Background
Methods
Data source
Cases
Controls
Health care resource use
Symptoms
Practice-level socioeconomic status
Statistical analyses
Results
Study population
Health care resource use
Adults
Year −15 to −11 | Year −10 to −6 | Year −5 to −1 | Year 0 | Year 1 to 5 | Year 6 to 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total person years | ||||||
Cases | 4579 | 12,183 | 24,478 | 6710 | 25,447 | 10,815 |
Controls | 4649 | 12,258 | 24,564 | 6710 | 25,038 | 10, 508 |
GP consultations | ||||||
Cases (rate) | 6.42 (6.35, 6.49) | 6.77 (6.72, 6.81) | 8.06 (8.02, 8.09) | 10.6 (10.6, 10.7) | 7.11 (7.08, 7.14) | 6.59 (6.54, 6.64) |
Controls (rate) | 4.31 (4.25, 4.37) | 4.53 (4.49, 4.56) | 4.58 (4.56, 4.61) | 4.29 (4.24, 4.34) | 4.10 (4.07, 4.12) | 4.24 (4.20, 4.28) |
Rate ratio | 1.49 (1.46, 1.52) | 1.50 (1.48, 1.51) | 1.76 (1.75, 1.77) | 2.48 (2.44, 2.51) | 1.73 (1.72, 1.75) | 1.56 (1.54, 1.57) |
Diagnostic tests | ||||||
Cases (rate) | 2.50 (2.46, 2.55) | 8.01 (7.96, 8.06) | 20.4 (20.3, 20.4) | 37.0 (36.9, 37.2) | 23.1 (23.0, 23.1) | 26.4 (26.3, 26.5) |
Controls (rate) | 1.53 (1.49, 1.57) | 4.98 (4.94, 5.02) | 9.75 (9.71, 9.79) | 12.3 (12.2, 12.3) | 14.2 (14.1, 14.2) | 17.6 (17.5, 17.7) |
Rate ratio | 1.64 (1.59, 1.68) | 1.61 (1.59, 1.62) | 2.09 (2.08, 2.10) | 3.02 (3.00, 3.05) | 1.63 (1.62, 1.64) | 1.50 (1.49, 1.51) |
Prescriptions | ||||||
Cases (rate) | 6.83 (6.76, 6.91) | 6.26 (6.21, 6.30) | 6.63 (6.60, 6.67) | 7.84 (7.78, 7.91) | 6.48 (6.45, 6.51) | 6.63 (6.58, 6.68) |
Controls (rate) | 4.39 (4.33, 4.45) | 3.84 (3.81, 3.88) | 3.47 (3.45, 3.50) | 3.34 (3.29, 3.38) | 3.31 (3.29, 3.33) | 3.59 (3.56, 3.63) |
Rate ratio | 1.56 (1.53, 1.58) | 1.63 (1.61, 1.65) | 1.91 (1.89, 1.93) | 2.35 (2.31, 2.39) | 1.96 (1.94, 1.98) | 1.85 (1.82, 1.87) |
Referrals | ||||||
Cases (rate) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.86 (0.85, 0.87) | 1.38 (1.35, 1.41) | 0.76 (0.75, 0.77) | 0.71 (0.70, 0.73) |
Controls (rate) | 0.65 (0.63, 0.67) | 0.55 (0.54, 0.57) | 0.43 (0.42, 0.43) | 0.39 (0.37, 0.40) | 0.38 (0.37, 0.39) | 0.40 (0.39, 0.41) |
Rate ratio | 1.53 (1.46, 1.60) | 1.55 (1.50, 1.60) | 2.02 (1.98, 2.07) | 3.54 (3.39, 3.70) | 2.00 (1.95, 2.05) | 1.78 (1.72, 1.85) |
Children
Year −10 to −6 | Year −5 to −1 | Year 0 | Year 1 to 5 | Year 6 to 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total person years | |||||
Cases | 2088 | 3715 | 916 | 3290 | 1076 |
Controls | 1996 | 3591 | 916 | 3257 | 1077 |
GP consultations | |||||
Cases (rate) | 3.77 (3.69, 3.85) | 4.43 (4.36, 4.49) | 8.22 (8.04, 8.41) | 4.42 (4.35, 4.49) | 4.01 (3.89, 4.13) |
Controls (rate) | 2.59 (2.52, 2.66) | 1.89 (1.84, 1.93) | 2.01 (1.91, 2.10) | 2.36 (2.31, 2.42) | 2.47 (2.38, 2.57) |
Rate ratio | 1.45 (1.40, 1.51) | 2.34 (2.28, 2.41) | 4.10 (3.90, 4.31) | 1.87 (1.82, 1.92) | 1.62 (1.54, 1.70) |
Diagnostic tests | |||||
Cases (rate) | 1.42 (1.37, 1.47) | 8.44 (8.35, 8.54) | 29.4 (29.1, 29.8) | 10.3 (10.2, 10.4) | 11.8 (11.6, 12.0) |
Controls (rate) | 0.53 (0.49, 0.56) | 1.21 (1.17, 1.24) | 2.28 (2.19, 2.38) | 3.90 (3.83, 3.97) | 5.00 (4.87, 5.14) |
Rate ratio | 2.70 (2.51, 2.89) | 7.01 (6.79, 7.23) | 12.9 (12.3, 13.5) | 2.64 (2.59, 2.70) | 2.37 (2.29, 2.44) |
Prescriptions | |||||
Cases (rate) | 3.00 (2.93, 3.08) | 3.37 (3.31, 3.43) | 5.67 (5.52, 5.83) | 3.83 (3.77, 3.90) | 3.65 (3.54, 3.77) |
Controls (rate) | 2.08 (2.02, 2.14) | 1.46 (1.42, 1.50) | 1.71 (1.62, 1.79) | 1.92 (1.88, 1.97) | 1.99 (1.91, 2.07) |
Rate ratio | 1.44 (1.39, 1.50) | 2.31 (2.23, 2.38) | 3.33 (3.14, 3.52) | 1.99 (1.93, 2.05) | 1.84 (1.74, 1.93) |
Referrals | |||||
Cases (rate) | 0.25 (0.23, 0.27) | 0.43 (0.41, 0.45) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) | 0.42 (0.40, 0.44) | 0.39 (0.36, 0.43) |
Controls (rate) | 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) | 0.14 (0.13, 0.15) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.17) | 0.16 (0.15, 0.17) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.18) |
Rate ratio | 1.40 (1.22, 1.60) | 3.08 (2.79, 3.41) | 8.83 (7.38, 10.6) | 2.61 (2.36, 2.89) | 2.53 (2.12, 3.03) |
Symptoms
Adults
Year −15 to −11 | Year −10 to −6 | Year −5 to −1 | Year 0 | Year 1 to 5 | Year 6 to 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total adult person years | ||||||
Cases | 4579 | 12,183 | 24,478 | 6710 | 25,447 | 10,815 |
Controls | 4649 | 12,258 | 24,564 | 6710 | 25,038 | 10, 508 |
Adults (all symptoms) | ||||||
Cases (rate per patient year) | 1.14 (1.11, 1.17) | 1.53 (1.51, 1.55) | 2.46 (2.44, 2.48) | 3.19 (3.15, 3.23) | 2.35 (2.33, 2.37) | 2.40 (2.37, 2.43) |
Controls (rate per patient year) | 0.67 (0.65, 0.70) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 1.30 (1.29, 1.32) | 1.36 (1.34, 1.39) | 1.41 (1.40, 1.43) | 1.55 (1.53, 1.57) |
Rate ratio | 1.69 (1.62, 1.77) | 1.57 (1.53, 1.60) | 1.89 (1.87, 1.92) | 2.34 (2.28, 2.39) | 1.67 (1.65, 1.69) | 1.55 (1.52, 1.58) |
Adults (fatigue symptoms) | ||||||
Cases (rate per patient year) | 2.80 (2.31, 3.28) | 6.15 (5.71, 6.59) | 19.4 (18.9, 20.0) | 57.5 (55.7, 59.3) | 10.9 (10.5, 11.3) | 8.61 (8.06, 9.16) |
Controls (rate per patient year) | 0.34 (0.18, 0.51) | 1.61 (1.38, 1.83) | 2.31 (2.12, 2.50) | 2.62 (2.24, 3.01) | 2.66 (2.45, 2.86) | 2.29 (2.00, 2.58) |
Rate ratio | 8.12 (4.83, 13.7) | 3.83 (3.27, 4.48) | 8.40 (7.70, 9.16) | 21.9 (18.8, 25.5) | 4.10 (3.77, 4.46) | 3.75 (3.26, 4.32) |
Total paediatric person years | ||||||
Cases | 2088 | 3715 | 916 | 3290 | 1076 | |
Controls | 1996 | 3591 | 916 | 3257 | 1077 | |
Paediatric (all symptoms) | ||||||
Cases (rate per 100 patient years) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.19) | 1.74 (1.70, 1.78) | 3.12 (3.01, 3.24) | 1.62 (1.58, 1.66) | 1.53 (1.46, 1.61) | |
Controls (rate per 100 patient years) | 0.68 (0.64, 0.72) | 0.67 (0.64, 0.69) | 0.71 (0.66, 0.76) | 0.81 (0.78, 0.84) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.91) | |
Rate ratio | 1.68 (1.57, 1.79) | 2.60 (2.48, 2.73) | 4.40 (4.04, 4.79) | 2.00 (1.91, 2.10) | 1.79 (1.65, 1.94) | |
Paediatric (fatigue symptoms) | ||||||
Cases (rate per 100 patient years) | 1.39 (0.88, 1.89) | 11.6 (10.5, 12.7) | 56.3 (51.5, 61.2) | 7.36 (6.43, 8.28) | 4.83 (3.52, 6.15) | |
Controls (rate per 100 patient years) | 0.20 (0.00, 0.40) | 0.56 (0.31, 0.80) | 1.09 (0.42, 1.77) | 1.81 (1.35, 2.27) | 1.02 (0.42, 1.62) | |
Rate ratio | 6.93 (2.44, 19.7) | 20.8 (13.3, 32.6) | 51.6 (27.6, 96.5) | 4.06 (3.05, 5.40) | 4.73 (2.47, 9.07) |
Children
Variation in health care resource use by sex and socioeconomic status
Year −10 to −6 | Year −5 to −1 | Year 0 | Year 1 to 5 | Year 6 to 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year −10 to −6 | Year −5 to −1 | Year 0 | Year 1 to 5 | Year 6 to 10 | |
GP consultations | |||||
Female | 1.47 (1.45, 1.49) | 1.70 (1.69, 1.71) | 2.35 (2.31, 2.38) | 1.68 (1.66, 1.69) | 1.52 (1.50, 1.54) |
Male | 1.56 (1.53, 1.60) | 1.99 (1.96, 2.02) | 2.98 (2.90, 3.07) | 1.95 (1.92, 1.99) | 1.69 (1.65, 1.74) |
Diagnostic tests | |||||
Female | 1.60 (1.58, 1.62) | 2.01 (2.00, 2.02) | 2.87 (2.85, 2.90) | 1.58 (1.57, 1.59) | 1.51 (1.50, 1.52) |
Male | 1.61 (1.58, 1.65) | 2.39 (2.37, 2.42) | 3.56 (3.50, 3.61) | 1.80 (1.79, 1.82) | 1.49 (1.47, 1.51) |
Prescriptions | |||||
Female | 1.63 (1.61, 1.65) | 1.87 (1.85, 1.89) | 2.30 (2.26, 2.34) | 1.93 (1.91, 1.95) | 1.79 (1.77, 1.82) |
Male | 1.55 (1.51, 1.60) | 2.07 (2.03, 2.11) | 2.56 (2.47, 2.65) | 2.07 (2.03, 2.11) | 2.08 (2.03, 2.14) |
Referrals | |||||
Female | 1.49 (1.44, 1.54) | 1.95 (1.90, 2.00) | 3.34 (3.18, 3.50) | 1.95 (1.89, 2.00) | 1.78 (1.71, 1.86) |
Male | 1.77 (1.65, 1.90) | 2.30 (2.18, 2.41) | 4.32 (3.93, 4.73) | 2.18 (2.07, 2.30) | 1.80 (1.67, 1.95) |
Year −10 to −6 | Year −5 to −1 | Year 0 | Year 1 to 5 | Year 6 to 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GP consultations | |||||
Top 3 quintiles | 1.58 (1.55, 1.60) | 1.75 (1.73, 1.77) | 2.52 (2.47, 2.57) | 1.75 (1.73, 1.76) | 1.52 (1.50, 1.55) |
Bottom 2 quintiles | 1.40 (1.37, 1.43) | 1.77 (1.75, 1.80) | 2.49 (2.42, 2.56) | 1.78 (1.76, 1.81) | 1.70 (1.66, 1.75) |
Diagnostic tests | |||||
Top 3 quintiles | 1.78 (1.76, 1.81) | 2.20 (2.19, 2.22) | 3.30 (3.27, 3.34) | 1.69 (1.68, 1.70) | 1.48 (1.46, 1.49) |
Bottom 2 quintiles | 1.39 (1.37, 1.42) | 2.02 (2.00, 2.03) | 2.80 (2.76, 2.84) | 1.69 (1.68, 1.71) | 1.68 (1.66, 1.71) |
Prescriptions | |||||
Top 3 quintiles | 1.81 (1.78, 1.85) | 1.92 (1.89, 1.94) | 2.43 (2.38, 2.49) | 2.00 (1.97, 2.02) | 1.90 (1.86, 1.93) |
Bottom 2 quintiles | 1.50 (1.47, 1.53) | 1.85 (1.82, 1.88) | 2.23 (2.16, 2.30) | 1.93 (1.90, 1.96) | 2.07 (2.01, 2.13) |
Referrals | |||||
Top 3 quintiles | 1.59 (1.52, 1.66) | 2.02 (1.95, 2.09) | 3.64 (3.43, 3.86) | 2.03 (1.97, 2.10) | 1.78 (1.69, 1.87) |
Bottom 2 quintiles | 1.45 (1.38, 1.53) | 1.97 (1.88, 2.05) | 3.53 (3.25, 3.84) | 1.95 (1.86, 2.05) | 1.84 (1.69, 1.99) |