommendations may be well suited to high-income countries, there may be a number of contextual factors that limit the applicability of these guidelines to low or middle income-countries such as Ethiopia. It is, therefore, important to consider GWG in the context of all the factors in a woman’s life and to develop a GWG guideline that could address the context of developing countries.

This study also indicated that the women with higher early pregnancy BMI were more likely to gain adequate gestational weight when compared to underweight women. This is consistent with previous research in Pakistan [11]. Women who are underweight at early pregnancy are required to gain more weight than their overweight or obese counterparts do in order to achieve a healthy GWG. It may be difficult for these women to gain a significant amount of weight during pregnancy, particularly if they tend to be underweight due to metabolic or food security factors. Overweight and obese women, on the other hand, are required to gain comparatively little weight to achieve adequate GWG as they are able to use a portion of their stored energy to support the growth of the fetus. As such, adequate GWG may be attained easily for these women.

At least a half-an- hour of physical exercise per day is believed to be vital during pregnancy for a healthy lifestyle and for weight management for both the mother and the fetus [19]. In the study, the mothers who undertook physical exercise at least once a week were 2.1 times more likely to gain adequate gestational weight compared to those that did not. This finding is in line with other studies conducted in the United states [20] and China [21].

The women who frequently visited ANC (≥4 times) were 2.9 times more likely to gain adequate gestational weight. This result supports the findings of the study in southern Brazil [15]. This may be explained by the fact that during ANC visits, women are likely to receive advice on weight management, the importance of maintaining a balanced diet, the need for proper nutrition during pregnancy. The women who gave birth at or after 37 weeks of gestation were 4.5 times more likely to have gained adequate gestational weight compared to than those who gave birth before 37 weeks. This is supported by research in Thailand [6], and may be attributed to an increased opportunity to gain weight by virtue of having an increase gestational period.

Women who eat fruit and vegetable for at least once per week were 2.7 times more likely to gain adequate gestational weight. This contrasts with finding of another study [20] in which fruit and vegetable consumption during pregnancy has no association with weight gain. The difference might be due to a small number of subjects (105) in the indicated study. However, in this study, 81.5 % of the women consumed fruit and vegetable most of the day during their current pregnancy.

The women from good family income (family income of > $100 per month) were 5 times more likely to gain adequate gestational weight than their counter parts, a finding supported by research in Southern Brazil [15]. It is likely that a good family income enhances household food security. In which case, pregnant women with a high family income are more likely to have consistent access to a varied diet and thus could gain appropriate weight during pregnancy.

This study has some limitations. Since the weight gain recommendation is the recommendation of developed countries, it may underestimate the proportion of gestational weight gain in developing countries such as Ethiopia, where this study was conducted. Moreover, early pregnancy BMI was taken before or at 16 weeks of gestation, at which time there may already have been an increase or decrease of gestational weight. Since variables like physical excersise and dietary habits were asked retrospectively, and they are qualitative in nature; it is difficult to measure objectively and does not indicate any specific trimester. Findings are also generalizable only for women who attended at least one ANC visit and gave birth at a health facility.

A considerable proportion of women in this study (69.3 %) gained inadequate gestational weight, while less than one-third (28 %) gained adequate gestational weight. Women with higher BMI at early pregnancy, who frequently visited ANC, or who consumed diverse food items during pregnancy have higher likelihood of gaining recommended gestational weight. Therefore, women of childbearing age should be informed about the importance of conceiving at a normal BMI, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in physical activity during pregnancy, and achieving a healthy gestational weight gain. There is also a need to develop guidelines on gestational weight gain to optimize pregnancy and birth outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.