Background
Methods
Study population
Health and lifestyle variables
Economic activity
Analyses
Results
Retired before/at SPA | Worked beyond SPA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Year | ||||
2003 | 1592 | 17.41 | 549 | 16.51 |
2008 | 1470 | 16.08 | 469 | 14.10 |
2009 | 1645 | 17.99 | 598 | 17.98 |
2010 | 1662 | 18.18 | 598 | 17.98 |
2011 | 1691 | 18.49 | 632 | 19.00 |
2012 | 1084 | 11.85 | 480 | 14.43 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 4380 | 47.90 | 900 | 27.06 |
Female | 4764 | 52.10 | 2426 | 72.94 |
(26, 101) | (60, 103) | |||
Age rangeb
| ||||
45–54 | 78 | 0.85 | 0 | 0.00 |
55–64 | 1768 | 19.34 | 680 | 20.44 |
65–74 | 4146 | 45.34 | 1570 | 47.20 |
75+ | 3149 | 34.44 | 1076 | 32.35 |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 631 | 6.90 | 126 | 3.79 |
Married & living with spouse/partner | 5424 | 59.33 | 1991 | 59.86 |
Married and separated | 182 | 1.99 | 58 | 1.74 |
Divorced | 645 | 7.06 | 265 | 7.97 |
Widowed | 2260 | 24.72 | 886 | 26.64 |
SIMD quintiles | ||||
5 (least deprived) | 1764 | 19.29 | 593 | 17.83 |
4 | 1970 | 21.54 | 844 | 25.38 |
3 | 1994 | 21.81 | 841 | 25.29 |
2 | 1801 | 19.70 | 608 | 18.28 |
1 (most deprived) | 1615 | 17.66 | 440 | 13.23 |
Housing Tenure | ||||
Buying a house with mortgage | 781 | 8.62 | 359 | 10.89 |
Own a house outright | 5815 | 64.17 | 2222 | 67.42 |
Part rent/part mortgage | 54 | 0.60 | 18 | 0.55 |
Rent | 2302 | 25.40 | 633 | 19.21 |
Rent free | 110 | 1.21 | 64 | 1.94 |
Deprivation analysis
Self-rated health
5 (least deprived) | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 (most deprived) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
Poor self-rated health | ||||||||||
2003 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.41 (0.83, 2.37) | 1.48 (0.79, 2.77) |
1.59*
(1.04, 2.42)
|
2.10**
(1.26, 3.49)
|
1.82**
(1.19, 2.79)
|
1.89*
(1.13, 3.18)
|
1.69*
(1.07, 2.66)
|
1.85*
(1.08, 3.15)
| 1.69 (0.94, 3.05) | 1.97 (0.96, 4.06) |
2008 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.44 (0.77, 2.72) | 1.83 (0.84, 3.97) | 1.51 (0.96, 2.38) | 1.58 (0.91, 2.72) |
2.39***
(1.46, 3.91)
|
2.12*
(1.17, 3.85)
|
1.72*
(1.05, 2.81)
|
2.09*
(1.15, 3.80)
| 1.43 (0.82, 2.49) | 1.82 (0.92, 3.58) |
2009 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
2.11*
(1.18, 3.77)
| 1.52 (0.76, 3.04) |
2.57***
(1.57, 4.20)
|
2.79***
(1.53, 5.08)
|
1.69*
(1.13, 2.51)
| 1.61 (0.99, 2.62) |
1.72*
(1.07, 2.78)
| 1.46 (0.82, 2.59) |
3.43***
(2.02, 5.82)
|
3.35***
(1.74, 6.46)
|
2010 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.33 (0.82, 2.16) | 0.88 (0.49, 1.59) |
2.22***
(1.36, 3.62)
|
3.07***
(1.56, 6.04)
|
2.23***
(1.42, 3.50)
|
2.57***
(1.46, 4.51)
|
2.27***
(1.46, 3.54)
|
2.25**
(1.32, 3.84)
|
3.21***
(1.95, 5.27)
|
3.45***
(1.84, 6.46)
|
2011 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
1.77*
(1.01, 3.11)
| 1.88 (0.96, 3.67) |
1.74**
(1.15, 2.62)
| 1.48 (0.91, 2.42) |
2.26***
(1.53, 3.33)
|
1.72*
(1.08, 2.73)
|
2.12***
(1.34, 3.37)
|
2.10**
(1.19, 3.73)
|
2.54***
(1.53, 4.20)
|
2.64**
(1.35, 5.14)
|
2012 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 0.92 (0.55, 1.56) | 1.26 (0.65, 2.45) | 1.26 (0.80, 2.01) | 1.23 (0.72, 2.10) |
2.30***
(1.46, 3.63)
|
2.73***
(1.55, 4.82)
|
2.23**
(1.29, 3.84)
|
2.07*
(1.07, 4.00)
| 1.11 (0.54, 2.30) | 1.16 (0.47, 2.82) |
Long-standing illness
5 (least deprived) | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 (most deprived) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
Longstanding illness | ||||||||||
2003 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.24 (0.70, 2.17) | 1.23 (0.64, 2.39) |
1.92**
(1.25, 2.96)
|
2.17**
(1.30, 3.63)
|
1.71**
(1.15, 2.55)
|
2.45***
(1.49, 4.03)
|
1.76**
(1.16, 2.66)
|
2.06**
(1.26, 3.36)
| 1.55 (0.95, 2.52) | 1.32 (0.74, 2.36) |
2008 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.58 (0.94, 2.66) | 1.71 (0.91, 3.19) | 1.20 (0.81, 1.78) | 1.25 (0.78, 2.00) | 1.52 (0.98, 2.37) |
1.98*
(1.14, 3.45)
|
2.51***
(1.53, 4.10)
|
2.64***
(1.47, 4.72)
| 1.35 (0.73, 2.52) | 1.46 (0.68, 3.16) |
2009 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.17 (0.77, 1.78) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) |
1.64*
(1.12, 2.41)
|
1.70*
(1.06, 2.73)
|
2.02***
(1.38, 2.98)
|
1.95**
(1.25, 3.06)
|
2.05**
(1.26, 3.33)
|
2.00*
(1.09, 3.67)
|
2.05**
(1.23, 3.41)
| 1.87 (1.00, 3.51) |
2010 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
2.47***
(1.62, 3.78)
|
2.27***
(1.38, 3.72)
|
1.76**
(1.18, 2.63)
| 1.58 (0.97, 2.58) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.87) | 1.24 (0.75, 2.05) |
2.55***
(1.63, 3.99)
|
2.41***
(1.41, 4.10)
|
3.01***
(1.85, 4.91)
|
2.62**
(1.42, 4.84)
|
2011 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.15 (0.74, 1.79) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.08) |
1.60*
(1.10, 2.34)
|
1.60*
(1.01, 2.55)
|
1.69**
(1.15, 2.46)
|
1.62*
(1.03, 2.55)
| 1.18 (0.74, 1.88) | 1.52 (0.67, 2.68) |
3.04***
(1.80, 5.14)
|
3.54***
(1.85, 6.80)
|
2012 | ||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.28 (0.78, 2.09) | 1.80 (0.96, 3.38) | 1.52 (0.96, 2.39) |
1.71*
(1.01, 2.89)
| 1.51 (0.99, 2.33) | 1.28 (0.76, 2.16) | 1.17 (0.65, 2.08) | 1.47 (0.70, 3.10) | 1.34 (0.60, 2.95) | 1.31 (0.53, 3.22) |
Lifestyle
Gender analysis
Men
2003 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
Poor self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| 1 |
1
|
1
|
1
| 1 |
Normal Working Life |
1.81**
(1.24, 2.66)
|
1.87**
(1.19, 2.95)
|
1.86**
(1.22, 2.86)
|
2.42***
(1.41, 4.15)
|
2.64***
(1.75, 3.97)
|
2.13**
(1.33, 3.42)
|
1.82**
(1.25, 2.67)
| 1.52 (0.97, 2.41) |
1.93***
(1.35, 2.77)
|
1.61*
(1.05, 2.47)
|
1.61*
(1.09, 2.37)
| 1.47 (0.94, 2.29) |
Longstanding Illness | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| 1 | 1 |
1
| 1 |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Normal Working Life |
1.68**
(1.17, 2.39)
|
1.73**
(1.15, 2.62)
|
1.91***
(1.29, 2.82)
|
2.13***
(1.34, 3.38)
| 1.34 (0.95, 1.89) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.77) |
1.75**
(1.23, 2.49)
| 1.36 (0.91, 2.04) |
1.79***
(1.29, 2.49)
|
2.05***
(1.38, 3.04)
|
1.83**
(1.24, 2.69)
|
1.74**
(1.12, 2.71)
|
Current Smoker | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life |
1
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
1.82*
(1.04, 3.20)
| 1.80 (0.91, 3.56) | 1.15 (0.66, 2.03) | 0.65 (0.35, 1.23) | 1.20 (0.73, 1.98) | 0.94 (0.51, 1.73) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.93) | 0.92 (0.52, 1.63) |
2.01*
(1.15, 3.53)
| 1.30 (0.65, 2.62) | 1.28 (0.72, 2.29) | 1.11 (0.57, 2.16) |
No exercise | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 |
1
| 1 | 1 |
1
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
1
| 1 |
1
|
1
|
Normal Working Life | 1.45 (0.99, 2.10) |
1.80*
(1.14, 2.85)
| 1.22 (0.81, 1.82) | 1.40 (0.85, 2.33) |
1.43*
(1.00, 2.04)
| 1.56 (1.00, 2.44) | 1.24 (0.86, 1.77) | 1.13 (0.73, 1.74) |
1.62**
(1.29, 2.94)
| 1.46 (0.95, 2.24) |
1.94**
(1.29, 2.94)
|
1.99**
(1.19, 3.36)
|
Poor Mental Health | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 |
1
| 1 |
1
|
1
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.24 (0.67, 2.29) | 1.02 (0.52, 1.99) |
2.80*
(1.00, 7.86)
| 3.43 (0.81, 14.65) |
3.56*
(1.28, 9.92)
|
4.77*
(1.12, 20.27)
| 1.86 (0.83, 4.16) | 1.38 (0.60, 3.18) | 1.99 (0.93, 4.24) | 1.29 (0.59, 2.85) | 1.26 (0.59, 2.68) | 1.00 (0.42, 2.41) |
Women
2003 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
Poor self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
1.68***
(1.31, 2.16)
|
1.72***
(1.28, 2.31)
|
1.67***
(1.27, 2.20)
|
1.70***
(1.23, 2.36)
|
2.02***
(1.56, 2.60)
|
1.86***
(1.37, 2.53)
|
2.53***
(1.97, 3.26)
|
2.68***
(1.95, 3.67)
|
2.24***
(1.75, 2.85)
|
1.94***
(1.45, 2.59)
|
1.66***
(1.25, 2.21)
|
1.62**
(1.15, 2.31)
|
Longstanding Illness | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
1.71***
(1.33, 2.18)
|
1.84***
(1.39, 2.46)
|
1.52**
(1.17, 1.97)
|
1.50**
(1.11, 2.03)
|
2.05***
(1.61, 2.60)
|
1.96***
(1.49, 2.59)
|
2.34***
(1.84, 2.96)
|
2.29***
(1.73, 3.04)
|
1.59***
(1.25, 2.01)
|
1.49**
(1.13, 1.97)
| 1.24 (0.93, 1.66) | 1.31 (0.94, 1.85) |
Current Smoker | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.27 (0.92, 1.74) | 1.19 (0.82, 1.73) |
1.55*
(1.07, 2.26)
| 1.35 (0.89, 2.06) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.51) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.42) |
1.54**
(1.12, 2.13)
|
1.51*
(1.01, 2.25)
|
1.54*
(1.11, 2.16)
| 1.37 (0.92, 2.05) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.84) | 1.08 (0.68, 1.70) |
No exercise | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life | 1.23 (0.96, 1.57) |
1.41*
(1.05, 1.90)
|
1.43**
(1.10, 1.86)
|
1.47*
(1.05, 2.04)
|
1.98***
(1.55, 2.54)
|
2.05***
(1.50, 2.79)
|
2.00***
(1.57, 2.53)
|
1.69***
(1.25, 2.29)
|
1.69***
(1.34, 2.14)
|
1.68***
(1.25, 2.25)
| 1.22 (0.92, 1.61) | 1.27 (0.88, 1.82) |
Poor Mental Health | ||||||||||||
Extended Working Life | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal Working Life |
2.51***
(1.64, 3.83)
|
2.95***
(1.78, 4.88)
|
1.79*
(1.14, 2.80)
|
1.71*
(1.03, 2.83)
|
1.85**
(1.24, 2.76)
|
1.94**
(1.22, 3.07)
|
1.91***
(1.31, 2.79)
|
1.64*
(1.06, 2.53)
|
1.73**
(1.17, 2.56)
| 1.46 (0.94, 2.28) | 1.33 (0.85, 2.08) |
1.81*
(1.07, 3.06)
|