Background
Methods
Population
Questionnaires
Outcome variable, 2005
Mental health and general health questionnaire
Exposure variables (place and person factors) and confounders, 1999
Green qualities (place factor)
Physical activity (person factor)
Financial stress and living conditions (person factors)
Potential confounders
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalences
Men | Women | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Recreational characters 1999:
| ||||||
Wild
| 145 | 3.6 | 176 | 3.5 | 320 | 3.6 |
Space
| 478 | 12.0 | 523 | 10.5 | 1001 | 11.2 |
Serene
| 244 | 6.1 | 313 | 6.3 | 558 | 6.2 |
Culture
| 981 | 24.5 | 1171 | 23.6 | 2154 | 24.0 |
Lush
| 1116 | 27.9 | 1291 | 26.0 | 2408 | 26.9 |
Number of recreational characters 1999:
| ||||||
0
| 2220 | 55.5 | 2876 | 57.9 | 5098 | 56.8 |
1
| 1073 | 26.8 | 1284 | 25.9 | 2359 | 26.3 |
2
| 358 | 9.0 | 415 | 8.4 | 774 | 8.6 |
3
| 223 | 5.6 | 221 | 4.5 | 444 | 5.0 |
4
| 109 | 2.7 | 153 | 3.1 | 262 | 2.9 |
5
| 14 | 0.4 | 17 | 0.3 | 31 | 0.3 |
Poor mental health 1999 (GHQ12)
| 498 | 13.1 | 883 | 19.0 | 1424 | 16.4 |
Physical activity 1999:
| ||||||
Sedentary
| 525 | 13.6 | 673 | 14.1 | 1198 | 13.9 |
Moderate activity
| 2477 | 64.1 | 3133 | 65.5 | 5613 | 64.9 |
Regular exercise
| 732 | 18.9 | 922 | 19.3 | 1654 | 19.1 |
Regular advanced exercise
| 129 | 3.3 | 55 | 1.1 | 184 | 2.1 |
Country of origin (1999):
| ||||||
- other than Sweden
| 366 | 9.2 | 444 | 9.0 | 810 | 9.1 |
Cohabiting :
| ||||||
- No
| 938 | 23.8 | 1299 | 26.5 | 2237 | 25.3 |
Financial stress :
| ||||||
-Stressed
| 287 | 7.3 | 459 | 9.5 | 746 | 8.5 |
-Slightly stressed
| 669 | 16.7 | 895 | 18.5 | 1564 | 17.9 |
-Not stressed
| 2957 | 75.6 | 3485 | 72.0 | 6445 | 73.6 |
Mean age (years)
| 50.8 | 50.0 | 50.1 |
Crude odds ratio, adjusted for mental health 1999/2000
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Crude OR, (95% CI) | N | Crude OR, (95% CI) | |
Poor mental health 1999
| 364 | 5.3(4.1–6.8) | 633 | 3.7 (3.0–4.5) |
Access to Serene 1999
| 384 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 670 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
Access to Wild 1999
| 384 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 670 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
Access to space 1999
| 384 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 670 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
Access to culture 1999
| 384 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 670 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
Access to lush 1999
| 384 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 670 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) |
Access to recreational values 1999
| ||||
1 vs zero
| 1030 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1198 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
2 vs zero
| 339 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 390 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
3 vs zero
| 213 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 207 | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
4 vs zero
| 98 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 141 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) |
5 vs zero
| 13 | 0.3 (0.04–2.8) | 14 | 1.5 (0.4–5.6) |
Physical activity 1999
| ||||
Little vs sedentary
| 2353 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 2936 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
Regular exercise vs sed
| 694 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 869 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
Advanced exer vs sed
| 124 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 52 | 0.2 (0.05–0.9) |
Financial stress 1999
| ||||
Severe vs none
| 274 | 2.9 (2.1–4.2) | 436 | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) |
Moderate vs none
| 629 | 1.5 (1.2–2.1) | 842 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) |
Not cohabiting vs cohabiting (1999)
| 469 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 844 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
Age
| ||||
39–51 vs younger
| 921 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1213 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
52–62 vs 18–38
| 967 | 0.5(0.4–0.7) | 1089 | 0.7(0.5–0.8) |
63–81 vs 18–38
| 908 | 0.6(0.4–0.9) | 1017 | 0.6(0.5–0.8) |
Country of origin
| ||||
–Other than Sweden
| 475 | 2.5 (1.8–3.4) | 848 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
Interaction variables, 1999:
| ||||
Access to ser and active*
| 0.3(0.04–2.5) | 0.2(0.06–0.9) | ||
Access to ser and passive*
| 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | ||
Not access to ser and active*
| 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | ||
Access to wild and active*
| 1.4(0.4–5.3) | 1.1 (0.4–3.3) | ||
Access to wild and passive*
| 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | ||
Not access to wild and active*
| 0.4 (0.2–1.1) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | ||
Access to space and active*
| 0.9(0.4–2.3) | 0.3(0.1–0.9) | ||
Access to space and passive*
| 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | ||
Not access to space and active*
| 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | ||
Access to culture and active*
| 0.8(0.5–1.5) | 0.8(0.5–1.2) | ||
Access to culture and passive*
| 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | ||
Not access to culture and active*
| 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | ||
Access to lush and active*
| 0.8(0.5–1.4) | 0.8(0.5–1.3) | ||
Access to lush and passive*
| 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | ||
Not access to lush and active*
| 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | ||
Access to 1 or more recr values and active**
| 0.8(0.5–1.3) | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | ||
Access to 1 or more recr values and passive**
| 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | ||
No access to recr values and active**
| 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
Adjusted odds ratios
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | p | OR | CI | P | |
Slight financial stress
a
| 1.4 | 1.0–1.9 | 0.039 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | 0.015 |
Severe financial stress
a
| 2.3 | 1.6–3.4 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.5–2.7 | <0.001 |
Not cohabiting
b
| 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | 0.089 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | 0.67 |
Born outside Sweden
c
| 2.1 | 1.5–2.9 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 0.63 |
Age
| 1.0 | 0.98–1.0 | 0.032 | 1.0 | 0.98–0.99 | <0.001 |
Poor mental health 1999
d
| 4.2 | 3.2–5.5 | <0.0001 | 3.2 | 2.6–3.9 | <0.001 |
Access to serene
| 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 0.77 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.29 |
Access to space
| 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | 0.74 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.6 | 0.54 |
Access to 1 or more recr values
| 0.9 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.49 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.54 |
Physical activity
| ||||||
Little vs sedentary
| 0.9 | 0.7–1.3 | 0.65 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.47 |
Regular vs sedentary
| 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.79 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.3 | 0.54 |
Advanced vs sedentary
| 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 0.77 | 0.2 | 0.04–0.83 | 0.027 |
Interaction variables:
| ||||||
Access to serene and physically active
e
| 0.3 | 0.04–2.4 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.06–0.9 | 0.05 |
Access to space and physically active
e
| 1.0 | 0.4–2.5 | 0.96 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.045 |
Access to 1 or more recr values & physically active
e
| 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.66 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.21 |