Introduction
Methods
Participants
Outcomes
Covariates Used in the Regression Analysis
Data Collection
Statistical Analysis
Results
Baseline Characteristics
Variable | Baseline cohort | 5-year cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young adult | Older adult | p value | Young adult | Older adult | p value | |
Age, year (SD) | 22.2 (2.2) | 42.6 (9.6) | < 0.001 | 22.4 (2.1) | 43.8 (9.9)* | < 0.001 |
Female, % (n)a | 82.1 (2087) | 81.9 (10,177) | 0.84 | 81.9 (113) | 85.4 (872)* | 0.31 |
Year of surgery, % (n) a | .85 | 0.033 | ||||
Height, cm (SD) | 169.7 (8.4) | 168.0 (8.5) | < 0.001 | 169.4 (8.2) | 167.5 (8.5)* | 0.012 |
Body weight, kg (SD) | 126.0 (20.9) | 122.8 (19.4) | < 0.001 | 127.7 (19.4) | 122.7 (19.2) | 0.004 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD)a | 43.6 (5.4) | 43.4 (5.0) | 0.034 | 44.4 (5.3) | 43.6 (5.2) | 0.093 |
30.0–34.9 kg/m2 | 2.7 (69) | 2.4 (300) | 2.2 (3) | 2.6 (27) | ||
35.0–39.9 kg/m2 | 23.2 (591) | 23.8 (2962) | 15.9 (22) | 24.7 (252) | ||
40.0–44.9 kg/m2 | 39.3 (1000) | 40.2 (5001) | 39.9 (55) | 37.2 (380) | ||
45.0–49.9 kg/m2 | 23.3 (593) | 23.5 (2926) | 29.0 (40) | 23.6 (241) | ||
≥ 50.0 kg/m2 | 11.4 (289) | 9.9 (1236) | 13.0 (18) | 11.9 (121) | ||
Waist circumference, cm (SD) | 125.7 (14.2) | 127.4 (13.2) | < 0.001 | 127.6 (14.8) | 127.6 (12.9) | 0.96 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD)b | 77.8 (9.3) | 83.6 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 79.6 (11.8) | 84.5 (8.5) | 0.066 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD)b | 127.9 (13.7) | 136.4 (16.8) | < 0.001 | 127.5 (10.4) | 137.5 (18.0) | 0.061 |
Co-morbidities, % (n)c | ||||||
Any disorder | 23.1 (587) | 53.0 (6585) | < 0.001 | 18.8 (26) | 45.2 (462)* | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 2.7 (69) | 13.8 (1713) | < 0.001 | 2.2 (3) | 15.7 (160) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 2.0 (51) | 26.5 (3289) | < 0.001 | 2.2 (3) | 27.5 (281) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.2 (32) | 10.0 (1237) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (1) | 9.8 (100) | < 0.001 |
Sleep apnea | 1.5 (37) | 10.1 (1251) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (2) | 8.2 (84) | 0.002 |
Depression | 9.6 (243) | 15.8 (1947) | < 0.001 | 10.9 (15) | 13.6 (139) | 0.42 |
Current smoking, % (n)b | 26.8 (476) | 13.4 (1160) | < 0.001 | 50.0 (7) | 13.8 (17) | < 0.001 |
Surgical access | < 0.001 | 0.015 | ||||
Laparoscopic | 96.1 (11,945) | 98.0 (2491) | 94.2 (130)* | 85.7 (875)* | ||
Open | 3.1 (379) | 1.7 (42) | 5.8 (8)* | 11.8 (120)* | ||
Converted | 0.8 (101) | 0.4 (9) | 0.0 (0)* | 2.5 (26)* |
Health-Related Quality of Life
Variable, mean (SD) | Young adult | Older adult | p valuea | Effect sizea |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical functioning, baseline | 64.7 (20.7) | 58.5 (22.6) | < 0.001 | 0.15 |
1 year | 93.0 (14.3)** | 88.4 (18.0)** | < 0.001 | 0.28 |
2 years | 91.8 (14.5)** | 87.7 (19.1)** | < 0.001 | 0.24 |
5 years | 87.1 (17.2)** | 81.5 (22.9)** | 0.027 | 0.28 |
Role physical, baseline | 59.1 (37.5) | 55.3 (39.6) | < 0.001 | 0.10 |
1 year | 90.7 (23.9)** | 86.6 (29.6)** | < 0.001 | 0.15 |
2 years | 85.7 (30.0)** | 84.0 (32.3)** | 0.835 | 0.05 |
5 years | 74.2 (38.8)* | 75.7 (37.7)** | 0.647 | 0.04 |
Bodily pain, baseline | 61.0 (27.4) | 52.6 (27.5) | < 0.001 | 0.63 |
1 year | 80.8 (24.5)** | 74.1 (28.0)** | < 0.001 | 0.25 |
2 years | 75.3 (28.1)** | 72.0 (29.2)** | 0.006 | 0.12 |
5 years | 68.1 (34.0)* | 63.0 (31.5)** | 0.071 | 0.16 |
General health, baseline | 52.2 (22.3) | 54.7 (22.2) | < 0.001 | 0.11 |
1 year | 77.7 (19.0)** | 79.3 (20.3)** | < 0.001 | 0.08 |
2 years | 73.1 (22.3)* | 76.1 (22.2)** | < 0.001 | 0.13 |
5 years | 61.7 (25.8)** | 66.5 (25.2)** | 0.039 | 0.19 |
Vitality, baseline | 42.9 (21.8) | 44.3 (23.4) | < 0.001 | 0.06 |
1 year | 64.6 (21.7)** | 67.9 (23.6)** | < 0.001 | 0.15 |
2 years | 57.8 (24.8)** | 63.1 (25.4)** | < 0.001 | 0.21 |
5 years | 48.1 (27.3) | 52.1 (27.2)** | 0.118 | 0.15 |
Social functioning, baseline | 67.5 (27.7) | 70.9 (27.8) | < 0.001 | 0.12 |
1 year | 86.4 (21.1)** | 87.4 (21.5)** | < 0.001 | 0.05 |
2 years | 81.6 (24.1)** | 84.7 (23.6)** | 0.001 | 0.13 |
5 years | 73.9 (29.1) | 77.3 (27.5)** | 0.203 | 0.12 |
Role emotional, baseline | 63.6 (40.4) | 71.8 (38.5) | < 0.001 | 0.21 |
1 year | 81.8 (33.8)** | 85.5 (31.3)** | < 0.001 | 0.11 |
2 years | 77.6 (36.4)** | 82.2 (34.3)** | 0.001 | 0.13 |
5 years | 70.6 (41.1) | 73.8 (39.8) | 0.426 | 0.08 |
Mental health, baseline | 62.7 (20.6) | 69.2 (20.5) | < 0.001 | 0.32 |
1 year | 75.9 (19.7)** | 79.8 (19.9)** | < 0.001 | 0.20 |
2 years | 71.1 (22.1)** | 76.7 (21,7)** | < 0.001 | 0.26 |
5 years | 68.2 (22.8)* | 69.8 (23.9) | 0.285 | 0.07 |
Physical component score, baseline | 40.7 (10.0)** | 36.8 (10.9) | < 0.001 | 0.37 |
1 year | 53.4 (7.1)** | 50.7 (9.3)** | < 0.001 | 0.33 |
2 years | 52.2 (8.3)** | 50.2 (9.8)** | < 0.001 | 0.22 |
5 years | 47.1 (11.3)** | 45.3 (12.4)** | 0.171 | 0.15 |
Mental component score, baseline | 40.7 (12.6) | 45.4 (12.5) | < 0.001 | 0.37 |
1 year | 46.0 (12.1)** | 49.0 (12.0)** | < 0.001 | 0.25 |
2 years | 43.5 (13.1)** | 47.2 (13.0)** | < 0.001 | 0.28 |
5 years | 40.9 (14.0) | 43.5 (14.4)** | 0.008 | 0.18 |
Obesity problems scale, median (IQR), baseline | 75.0 (33.3) | 70.8 (35.7) | < 0.001 | 0.20 |
1 year | 20.8 (33.4)** | 12.5 (29.2)** | < 0.001 | 0.34 |
2 years | 29.2 (45.9)** | 12.5 (33.3)** | < 0.001 | 0.45 |
5 years | 39.6 (45.8)** | 20.8 (45.8)** | < 0.001 | 0.40 |
Variablea | Unadjusted model beta (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted model beta (95% CI)b | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Short Form-36 | ||||
Physical functioning | − 2.5 (− 6.9, 1.8) | 0.25 | − 2.0 (− 5.5, 1.6) | 0.29 |
Role physical | − 9.0 (− 17.7, − 0.44) | 0.039 | − 7.2 (− 14.0, − 0.49) | 0.036 |
Bodily pain | − 2.2 (− 8.2, 3.8) | 0.47 | − 2.0 (− 7.4, 3.3) | 0.46 |
General health | 0.72 (− 4.3, 5.8) | 0.78 | − 6.8 (− 11.1, − 2.5) | 0.02 |
Vitality | − 3.8 (− 9.2, 1.7) | 0.17 | − 6.2 (− 11.0, − 1.4) | 0.011 |
Social functioning | − 5.3 (− 11.5, 0.90) | 0.094 | − 5.8 (− 10.8, − 0.74) | 0.024 |
Role emotional | 0.56 (− 8.3, 9.5) | 0.90 | 4.7 (− 12.0, 2.7) | 0.21 |
Mental health | 2.4 (− 2.2, 7.0) | 0.30 | − 1.3 (− 5.4, 2.8) | 0.53 |
Physical component score | − 2.1 (− 4.3, 0.064) | 0.057 | − 2.0 (− 4.0, − 0.13) | 0.037 |
Mental component score | 0.06 (− 2.9, 3.0) | 0.97 | − 2.06 (− 4.7, 0.55) | 0.12 |
Obesity-related problems scale | 5.3 (− 0.64, 11.3) | 0.08 | 13.6 (8.8, 18.5) | < 0.001 |