Background
Data and Measures
Data
Measures
Health lifestyle indicators
Subjective well-being measures
Control variables
Variables | Mean (or %) | SD | N |
---|---|---|---|
Health lifestyle variables | |||
1) If R eats fresh fruit almost everyday | 3349 | ||
Yes | 13.5 | ||
No | 86.5 | ||
2) If R eats fresh vegetables almost everyday | |||
Yes | 49.1 | 3347 | |
No | 50.9 | ||
3) If R drinks tea almost everyday | |||
Yes | 17.2 | 3321 | |
No | 82.8 | ||
4) If R smoked before and is still a smoker | 3416 | ||
Yes | 24.9 | ||
No | 75.1 | ||
5) If R drank before and is still a drinker | 3416 | ||
Yes | 21.3 | ||
No | 78.7 | ||
6) R’s quality of sleep | 3347 | ||
Good | 60.4 | ||
Poor | 39.1 | ||
7) If R normally sleeps at least 8 h | 3314 | ||
Yes | 55.3 | ||
No | 44.7 | ||
8) If R exercised during the past and still exercises at present | 3416 | ||
Yes | 26.8 | ||
No | 73.2 | ||
9) If R participates active leisure activities | 3416 | ||
Yes | 48.4 | ||
No | 51.6 | ||
10) If R participates sedentary leisure activities | 3416 | ||
Yes | 41.7 | ||
No | 58.3 | ||
Subjective well-being variables | |||
Self-rated life | 3.8 | 0.7 | 2979 |
Positive feelings index | 7.2 | 1.6 | 2616 |
Negative feelings index | 7.0 | 2.3 | 2715 |
Control variables | |||
R’s characteristics | |||
Age (mean) | 93.1 | 5.7 | 3416 |
Gender (male =1) | 3416 | ||
Male | 40.7 | ||
Female | 59.3 | ||
Rural/urban residence (urban =1) | 3416 | ||
Urban | 42.7 | ||
Rural | 57.3 | ||
R’s reported years of schooling (mean) | 1.5 | 2.8 | 3364 |
R’s household per capita income | 15,832.8 | 17,233.8 | 2388 |
R’s had professional or administrative job before age 60 | 3115 | ||
Yes | 5.7 | ||
No | 94.3 | ||
R’s self-rated health (mean) | 3.3 | 0.9 | 2977 |
If R has ADL disability | 3416 | ||
Yes | 34.8 | ||
No | 65.2 | ||
If R’s spouse died in past three years | 2387 | ||
Yes | 21.3 | ||
No | 78.7 | ||
If R lived alone | 3334 | ||
Yes | 19.8 | ||
No | 80.2 | ||
R’s Parental characteristics | |||
Whether R often went to bed hungry in childhood | 2977 | ||
Yes | 77.4 | ||
No | 22.6 |
Methods
Latent class analysis
No .of classes | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Likelihood ratio chi-squared | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 38,847.4 | 38,908.3 | – | 3549.2 | – |
2 | 37,576.3 | 37,704.2 | .663 | 2256.2 | .00 |
3 | 37,064.4 | 37,259.4 | .733 | 1722.3 | .00 |
4 | 36,788.7 | 37,050.6 | .732 | 1424.5 | .00 |
5 | 37,833.8 | 38,165.2 | .735 | 1273.2 | .38 |
Variables | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
(less healthy diet, not smoking, not drinking, poor sleep, low physical exercise& leisure activities; 32.4%) | (less healthy diet, not smoking, not drinking, good sleep, lowest physical exercise& leisure activities; 33.6%) | (consistent engagement in healthy behaviors; 21.9%) | (moderate diet, smoking and drinking, moderate sleep, moderate exercise and leisure activity engagement; 12.1%) | |
Health lifestyle indicators | ||||
1) Eating fresh fruit almost everyday | ||||
Yes | .038 | .122 | .314 | .111 |
No | .962 | .878 | .686 | .889 |
2) Eating fresh vegetables almost everyday | ||||
Yes | .331 | .467 | .820 | .554 |
No | .669 | .533 | .180 | .446 |
3) Drinking tea almost everyday | ||||
Yes | .095 | .093 | .313 | .337 |
No | .905 | .907 | .687 | .663 |
4) Smoking | ||||
Yes | .099 | .119 | .299 | .922 |
No | .901 | .881 | .701 | .078 |
5) Drinking | ||||
Yes | .089 | .109 | .190 | .865 |
No | ..911 | .891 | .810 | .135 |
6) Good quality of sleep | ||||
Good | .191 | .932 | .679 | .661 |
Poor | .809 | .068 | .321 | .339 |
7) Normally sleeps at least 8 h | ||||
Yes | .231 | .878 | .505 | .605 |
No | .769 | .122 | .495 | .395 |
8) Exercising during the past & at present | ||||
Yes | .126 | .156 | .558 | .435 |
No | .874 | .844 | .442 | .565 |
9) Participating in physical leisure activities almost daily | ||||
Yes | .411 | .331 | .821 | .573 |
No | .589 | .669 | .179 | .427 |
10) Participating in sedentary leisure activities almost daily | ||||
Yes | .234 | .246 | .897 | .593 |
No | .766 | .754 | .103 | .407 |
Descriptive and regression analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Health lifestyles among Chinese oldest-old
The influence of health lifestyles on Chinese oldest-old’s subjective well-being
Variables | Self-Rated Life | Positive Feelings | Negative Feelings | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
b | S.E. | b | S.E. | b | S.E. | |
Health Lifestyle Latent Class (Ref. = Class 3: Consistent engagement in healthy behaviors) | ||||||
Class 1 (less healthy diet, not smoking, not drinking, poor sleep, low physical exercise & leisure activities) | −0.21*** | 0.06 | −0.56*** | 0.13 | 0.87*** | 0.18 |
Class 2 (less healthy diet, not smoking, not drinking, good sleep, lowest physical exercise & leisure activities) | −0.11* | 0.06 | − 0.26*** | 0.13 | 0.43** | 0.18 |
Class 4 (moderate diet, smoking and drinking, moderate sleep, moderate exercise and leisure activity engagement) | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.45** | 0.14 | 0.45* | 0.20 |
Control Variables | ||||||
Age | 0.00*** | 0.00 | 0.01*** | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Sex (Ref. = female) | −0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | −0.30* | 0.14 |
Residence (Ref. = rural) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.09 | −0.22* | 0.13 |
R’s years of schooling | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04* | 0.02 | −0.06* | 0.03 |
R’s natural logged per capita family income | 0.09*** | 0.02 | 0.05* | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
R’s occupation before age 60 (Ref. = nonprofessional or non-administrative) | 0.17* | 0.09 | −0.06 | 0.19 | −0.05 | 0.27 |
R often when to bed hungry in childhood | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.26 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
R had ADL disability | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.08 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
R’s spouse died since last survey year | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.16 | 0.11 | 0.46*** | 0.15 |
R lived alone | 0.03 | 0.17 | −0.36 | 0.40 | −0.18 | 0.53 |
R’s self-rated health | 0.36*** | 0.02 | 0.56*** | 0.05 | −0.77*** | 0.07 |
Constant | 1.66*** | 0.39 | 4.40*** | 0.90 | 7.28*** | 1.27 |
N | 1325 | 1167 | 1205 |