Background
Method
Participants
Data collection
Measure
Analyses
Results
Demographic characteristics | n (%) or median (IQR) | missing data n |
---|---|---|
Age | 59.1 (45.2–70.2) | 0 |
Lives alone | 138 (19.8) | 16 |
Secondary education incomplete | 240 (33.8) | 2 |
Education (4 levels) | 2 | |
Secondary education (incomplete) | 240 (33.8) | |
Secondary education (complete) | 146 (20.5) | |
TAFE/Trade | 141 (19.8) | |
University | 184 (25.9) | |
Private health insurance | 496 (71.0) | 14 |
Health care concession card | 283 (40.5) | 15 |
Born in Australia | 614 (86.2) | 1 |
English spoken at home | 706 (99.3) | 7 |
IRSAD Quintiles | 37 | |
1 (most disadvantaged) | 101 (14.9) | |
2 | 72 (10.7) | |
3 | 258 (38.2) | |
4 | 131 (19.4) | |
5 (least disadvantaged) | 114 (16.9) | |
≥3 Health conditions | 143 (20.1) | 22 |
BMI ≥25 | 435 (66.3) | 57 |
Waist circumference ≥ 80 cm | 464 (70.5) | 55 |
Sedentary activity | 163 (24.5) | 48 |
Current smoking | 69 (10.4) | 47 |
> 2 glasses alcohol per day | 160 (24.1) | 48 |
Scale | HLQ Scale | Mean (±SD) [95% CI] | Missing data (n) |
---|---|---|---|
Range 1–4 (lowest - highest) | |||
1 | Feeling understood and supported by healthcare professionals | 3.20 (0.52) [3.16, 3.23] | 1 |
2 | Having sufficient information to manage my health | 3.07 (0.44) [3.04, 3.11] | 1 |
3 | Actively managing my health | 2.99 (0.49) [2.95, 3.02] | 3 |
4 | Social support for health | 3.08 (0.50) [3.05, 3.12] | 2 |
5 | Appraisal of health information | 2.81 (0.48) [2.77, 2.84] | 3 |
Range 1–5 (lowest - highest) | |||
6 | Ability to actively engage with healthcare professionals | 4.17 (0.58) [4.13, 4.21] | 9 |
7 | Navigating the healthcare system | 4.09 (0.57) [4.05, 4.13] | 10 |
8 | Ability to find good health information | 4.11 (0.59) [4.06, 4.15] | 10 |
9 | Understand health information well enough to know what to do | 4.28 (0.54) [4.24, 4.32] | 9 |
Scale 1. Feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers | Scale 2. Having sufficient information to manage my health | Scale 3. Actively managing my health | Scale 4. Social support for health | Scale 5. Appraisal of health information | Scale 6. Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers | Scale 7. Navigating the healthcare system | Scale 8. Ability to find good health information | Scale 9. Understanding health information well enough to know what to do | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean score (±SD) | ||||||||||
Score range 1–4 | Score range 1–5 | |||||||||
Age | < 65 | 3.17 (0.55) n = 455 |
3.10 (0.44)
n = 455 | 2.98 (0.53) n = 454 | 3.07 (0.51) n = 455 | 2.83 (0.49) n = 455 | 4.18 (0.55) n = 451 | 4.11 (0.54) n = 451 |
4.20 (0.51)
n = 451 |
4.34 (0.48)
n = 451 |
≥65 | 3.23 (0.46) n = 257 |
3.02 (0.42)
n = 257 | 2.99 (0.40) n = 256 | 3.11 (0.48) n = 256 | 2.77 (0.47) n = 255 | 4.15 (0.61) n = 253 | 4.05 (0.64) n = 252 |
3.94 (0.68)
n = 252 |
4.16 (0.62)
n = 253 | |
Effect size for age (95% CI)
|
−0.12 (−0.06, −0.17)
|
0.19 (0.14, 0.24)
|
−0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03)
|
−0.08 (− 0.06, 0.13)
|
0.12 (0.08, 0.18)
|
0.05 (0.00, 0.13)
|
0.10 (0.05, 0.18)
|
0.45 (0.40, 0.54)
|
0.34 (0.29, 0.41)
| |
Live alone | No | 3.21 (0.51) n = 559 | 3.09 (0.43) n = 559 | 2.98 (0.49) n = 558 | 3.10 (0.49) n = 558 | 2.81 (0.47) n = 558 | 4.19 (0.55) n = 557 | 4.11 (0.54) n = 557 |
4.14 (0.56)
n = 557 |
4.23 (0.51)
n = 557 |
Yes | 3.17 (0.56) n = 137 | 3.04 (0.48) n = 137 | 3.02 (0.44) n = 137 | 3.03 (0.53) n = 137 | 2.79 (0.53) n = 136 | 4.11 (0.67) n = 135 | 4.04 (0.69) n = 134 |
3.99 (0.68)
n = 134 |
4.17 (0.65)
n = 135 | |
Effect size for live alone (95% CI)
|
0.08 (0.03, 0.17)
|
0.11 (0.08, 0.19)
|
−0.08 (−0.12, −0.01)
|
0.14 (0.10, 0.23)
|
0.04 (0.00, 0.13)
|
0.14 (0.09, 0.25)
|
0.12 (0.08, 0.24)
|
0.26 (0.21, 0.37)
|
0.11 (0.07, 0.22)
| |
Born overseas | No | 3.20 (0.53) n = 613 |
3.09 (0.44)
n = 613 | 2.99 (0.49) n = 611 | 3.08 (0.50) n = 612 | 2.81 (0.48) n = 611 | 4.17 (0.58) n = 606 | 4.10 (0.57) n = 605 |
4.13 (0.57)
n = 605 | 4.29 (0.53) n = 606 |
Yes | 3.20 (0.46) n = 98 |
2.96 (0.44)
n = 98 | 2.94 (0.45) n = 98 | 3.10 (0.49) n = 98 | 2.76 (0.51) n = 98 | 4.17 (0.57) n = 98 | 4.07 (0.58) n = 98 |
3.97 (0.69)
n = 98 | 4.20 (0.60) n = 98 | |
Effect size for live alone (95% CI)
|
0.00 (−0.04, 0.09)
|
0.30 (0.26, 0.38)
|
0.10 (0.06, 0.19)
|
−0.04 (− 0.08, 0.06)
|
0.10 (0.07, 0.20)
|
0.00 (− 0.05, 0.11)
|
0.05 (0.01, 0.17)
|
0.26 (0.21, 0.39)
|
0.17 (0.12, 0.29)
| |
Health care card | No | 3.19 (0.54) n = 415 |
3.13 (0.43)
n = 415 |
3.02 (0.52)
n = 415 | 3.12 (0.48) n = 415 |
2.84 (0.48)
n = 414 |
4.22 (0.55)
n = 412 | 4.13 (0.54) n = 411 |
4.22 (0.50)
n = 411 |
4.36 (0.49)
n = 412 |
Yes | 3.22 (0.49) n = 282 |
3.01 (0.44)
n = 282 |
2.95 (0.43)
n = 281 | 3.05 (0.52) n = 281 |
2.75 (0.49)
n = 281 |
4.12 (0.60)
n = 279 | 4.06 (0.59) n = 279 |
3.97 (0.65)
n = 279 |
4.18 (0.57)
n = 279 | |
Effect size for HC card (95% CI)
|
−0.06 (−0.11, 0.00)
|
0.28 (0.24, 0.33)
|
0.14 (0.09, 0.19)
|
0.14 (0.10, 0.20)
|
0.19 (0.14, 0.24)
|
0.18 (0.12, 0.25)
|
0.13 (0.07, 0.19)
|
0.44 (0.39, 0.52)
|
0.34 (0.30, 0.41)
| |
Private health insurance | Yes |
3.24 (0.51)
n = 495 |
3.11 (0.43)
n = 495 |
3.02 (0.49)
n = 495 |
3.12 (0.47)
n = 495 | 2.83 (0.48) n = 494 |
4.22 (0.54)
n = 490 |
4.14 (0.55)
n = 489 |
4.15 (0.57)
n = 489 |
4.32 (0.52)
n = 490 |
No |
3.10 (0.54)
n = 203 |
3.00 (0.45)
n = 203 |
2.91 (0.48)
n = 203 |
3.01 (0.56)
n = 203 | 2.75 (0.49) n = 203 |
4.05 (0.64)
n = 202 |
4.00 (0.63)
n = 202 |
4.02 (0.63)
n = 202 |
4.17 (0.58)
n = 202 | |
Effect size for insurance (95% CI)
|
0.27 (0.21, 0.34)
|
0.25 (0.21, 0.31)
|
0.23 (0.18, 0.29)
|
0.22 (0.18, 0.30)
|
0.17 (0.12, 0.23)
|
0.30 (0.25, 0.30)
|
0.24 (0.20, 0.33)
|
0.22 (0.17, 0.31)
|
0.28 (0.23, 0.36)
| |
Health conditions | < 3 | 3.19 (0.51) n = 570 |
3.09 (0.41)
n = 570 | 2.99 (0.49) n = 568 |
3.12 (0.46)
n = 569 | 2.81 (0.48) n = 568 |
4.21 (0.54)
n = 564 |
4.12 (0.54)
n = 563 |
4.16 (0.54)
n = 563 |
4.31 (0.51)
n = 564 |
≥3 | 3.22 (0.57) n = 142 |
3.00 (0.54)
n = 142 | 2.96 (0.49) n = 142 |
2.94 (0.60)
n = 142 | 2.80 (0.51) n = 142 |
4.02 (0.68)
n = 140 |
3.97 (0.67)
n = 140 |
3.90 (0.71)
n = 140 |
4.14 (0.63)
n = 140 | |
Effect size for conditions (95% CI)
|
−0.06 (−0.10, 0.04)
|
0.21 (0.17, 0.29)
|
0.06 (0.02, 0.14)
|
0.37 (0.33, 0.47)
|
0.02 (−0.02, 0.10)
|
0.33 (0.29, 0.45)
|
0.26 (0.22, 0.38)
|
0.45 (0.41, 0.57)
|
0.32 (0.28, 0.42)
|
Scale 1. Feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers | Scale 2. Having sufficient information to manage my health | Scale 3. Actively managing my health | Scale 4. Social support for health | Scale 5. Appraisal of health information | Scale 6. Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers | Scale 7. Navigating the healthcare system | Scale 8. Ability to find good health information | Scale 9. Understanding health information well enough to know what to do | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean score (±SD) | ||||||||||
Score range 1–4 | Score range 1–5 | |||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | < 25 | 3.17 (0.53) n = 220 | 3.11 (0.41) n = 220 |
3.10 (0.50)
n = 219 |
3.15 (0.43)
n = 219 | 2.85 (0.48) n = 219 | 4.19 (0.54) n = 216 | 4.13 (0.54) n = 216 | 4.16 (0.54) n = 216 | 4.29 (0.52) n = 216 |
≥25 | 3.23 (0.49) n = 435 | 3.07 (0.43) n = 435 |
2.93 (0.47)
n = 434 |
3.06 (0.51)
n = 435 | 2.79 (0.49) n = 435 | 4.19 (0.56) n = 432 | 4.10 (0.54) n = 431 | 4.11 (0.57) n = 431 | 4.29 (0.50) n = 432 | |
Effect size for BMI (95% CI)
|
− 0.12 (− 0.19, − 0.07)
|
0.09 (0.04, 0.14)
|
0.35 (0.29, 0.40)
|
0.19 (0.13, 0.23)
|
0.12 (0.06, 0.17)
|
0.00 (− 0.07, 0.05)
|
0.05 (− 0.02, 0.11)
|
0.09 (0.02, 0.14)
|
0.00 (− 0.07, 0.05)
| |
Waist circumference (cm) | < 80 | 3.19 (0.52) n = 194 |
3.14 (0.42)
n = 194 |
3.11 (0.53)
n = 194 |
3.17 (0.45)
n = 194 | 2.85 (0.49) n = 194 | 4.19 (0.59) n = 191 | 4.14 (0.59) n = 191 |
4.20 (0.59)
n = 191 | 4.33 (0.56) n = 191 |
≥80 | 3.22 (0.50) n = 463 |
3.06 (0.42)
n = 463 |
2.93 (0.46)
n = 461 |
3.06 (0.50)
n = 462 | 2.79 (0.48) n = 462 | 4.18 (0.54) n = 459 | 4.09 (0.53) n = 458 |
4.08 (0.56)
n = 458 | 4.27 (0.50) n = 459 | |
Effect size for waist (95% CI)
|
−0.06 (− 0.13, − 0.01)
|
0.19 (0.13, 0.23)
|
0.37 (0.30, 0.42)
|
0.23 (0.16, 0.27)
|
0.12 (0.06, 0.17)
|
0.02 (− 0.07, 0.07)
|
0.09 (0.01, 0.14)
|
0.21 (0.13, 0.26)
|
0.12 (0.04, 0.16)
| |
Sedentary | No | 3.20 (0.50) n = 502 | 3.09 (0.40) n = 502 |
3.03 (0.49)
n = 500 | 3.10 (0.49) n = 501 | 2.81 (0.49) n = 501 |
4.22 (0.54)
n = 495 |
4.14 (0.53)
n = 494 |
4.18 (0.52)
n = 494 |
4.34 (0.49)
n = 495 |
Yes | 3.26 (0.52) n = 162 | 3.03 (0.52) n = 162 |
2.87 (0.46)
n = 162 | 3.06 (0.51) n = 162 | 2.79 (0.49) n = 162 |
4.08 (0.65)
n = 162 |
4.00 (0.68)
n = 162 |
3.92 (0.73)
n = 162 |
4.11 (0.65)
n = 162 | |
Effect size for sedentary (95% CI)
|
−0.12 (−0.16, 0.04)
|
0.14 (0.10, 0.22)
|
0.33 (0.29, 0.40)
|
0.08 (0.04, 0.16)
|
0.04 (0.00, 0.12)
|
0.25 (0.20, 0.35)
|
0.25 (0.20, 0.35)
|
0.45 (0.40, 0.56)
|
0.43 (0.39, 0.53)
| |
Alcohol-drinks per day | ≤2 | 3.20 (0.50) n = 504 |
3.06 (0.43)
n = 504 | 2.97 (0.48) n = 503 | 3.07 (0.50) n = 503 | 2.80 (0.49) n = 503 | 4.17 (0.57) n = 498 | 4.08 (0.58) n = 497 |
4.09 (0.60)
n = 497 |
4.25 (0.55)
n = 498 |
> 2 | 3.24 (0.54) n = 162 |
3.14 (0.42)
n = 160 | 3.03 (0.53) n = 159 | 3.15 (0.46) n = 160 | 2.84 (0.48) n = 160 | 4.23 (0.51) n = 159 | 4.16 (0.50) n = 159 |
4.20 (0.50)
n = 159 |
4.38 (0.47)
n = 159
| |
Effect size for alcohol (95% CI)
|
−0.08 (−0.12, 0.00)
|
−0.19 (−0.22, − 0.12)
|
−0.12 (− 0.16, − 0.04)
|
−0.16 (− 0.21, − 0.09)
|
−0.08 (− 0.12, − 0.01)
|
−0.11 (− 0.16, − 0.03)
|
−0.14 (− 0.19, − 0.06)
|
−0.19 (− 0.24, − 0.11)
|
−0.24 (− 0.29, − 0.17)
| |
Smoking | No | 3.22 (0.49) n = 596 | 3.08 (0.43) n = 596 |
3.00 (0.48)
n = 594 | 3.10 (0.48) n = 595 | 2.81 (0.49) n = 595 | 4.17 (0.56) n = 590 | 4.09 (0.57) n = 590 | 4.11 (0.58) n = 589 | 4.27 (0.54) n = 589 |
Yes | 3.12 (0.65) n = 69 | 3.10 (0.49) n = 69 |
2.84 (0.56)
n = 69 | 2.99 (0.58) n = 69 | 2.79 (0.51) n = 69 | 4.23 (0.66) n = 69 | 4.17 (0.59) n = 69 | 4.17 (0.68) n = 69 | 4.40 (0.52) n = 69 | |
Effect size for smoking (95% CI)
|
0.20 (0.16, 0.35)
|
−0.04 (−0.08, 0.12)
|
0.33 (0.29, 0.46)
|
0.22 (0.19, 0.36)
|
0.04 (0.00, 0.16)
|
−0.11 (− 0.15, 0.05)
|
−0.14 (− 0.19, 0.00)
|
−0.10 (− 0.15, 0.06)
|
−0.24 (− 0.29, − 0.12)
|