Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Hepatology International 4/2018

27.07.2018 | Review Article

Global HBV burden: guesstimates and facts

verfasst von: Dina Ginzberg, Robert J. Wong, Robert Gish

Erschienen in: Hepatology International | Ausgabe 4/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) continues to pose a serious global health threat in many areas of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, the Western Pacific Region and areas of Eastern Europe. Endemicity is heterogeneous within and across regions owing to variable implementation of childhood and birth-dose vaccination programs, inconsistent screening of blood products, injection drug use, and poor education initiatives. This review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date estimates of global seroprevalence of chronic HBV across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions, noting patterns of change over time and highlighting potential region-specific barriers to the diagnosis and elimination of HBV.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. WHO. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Collaborators TPO. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(6):383–403.CrossRef Collaborators TPO. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(6):383–403.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanaway JD, et al. The global burden of viral hepatitis from, 1990 to 2013: findings from the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1081–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stanaway JD, et al. The global burden of viral hepatitis from, 1990 to 2013: findings from the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1081–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat McMahon BJ, et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis. 1985;151(4):599–603.CrossRefPubMed McMahon BJ, et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis. 1985;151(4):599–603.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Childs L, Roesel S, Tohme RA. Status and progress of hepatitis B control through vaccination in the South-East Asia region, 1992–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(1):6–14.CrossRefPubMed Childs L, Roesel S, Tohme RA. Status and progress of hepatitis B control through vaccination in the South-East Asia region, 1992–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(1):6–14.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Iorio R, et al. Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: a 24-year observation period. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(8):943–9.CrossRefPubMed Iorio R, et al. Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: a 24-year observation period. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(8):943–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat CDC. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance–United States, 2016. 2018. CDC. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance–United States, 2016. 2018.
8.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Anja MH, Gregory LA, Yvan JFH. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS. 2004;15(1):7–16.CrossRef Anja MH, Gregory LA, Yvan JFH. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS. 2004;15(1):7–16.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ott JJ, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine. 2012;30(12):2212–9.CrossRefPubMed Ott JJ, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine. 2012;30(12):2212–9.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ott JJ, et al. Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades - A global analysis. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):48–54.CrossRefPubMed Ott JJ, et al. Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades - A global analysis. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):48–54.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Raimondo G, et al. Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2008;49(4):652–7.CrossRefPubMed Raimondo G, et al. Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2008;49(4):652–7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin CL, Kao JH. Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis B: the role of HBV genotypes and mutants. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;31(3):249–55.CrossRefPubMed Lin CL, Kao JH. Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis B: the role of HBV genotypes and mutants. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;31(3):249–55.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin CL, Kao JH. Risk stratification for hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(1):10–7.CrossRefPubMed Lin CL, Kao JH. Risk stratification for hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(1):10–7.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European concerted action on viral hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut. 2000;46:420–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European concerted action on viral hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut. 2000;46:420–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Terrault NA, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):261–83.CrossRefPubMed Terrault NA, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):261–83.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Jonas MM, et al. Antiviral therapy in management of chronic hepatitis B viral infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):307–18.CrossRefPubMed Jonas MM, et al. Antiviral therapy in management of chronic hepatitis B viral infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):307–18.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (Feb 7 2018). World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (Feb 7 2018).
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweitzer A, et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1546–55.CrossRefPubMed Schweitzer A, et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1546–55.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lemoine M, Thursz MR. Battlefield against hepatitis B infection and HCC in Africa. J Hepatol. 2017;66(3):645–54.CrossRefPubMed Lemoine M, Thursz MR. Battlefield against hepatitis B infection and HCC in Africa. J Hepatol. 2017;66(3):645–54.CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Komas NP, et al. Cross-sectional study of hepatitis B virus infection in rural communities, central African Republic. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):286.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Komas NP, et al. Cross-sectional study of hepatitis B virus infection in rural communities, central African Republic. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):286.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernier RH, et al. Hepatitis B infection in households of chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen: factors associated with prevalence of infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(2):199–211.CrossRefPubMed Bernier RH, et al. Hepatitis B infection in households of chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen: factors associated with prevalence of infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(2):199–211.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res. 2007;37(s1):S9–19.CrossRefPubMed Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res. 2007;37(s1):S9–19.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimakawa Y, et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longitudinal population-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65(12):2007–16.CrossRefPubMed Shimakawa Y, et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longitudinal population-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65(12):2007–16.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirk GD, et al. The Gambia liver cancer study: infection with hepatitis B and C and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa. Hepatology. 2004;39(1):211–9.CrossRefPubMed Kirk GD, et al. The Gambia liver cancer study: infection with hepatitis B and C and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa. Hepatology. 2004;39(1):211–9.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kew MC, et al. Increased hepatocarcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus genotype A in Bantu-speaking sub-Saharan Africans. J Med Virol. 2005;75(4):513–21.CrossRefPubMed Kew MC, et al. Increased hepatocarcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus genotype A in Bantu-speaking sub-Saharan Africans. J Med Virol. 2005;75(4):513–21.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen DS, et al. Report from a Viral Hepatitis Policy Forum on implementing the WHO framework for global action on viral hepatitis in North Asia. J Hepatol. 2013;59(5):1073–80.CrossRefPubMed Chen DS, et al. Report from a Viral Hepatitis Policy Forum on implementing the WHO framework for global action on viral hepatitis in North Asia. J Hepatol. 2013;59(5):1073–80.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Stockdale AJ, Phillips RO, Geretti AM, et al. The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) shows poor correlation with transient elastography measurements of liver fibrosis in HIV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in West Africa. Response to: ‘The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) predicts significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic HBV infection in West Africa’ by Lemoine et al. Gut. 2016;65(5):882–4.CrossRefPubMed Stockdale AJ, Phillips RO, Geretti AM, et al. The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) shows poor correlation with transient elastography measurements of liver fibrosis in HIV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in West Africa. Response to: ‘The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) predicts significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic HBV infection in West Africa’ by Lemoine et al. Gut. 2016;65(5):882–4.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Lertpipopmetha K, Auewarakul CU. High incidence of hepatitis B infection-associated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Southeast Asian patients with portal vein thrombosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:66.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lertpipopmetha K, Auewarakul CU. High incidence of hepatitis B infection-associated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Southeast Asian patients with portal vein thrombosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:66.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization, Regional Office of Southeast Asia., Regional action plan for viral hepatitis in South-East Asia: 2016–2021. 2017: New Delhi. World Health Organization, Regional Office of Southeast Asia., Regional action plan for viral hepatitis in South-East Asia: 2016–2021. 2017: New Delhi.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. Global hepatitis report 2017 executive summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. WHO. Global hepatitis report 2017 executive summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
39.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Leroi C, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Thailand: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;51:36–43.CrossRefPubMed Leroi C, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Thailand: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;51:36–43.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat The Kirby Institute. Hepatitis B and C in Australia annual surveillance report supplement 2016. Sydney: UNSW; 2016. The Kirby Institute. Hepatitis B and C in Australia annual surveillance report supplement 2016. Sydney: UNSW; 2016.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang P, et al. The independent impact of newborn hepatitis B vaccination on reducing HBV prevalence in China, 1992–2006: a mathematical model analysis. J Theor Biol. 2015;386:115–21.CrossRefPubMed Liang P, et al. The independent impact of newborn hepatitis B vaccination on reducing HBV prevalence in China, 1992–2006: a mathematical model analysis. J Theor Biol. 2015;386:115–21.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Ott JJ, et al. Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades—a global analysis. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):48–54.CrossRefPubMed Ott JJ, et al. Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades—a global analysis. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):48–54.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang P, et al. The independent impact of newborn hepatitis B vaccination on reducing HBV prevalence in China, 1992–2006: a mathematical model analysis. J Theor Biol. 2015;386:115–21.CrossRefPubMed Liang P, et al. The independent impact of newborn hepatitis B vaccination on reducing HBV prevalence in China, 1992–2006: a mathematical model analysis. J Theor Biol. 2015;386:115–21.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, The growing threats of hepatitis B and C in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a call for action in Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean. 2009. World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, The growing threats of hepatitis B and C in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a call for action in Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean. 2009.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Allison RD, et al. Hepatitis B control among children in the Eastern Mediterranean region of the World Health Organization. Vaccine. 2016;34(21):2403–9.CrossRefPubMed Allison RD, et al. Hepatitis B control among children in the Eastern Mediterranean region of the World Health Organization. Vaccine. 2016;34(21):2403–9.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali M, et al. Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes. Virol J. 2011;8:102.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ali M, et al. Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes. Virol J. 2011;8:102.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Talaat M, et al. Case-control study to evaluate risk factors for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(1):4–9.CrossRefPubMed Talaat M, et al. Case-control study to evaluate risk factors for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(1):4–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Talaat M, et al. Occupational exposure to needlestick injuries and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in Egypt. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31(8):469–74.CrossRefPubMed Talaat M, et al. Occupational exposure to needlestick injuries and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in Egypt. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31(8):469–74.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Usman HR, et al. Injections in health care settings: a risk factor for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130(2):293–300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Usman HR, et al. Injections in health care settings: a risk factor for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130(2):293–300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Systematic review on hepatitis B and C prevalence in the EU/EEA. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Systematic review on hepatitis B and C prevalence in the EU/EEA. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Pruss-Ustun A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. Am J Ind Med. 2005;48(6):482–90.CrossRefPubMed Pruss-Ustun A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. Am J Ind Med. 2005;48(6):482–90.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstraat SHI, et al. Current prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection in the general population, blood donors and pregnant women in the EU/EEA: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(14):2873–85.CrossRefPubMed Hofstraat SHI, et al. Current prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection in the general population, blood donors and pregnant women in the EU/EEA: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(14):2873–85.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat CDC., Viral hepatitis surveillance—United States 2015. 2017. CDC., Viral hepatitis surveillance—United States 2015. 2017.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Kowdley KV, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin. Hepatology. 2012;56(2):422–33.CrossRefPubMed Kowdley KV, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin. Hepatology. 2012;56(2):422–33.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Ioannou GN. Hepatitis B virus in the united states: infection, exposure, and immunity rates in a nationally representative survey. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):319–28.CrossRefPubMed Ioannou GN. Hepatitis B virus in the united states: infection, exposure, and immunity rates in a nationally representative survey. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):319–28.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Devesa M, Pujol FH. Hepatitis B virus genetic diversity in Latin America. Virus Res. 2007;127(2):177–84.CrossRefPubMed Devesa M, Pujol FH. Hepatitis B virus genetic diversity in Latin America. Virus Res. 2007;127(2):177–84.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Echevarría JM, León P. Epidemiology of viruses causing chronic hepatitis among populations from the Amazon Basin and related ecosystems. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2003;19:1583–91.CrossRefPubMed Echevarría JM, León P. Epidemiology of viruses causing chronic hepatitis among populations from the Amazon Basin and related ecosystems. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2003;19:1583–91.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Souto FJD. Distribution of hepatitis B infection in Brazil: the epidemiological situation at the beginning of the 21st century. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49:11–23.CrossRefPubMed Souto FJD. Distribution of hepatitis B infection in Brazil: the epidemiological situation at the beginning of the 21st century. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49:11–23.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson NP, Easterbrook PJ, McMahon BJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20(4):607–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nelson NP, Easterbrook PJ, McMahon BJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20(4):607–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Ai-Faleh FZ, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect. 1999;38(3):167–70.CrossRef Ai-Faleh FZ, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect. 1999;38(3):167–70.CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin CL, Kao JH. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission: the key of hepatitis B virus elimination. Hepatol Int. 2018;12(2):94–6.CrossRefPubMed Lin CL, Kao JH. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission: the key of hepatitis B virus elimination. Hepatol Int. 2018;12(2):94–6.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown RS Jr, et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):319–33.CrossRefPubMed Brown RS Jr, et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):319–33.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan CQ, et al. Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(24):2324–34.CrossRefPubMed Pan CQ, et al. Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(24):2324–34.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Stasi C. Global burden of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in prison. Epidemiol Open Access. 2017;07(05):58. Stasi C. Global burden of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in prison. Epidemiol Open Access. 2017;07(05):58.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. Report for the safe injection global network (SIGN) meeting 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. WHO. Report for the safe injection global network (SIGN) meeting 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Degenhardt L, et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(12):1385–98.CrossRefPubMed Degenhardt L, et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(12):1385–98.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Spradling PR, et al. Infrequent clinical assessment of chronic hepatitis B patients in United States general healthcare settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1205–8.PubMed Spradling PR, et al. Infrequent clinical assessment of chronic hepatitis B patients in United States general healthcare settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1205–8.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lok AS, et al. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):284–306.CrossRefPubMed Lok AS, et al. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):284–306.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin CL, Kao JH. Review article: novel therapies for hepatitis B virus cure—advances and perspectives. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(3):213–22.CrossRefPubMed Lin CL, Kao JH. Review article: novel therapies for hepatitis B virus cure—advances and perspectives. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(3):213–22.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Kao JH. Hepatitis B vaccination and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;29(6):907–17.CrossRefPubMed Kao JH. Hepatitis B vaccination and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;29(6):907–17.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Wendland A, et al. Undocumented migrant women in Denmark have inadequate access to pregnancy screening and have a higher prevalence hepatitis B virus infection compared to documented migrants in Denmark: a prevalence study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:426.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wendland A, et al. Undocumented migrant women in Denmark have inadequate access to pregnancy screening and have a higher prevalence hepatitis B virus infection compared to documented migrants in Denmark: a prevalence study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:426.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).
Metadaten
Titel
Global HBV burden: guesstimates and facts
verfasst von
Dina Ginzberg
Robert J. Wong
Robert Gish
Publikationsdatum
27.07.2018
Verlag
Springer India
Erschienen in
Hepatology International / Ausgabe 4/2018
Print ISSN: 1936-0533
Elektronische ISSN: 1936-0541
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-018-9884-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2018

Hepatology International 4/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.