Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 10/2016

16.08.2016 | Fertilität und Kinderwunsch | Leitthema

Endometrium unter reproduktionsmedizinischen Aspekten

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. T. Strowitzki, Prof. Dr. A. Germeyer

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 10/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die endometriale Differenzierung und ein abgestimmter embryomaternaler Dialog sind grundlegende Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Schwangerschaft. Zahllose Faktoren sind in einem Netzwerk aktiv, deren Zusammenwirken und mögliche Bedeutung für die Therapie beschrieben werden. Die Dezidualisierung wird gesteuert von Steroidhormonen, Wachstumsfaktoren, Zytokinen, weiteren Signalwegen und immunologischen Prozessen. Wichtige Signale sind u. a. das IGF(„insulin-like growth factor“)-System, die TGF(„transforming growth factor“)-ß-Familie und Prostaglandine. Der Grad der Dezidualisierung kann mit Biomarkern, wie Prolaktin, IGFBP(„insulin-like growth factor-binding protein“)-1 oder LEFTY2 („NODAL-signaling pathway inhibitor left-right determination factor“), bzw. durch histologisches Dating beschrieben werden. Apposition, Bindung und Implantation des Embryos werden u. a. von Selektinen, Integrinen und HB-EGF („heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor“) gesteuert. Zur Bestimmung der Rezeptivität des Endometriums werden Genexpressionstests klinisch getestet. Eindeutige Therapiekonzepte zur Verbesserung der Rezeptivität bzw. der Implantation haben sich aber bis dato nicht ableiten lassen. Eingesetzt werden z.  B. Fettemulsionen bei Überexpression uteriner NK(„natural killer“)-Zellen oder endometriales Scratching. Für Kortikoide und Acetylsalicylsäure konnten keine positiven Einflüsse auf die endometriale Rezeptivität nachgewiesen werden.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Arck PC, Hecher K (2013) Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and ist consequences for maternal and offspring‘s health. Nat Med 19:548–556CrossRefPubMed Arck PC, Hecher K (2013) Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and ist consequences for maternal and offspring‘s health. Nat Med 19:548–556CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrientos G, Freitag N, Tirado-Gonzalez I, Unverdorben L, Jeschke U, Thijssen VLJL, Blois SM (2014) Involvement of galectin-I in reproduction: past, present and future. Hum Reprod Update 20:175–193CrossRefPubMed Barrientos G, Freitag N, Tirado-Gonzalez I, Unverdorben L, Jeschke U, Thijssen VLJL, Blois SM (2014) Involvement of galectin-I in reproduction: past, present and future. Hum Reprod Update 20:175–193CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bazer FW, Wu G, Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bayless K (2010) Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Mol Hum Reprod 16:135–152CrossRefPubMed Bazer FW, Wu G, Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bayless K (2010) Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Mol Hum Reprod 16:135–152CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhagwat SR, Chandrashekar DS, Kakar R, Davuluri S, Baipal AK, Nayak S, Bhutada S, Acharya K, Sachdeva G (2013) Endometrial receptivity: a revisit to functional genomics studies on human endometrium and creation of HGex-ERdb. PLoS ONE 8:e58419CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bhagwat SR, Chandrashekar DS, Kakar R, Davuluri S, Baipal AK, Nayak S, Bhutada S, Acharya K, Sachdeva G (2013) Endometrial receptivity: a revisit to functional genomics studies on human endometrium and creation of HGex-ERdb. PLoS ONE 8:e58419CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Blesa D, Ruiz-Alonso M, Simon C (2014) Clinical management of endometrial receptivity. Semin Reprod Med 32:410–413CrossRefPubMed Blesa D, Ruiz-Alonso M, Simon C (2014) Clinical management of endometrial receptivity. Semin Reprod Med 32:410–413CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Blois SM, Ilarregui JM, Tometten M et al (2007) A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance. Nat Med 13:1450–1457CrossRefPubMed Blois SM, Ilarregui JM, Tometten M et al (2007) A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance. Nat Med 13:1450–1457CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourdiec A, Calvo E, Rao CV, Akoum A (2013) Transcriptome analysis reveals new insights into the modulation of endometrial stromal cell receptive phenotype by embryo-derived signals interleukin-1 and human chorionic gonadotropin: possible involvement in early embryo implantation. PLoS ONE 8:e64829CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bourdiec A, Calvo E, Rao CV, Akoum A (2013) Transcriptome analysis reveals new insights into the modulation of endometrial stromal cell receptive phenotype by embryo-derived signals interleukin-1 and human chorionic gonadotropin: possible involvement in early embryo implantation. PLoS ONE 8:e64829CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Brinsden PR, Alam V, de Moustier B, Engrand P (2009) Recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor does not improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive techniques in women with recurrent unexplained implantation failure. Fertil Steril 91:1445–1447CrossRefPubMed Brinsden PR, Alam V, de Moustier B, Engrand P (2009) Recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor does not improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive techniques in women with recurrent unexplained implantation failure. Fertil Steril 91:1445–1447CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK (2012) Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat Med 18:1754–1767CrossRefPubMed Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK (2012) Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat Med 18:1754–1767CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheong Y, Boomsma C, Heijnen C, Macklon N (2013) Uterine secretomics: a window on the maternal-embryo interface. Fertil Steril 99:1093–1099CrossRefPubMed Cheong Y, Boomsma C, Heijnen C, Macklon N (2013) Uterine secretomics: a window on the maternal-embryo interface. Fertil Steril 99:1093–1099CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Erlebacher A (2013) Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface. Annu Rev Immunol 31:387–411CrossRefPubMed Erlebacher A (2013) Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface. Annu Rev Immunol 31:387–411CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Fatemi HM, Popovic-Todorovic B (2013) Implantation in assisted reproduction: a look at endometrial receptivity. Reprod Biomed Online 27:530–538CrossRefPubMed Fatemi HM, Popovic-Todorovic B (2013) Implantation in assisted reproduction: a look at endometrial receptivity. Reprod Biomed Online 27:530–538CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzgerald JS, Germeyer A, Huppertz B, Jeschke U, Knöfler M, Moser G, Scholz C, Sonderegger S, Toth B, Markert UR (2010) Governing the invasive trophoblast: current aspects on intra- and extracellular regulation. Am J Reprod Immunol 63:492–505CrossRefPubMed Fitzgerald JS, Germeyer A, Huppertz B, Jeschke U, Knöfler M, Moser G, Scholz C, Sonderegger S, Toth B, Markert UR (2010) Governing the invasive trophoblast: current aspects on intra- and extracellular regulation. Am J Reprod Immunol 63:492–505CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Franasiak J, Holoch K, Yuan L, Fritz MA, Young S, Lessey BA (2014) Prospective assessment of midsecretory endometrial leukemia inhibitor factor expression versus ανβ3 testing in women with unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 101:1724–1731CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Franasiak J, Holoch K, Yuan L, Fritz MA, Young S, Lessey BA (2014) Prospective assessment of midsecretory endometrial leukemia inhibitor factor expression versus ανβ3 testing in women with unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 101:1724–1731CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Frolova AI, Morley KH (2011) Glucose transporters in the uterus: an analysis of tissue distribution and proposed physiological roles. Reproduction 142:211–220CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Frolova AI, Morley KH (2011) Glucose transporters in the uterus: an analysis of tissue distribution and proposed physiological roles. Reproduction 142:211–220CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Velasco JA, Fassbender A, Ruiz-Alonso M, Blesa D, D’Hooghe T, Simon C (2015) Is endometrial receptivity transcriptomics affected in women with endometriosis? A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 31:647–654CrossRefPubMed Garcia-Velasco JA, Fassbender A, Ruiz-Alonso M, Blesa D, D’Hooghe T, Simon C (2015) Is endometrial receptivity transcriptomics affected in women with endometriosis? A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 31:647–654CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Garrido-Gómez T, Ruiz-Alonso M, Blesa D, Diaz-Gimeno P, Vilella F, Simón C (2013) Profiling the gene signature of endometrial receptivity: clinical results. Fertil Steril 99:1078–1085CrossRefPubMed Garrido-Gómez T, Ruiz-Alonso M, Blesa D, Diaz-Gimeno P, Vilella F, Simón C (2013) Profiling the gene signature of endometrial receptivity: clinical results. Fertil Steril 99:1078–1085CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Gellersen B, Brosens JJ (2014) Cyclic dezidualization of the human endometrium in reproductive health and failure. Endocr Rev 35:851–905CrossRefPubMed Gellersen B, Brosens JJ (2014) Cyclic dezidualization of the human endometrium in reproductive health and failure. Endocr Rev 35:851–905CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Genbachev OD, Prakobphol A, Foulk RA, Krtolica AR, Ilic D, Singer MS, Yang ZQ, Kiessling LL, Rosen SD, Fisher SJ (2003) Trophoblast L‑selectin-mediated adhesion at the maternal-fetal interface. Science 299:405–408CrossRef Genbachev OD, Prakobphol A, Foulk RA, Krtolica AR, Ilic D, Singer MS, Yang ZQ, Kiessling LL, Rosen SD, Fisher SJ (2003) Trophoblast L‑selectin-mediated adhesion at the maternal-fetal interface. Science 299:405–408CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimaldi G, Christian M, Quenby S, Brosens JJ (2012) Expression of epigenetic effectors in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Hum Reprod 18:451–458CrossRefPubMed Grimaldi G, Christian M, Quenby S, Brosens JJ (2012) Expression of epigenetic effectors in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Hum Reprod 18:451–458CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Groeneveld E, Broeze KA, Lambers MJ, Haapsamo M, Dirckx K, Schoot BC, Salle B, Duvan CI, Schats R, Mol BW, Hompes PG, IPD MARIA Study Group (2011) Is aspirin effective in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)? Results from an individual patient data meta-analysis (IPD MA). Hum Reprod Update 17:501–509CrossRefPubMed Groeneveld E, Broeze KA, Lambers MJ, Haapsamo M, Dirckx K, Schoot BC, Salle B, Duvan CI, Schats R, Mol BW, Hompes PG, IPD MARIA Study Group (2011) Is aspirin effective in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)? Results from an individual patient data meta-analysis (IPD MA). Hum Reprod Update 17:501–509CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J (2013) The role of progesterone in implantation and trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 97:43–50CrossRefPubMed Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J (2013) The role of progesterone in implantation and trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 97:43–50CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Irwin JC, Giudice LC (1998) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 binds to placental cytotrophoblast alpha5beta1 integrin and inhibits cytotrophoblast invasion into decidualized endometrial stromal cultures. Growth Horm IGF Res 8:21–31CrossRefPubMed Irwin JC, Giudice LC (1998) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 binds to placental cytotrophoblast alpha5beta1 integrin and inhibits cytotrophoblast invasion into decidualized endometrial stromal cultures. Growth Horm IGF Res 8:21–31CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Jabbour HN, Critchley HO (2001) Potential roles of decidual prolactin in early pregnancy. Reproduction 121:197–205CrossRefPubMed Jabbour HN, Critchley HO (2001) Potential roles of decidual prolactin in early pregnancy. Reproduction 121:197–205CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang YJ, Forbes K, Carver J, Aplin JD (2014) The role of the osteopontin-integrin αvβ3 interaction at implantation: functional analysis using three different in vitro models. Hum Reprod 29:739–749CrossRefPubMed Kang YJ, Forbes K, Carver J, Aplin JD (2014) The role of the osteopontin-integrin αvβ3 interaction at implantation: functional analysis using three different in vitro models. Hum Reprod 29:739–749CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Koot YE, Macklon NS (2013) Embryo implantation: biology, evaluation, and enhancement. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 25:274–279CrossRefPubMed Koot YE, Macklon NS (2013) Embryo implantation: biology, evaluation, and enhancement. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 25:274–279CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Lessey BA, Damjanovich L, Coutifaris C, Castelbaum A, Albelda SM, Buck CA (1992) Integrin adhesion molecules in the human endometrium. Correlation with the normal and abnormal menstrual cycle. J Clin Invest 90:188–951CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lessey BA, Damjanovich L, Coutifaris C, Castelbaum A, Albelda SM, Buck CA (1992) Integrin adhesion molecules in the human endometrium. Correlation with the normal and abnormal menstrual cycle. J Clin Invest 90:188–951CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lessey B (2013) Assessment of endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 96:522–529CrossRef Lessey B (2013) Assessment of endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 96:522–529CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Q, Kannan A, Wang W et al (2007) Bone morphogenetic protein 2 functions via a conserved signaling pathway involving Wnt4 to regulate uterine decidualization in the mouse and the human. J Biol Chem 282:31725–31732CrossRefPubMed Li Q, Kannan A, Wang W et al (2007) Bone morphogenetic protein 2 functions via a conserved signaling pathway involving Wnt4 to regulate uterine decidualization in the mouse and the human. J Biol Chem 282:31725–31732CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Nancy P, Tagliani E, Tay CS, Asp P, Levy DE, Erlebacher A (2012) Chemokine gene silencing in decidual stromal cells limits T cell access to the maternal-fetal interface. Science 336:1317–1321CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nancy P, Tagliani E, Tay CS, Asp P, Levy DE, Erlebacher A (2012) Chemokine gene silencing in decidual stromal cells limits T cell access to the maternal-fetal interface. Science 336:1317–1321CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Nastri CO, Lensen SF, Gibreel A, Raine-Fenning N, Ferriani RA, Bhattacharya S, Martins WP (2015) Endometrial injury in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD009517. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009517.pub3 PubMed Nastri CO, Lensen SF, Gibreel A, Raine-Fenning N, Ferriani RA, Bhattacharya S, Martins WP (2015) Endometrial injury in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD009517. doi:10.​1002/​14651858.​cd009517.​pub3 PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Noyes RW, Hertig AT, Rock J (1950) Dating the endometrial biopsy. Fertil Steril 1:3–25CrossRef Noyes RW, Hertig AT, Rock J (1950) Dating the endometrial biopsy. Fertil Steril 1:3–25CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn CE, Casper RF (2009) Pinopodes: a questionable role in endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod Update 15:229–236CrossRefPubMed Quinn CE, Casper RF (2009) Pinopodes: a questionable role in endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod Update 15:229–236CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Racicot KE, Wünsche V, Auerbach B, Aldo P, Silasi M, Mor G (2014) Human chorionic gonadotropin enhances trophoblast-epithelial interaction in an in vitro model of human implantation. Reprod Sci 21:1274–1280CrossRefPubMed Racicot KE, Wünsche V, Auerbach B, Aldo P, Silasi M, Mor G (2014) Human chorionic gonadotropin enhances trophoblast-epithelial interaction in an in vitro model of human implantation. Reprod Sci 21:1274–1280CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Rai R, Sacks G, Trew G (2005) Natural killer cells and reproductive failure–theory, practice and prejudice. Hum Reprod 20:1123–1126CrossRefPubMed Rai R, Sacks G, Trew G (2005) Natural killer cells and reproductive failure–theory, practice and prejudice. Hum Reprod 20:1123–1126CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh M, Chaudry P, Asselin E (2011) Bridging endometrial receptivity and implantation: network of hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. J Endocrinol 210:5–14CrossRefPubMed Singh M, Chaudry P, Asselin E (2011) Bridging endometrial receptivity and implantation: network of hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. J Endocrinol 210:5–14CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart CL, Kaspar P, Brunet LJ, Bhatt H, Gadi I, Kontgen F et al (1992) Blastocyst implantation depends on maternal expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor. Nature 359:76–79CrossRefPubMed Stewart CL, Kaspar P, Brunet LJ, Bhatt H, Gadi I, Kontgen F et al (1992) Blastocyst implantation depends on maternal expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor. Nature 359:76–79CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Strowitzki T, Germeyer A, Popovici R, von Wolff M (2006) The human endometrium as a fertility-determining factor. Hum Reprod Update 12:617–630CrossRefPubMed Strowitzki T, Germeyer A, Popovici R, von Wolff M (2006) The human endometrium as a fertility-determining factor. Hum Reprod Update 12:617–630CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Suman P, Shembekar N, Gupta SK (2013) Leukemia inhibitory factor increases the invasiveness of trophoblastic cells through integrated increase in the expression of adhesion molecules and pappalysin 1 with a concomitant decrease in the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Fertil Steril 99:533–542CrossRefPubMed Suman P, Shembekar N, Gupta SK (2013) Leukemia inhibitory factor increases the invasiveness of trophoblastic cells through integrated increase in the expression of adhesion molecules and pappalysin 1 with a concomitant decrease in the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Fertil Steril 99:533–542CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Surveyor GA, Gendler SJ, Pemberton L, Spicer AP, Carson DD (1993) Differential expression of Muc-1 at the apical cell surface of mouse uterine epithelial cells. FASEB J 17:1151 a Surveyor GA, Gendler SJ, Pemberton L, Spicer AP, Carson DD (1993) Differential expression of Muc-1 at the apical cell surface of mouse uterine epithelial cells. FASEB J 17:1151 a
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Tapia-Pizarro A, Argandoña F, Palomino WA, Devoto L (2013) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) modulation of TIMP1 secretion by human endometrial stromal cells facilitates extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro. Hum Reprod 28:2215–2227CrossRefPubMed Tapia-Pizarro A, Argandoña F, Palomino WA, Devoto L (2013) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) modulation of TIMP1 secretion by human endometrial stromal cells facilitates extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro. Hum Reprod 28:2215–2227CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Tirado-González I, Freitag N, Barrientos G, Shaikly V, Nagaeva O, Strand M, Kjellberg L, Klapp BF, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Cohen M, Blois SM (2013) Galektin-1 influences trophoblast immune evasion and emerges as a predictive factor for the outcome of pregnancy. Mol Hum Reprod 19:43–53CrossRefPubMed Tirado-González I, Freitag N, Barrientos G, Shaikly V, Nagaeva O, Strand M, Kjellberg L, Klapp BF, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Cohen M, Blois SM (2013) Galektin-1 influences trophoblast immune evasion and emerges as a predictive factor for the outcome of pregnancy. Mol Hum Reprod 19:43–53CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Sinderen M, Menkhorst E, Winship A, Cuman C, Dimitriadis E (2013) Preimplantation human blastocyst-endometrial interactions: the role of inflammatory mediators. Am J Reprod Immunol 69:427–440CrossRefPubMed Van Sinderen M, Menkhorst E, Winship A, Cuman C, Dimitriadis E (2013) Preimplantation human blastocyst-endometrial interactions: the role of inflammatory mediators. Am J Reprod Immunol 69:427–440CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Vilella F, Ramirez LB, Simón C (2013) Lipidomics as an emerging tool to predict endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 99:1100–1106CrossRefPubMed Vilella F, Ramirez LB, Simón C (2013) Lipidomics as an emerging tool to predict endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 99:1100–1106CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Vitiello D, Patrizio P (2007) Implantation and early embryonic development: implications for pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 31:204–207CrossRefPubMed Vitiello D, Patrizio P (2007) Implantation and early embryonic development: implications for pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 31:204–207CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat von Wolff M, Ursel S, Hahn U, Steldinger R, Strowitzki T (2003) Glucose transporter proteins (GLUT) in human endometrium: expression, regulation, and function throughout the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3885–3892CrossRef von Wolff M, Ursel S, Hahn U, Steldinger R, Strowitzki T (2003) Glucose transporter proteins (GLUT) in human endometrium: expression, regulation, and function throughout the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3885–3892CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat von Wolff M, Bohlmann MK, Fiedler C, Ursel S, Strowitzki T (2004) Osteopontin is up-regulated in human decidual stromal cells. Fertil Steril 81(Suppl 1):741–748CrossRef von Wolff M, Bohlmann MK, Fiedler C, Ursel S, Strowitzki T (2004) Osteopontin is up-regulated in human decidual stromal cells. Fertil Steril 81(Suppl 1):741–748CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat von Wolff M, Wang X, Gabius HJ, Strowitzki T (2005) Galektin fingerprinting in human endometrium and decidua during the menstrual cycle and in early gestation. Mol Hum Reprod 11:189–194CrossRef von Wolff M, Wang X, Gabius HJ, Strowitzki T (2005) Galektin fingerprinting in human endometrium and decidua during the menstrual cycle and in early gestation. Mol Hum Reprod 11:189–194CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999) Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 340:1796–1799CrossRefPubMed Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999) Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 340:1796–1799CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshida M, Obata R, Tsujii H (2009) Effect of relaxin and IGF-I on the pre-implantation development of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) embryos in vitro. Reprod Med Biol 8:39–43CrossRef Yoshida M, Obata R, Tsujii H (2009) Effect of relaxin and IGF-I on the pre-implantation development of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) embryos in vitro. Reprod Med Biol 8:39–43CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Endometrium unter reproduktionsmedizinischen Aspekten
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. T. Strowitzki
Prof. Dr. A. Germeyer
Publikationsdatum
16.08.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 10/2016
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-016-3944-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 10/2016

Der Gynäkologe 10/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Update Gynäkologie

Update Gynäkologie

Geschichte der Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Wilhelm Latzko (1863–1945)

Das könnte Sie auch interessieren

19.09.2016 | Mammakarzinom | Leitthema

Klinische Pathologie des Mammakarzinoms

Prognose und Prädiktion

26.07.2016 | Ovarialkarzinom | Leitthema

Ovarialkarzinom ist nicht gleich Ovarialkarzinom

Ätiopathogenese und Charakteristika von Karzinomen des Ovars, der Tube und des Peritoneums

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.