Plain English summary
Background
Methods
Sample and setting
Outcome measures
The demographic and menstrual characteristics questionnaire
Health-related quality of life
Procedure
Statistical analyses
Ethical approval
Results
Demographic and menstrual characteristics
Total sample (n = 653) | With dysmenorrhea (n = 428) | Without dysmenorrhea (n = 225) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 15.67 (1.54) | 15.82 (1.56) | 15.40 (1.50) | < 0.001a |
Height (cm) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 159.32 (5.79) | 159.39 (5.66) | 159.16 (6.04) | 0.62a |
Weight (kg) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 48.25 (7.24) | 48.10 (7.14) | 48.53 (7.44) | 0.48a |
BMI | ||||
Mean (SD) | 19.00 (2.63) | 18.91 (2.47) | 19.12 (2.91) | 0.25a |
Family income (HK$) | ||||
< 5000 | 20 (3.1) | 12 (2.8) | 8 (3.6) | 0.27b |
5001–10,000 | 136 (20.8) | 80 (18.7) | 56 (24.9) | |
10,001–20,000 | 246 (37.7) | 166 (38.8) | 80 (35.6) | |
20,001–30,000 | 146 (22.4) | 94 (22.0) | 52 (23.1) | |
> 30,001 | 105 (16.1) | 76 (17.8) | 29 (12.9) | |
Age at menarche (years) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 12.07 (2.23) | 12.06 (1.00) | 12.14 (1.07) | 0.33a |
Menstrual cycle (days) | ||||
16–20 | 47 (7.2) | 29 (6.8) | 18 (8.0) | 0.44b |
21–25 | 137 (21.0) | 97 (22.7) | 40 (17.8) | |
26–30 | 262 (40.1) | 165 (38.6) | 97 (43.1) | |
31–35 | 105 (16.1) | 74 (17.3) | 31 (13.8) | |
36-40 | 45 (6.9) | 31 (7.2) | 14 (6.2) | |
≥ 40 | 57 (8.8) | 32 (7.5) | 25 (11.1) | |
Menstruation duration (days) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 5.60 (1.08) | 5.60 (1.10) | 5.61 (1.12) | 0.93a |
Amount of menstruation | ||||
Small | 42 (6.4) | 24 (5.6) | 18 (8.0) | 0.30b |
Moderate | 528 (80.9) | 345 (80.6) | 183 (81.3) | |
Large | 83 (12.7) | 59 (13.8) | 24 (10.7) |
Menstrual characteristics of girls with dysmenorrhoea
With dysmenorrhea (n = 428) | |
---|---|
Pain intensity | |
Mean (SD) | 5.43 (2.13) |
Area of dysmenorrheal pain | |
Upper abdomen | 17 (4.0%) |
Lower abdomen | 359 (83.9%) |
Pelvic region | 17 (4.0%) |
Lumbar region | 26 (6.1%) |
Inner thigh | 5 (1.2%) |
Other | 4 (0.9%) |
Other discomforts | |
Breast tenderness | 85 (16.1%) |
Swelling of lower limbs | 17 (3.2%) |
Fatigue | 197 (37.5%) |
Nausea | 35 (6.7%) |
Headache | 43 (8.2%) |
Diarrhea | 33 (6.3%) |
Anxiety | 38 (7.2%) |
Palpitations | 4 (0.8%) |
Skin problems | 57 (10.8%) |
Other | 17 (3.2%) |
First experience of dysmenorrhea | |
In the first menarche | 82 (19.2%) |
6 months to a year after menarche | 161 (37.6%) |
1 to 2 years after menarche | 93 (21.7%) |
2 years after menarche | 68 (15.9%) |
Other/ forgotten | 24 (5.6%) |
Onset of dysmenorrhea | |
Day before menstrual cycle | 109 (25.5%) |
First day of cycle | 221 (51.6%) |
Second day of cycle | 80 (18.7%) |
Other | 18 (4.2%) |
End of dysmenorrhea | |
First day of menstrual cycle | 54 (12.6%) |
Second day of menstrual cycle | 135 (31.5%) |
Third day of menstrual cycle | 149 (34.8%) |
Fourth day of menstrual cycle | 56 (13.1%) |
Fifth day of menstrual cycle | 22 (5.1%) |
Others | 12 (2.8%) |
Limitation of daily activities due to dysmenorrhea | |
None | 52 (12.1%) |
Slightly affected | 239 (55.8%) |
Moderately affected | 108 (25.2%) |
Seriously affected | 29 (6.8%) |
Absence from class in this half year due to dysmenorrhea (days) | |
0 | 360 (84.1%) |
1 | 43 (10%) |
2 | 15 (3.5%) |
3 | 6 (1.4%) |
≥ 4 | 4 (0.9%) |
Received menstrual education | |
No | 185 (43.2%) |
Yes | 243 (56.8%) |
Others consulted about dysmenorrheal | |
No one | 174 |
Mother | 201 |
Father | 3 |
Sister | 42 |
Friend | 73 |
Teacher | 4 |
Nurse | 2 |
Medical consultation for dysmenorrhea | |
None | 399 (93.2%) |
Chinese practitioner | 9 (2.1%) |
Modern practitioner | 20 (4.7%) |
Self-medication for dysmenorrhea in the last 3 months | |
None | 351 (82%) |
Chinese herbs/ medicine | 6 (1.4%) |
Modern medicine | 71 (16.6%) |
Menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls with different severities of dysmenorrhoea
Mild dysmenorrhea (n = 116) | Moderate dysmenorrhea (n = 260) | Severe dysmenorrhea (n = 52) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pain intensity | ||||
Mean (SD) | 2.75 (0.78) | 5.94 (1.10) | 8.87 (0.81) | < 0.001a |
Limitation of daily activities due to dysmenorrhea | ||||
None | 24 (20.7) | 26 (10) | 2 (3.8) | 0.002b |
Affected | 92 (79.3) | 234 (90) | 50 (96.2) | |
Absence from class in this half year due to dysmenorrhea (day) | ||||
No | 113 (97.4) | 215 (82.7) | 32 (61.5) | < 0.001b |
Yes | 3 (2.6) | 45 (17.3) | 20 (38.5) | |
Received menstrual education | ||||
No | 38 (32.8) | 119 (45.8) | 28 (53.8) | 0.016b |
Yes | 78 (67.2) | 141 (54.2) | 24 (46.2) | |
Consulted others on dysmenorrhea | ||||
No | 64 (55.2) | 101 (38.8) | 9 (17.3) | < 0.001b |
Yes | 52 (44.8) | 159 (61.2) | 43 (82.7) | |
Medical consultation for dysmenorrhea | ||||
No | 110 (94.8) | 241 (92.7) | 48 (92.3) | 0.72b |
Yes | 6 (5.2) | 19 (7.3) | 4 (7.7) | |
Self-medication for dysmenorrhea in the last 3 months | ||||
No | 109 (94) | 210 (80.8) | 32 (61.5) | < 0.001b |
Yes | 7 (6) | 50 (19.2) | 20 (38.5) |
Health-related quality of life
Total Sample n = 653 | With dysmenorrhea n = 428 | Without dysmenorrhea n = 225 | p-value (unadjusted)a | p-value (adjusted)b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health-related quality of life (SF-36) | |||||
Physical functioning | 85.75 (17.97) | 86.27 (16.93) | 84.76 (19.82) | 0.33 | 0.41 |
Role-physical | 65.62 (37.70) | 63.14 (38.16) | 70.33 (36.45) | < 0.001 | 0.04 |
Bodily pain | 64.79 (21.94) | 59.58 (20.38) | 74.71 (21.43) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
General health | 56.69 (18.33) | 55.31 (18.32) | 59.33 (18.10) | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
Vitality | 56.37 (18.81) | 55.88 (18.48) | 57.31 (19.42) | 0.36 | 0.63 |
Social functioning | 72.48 (19.19) | 70.82 (18.74) | 75.64 (19.67) | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
Role-emotional | 52.99 (41.90) | 50.78 (41.47) | 57.19 (42.48) | 0.07 | 0.15 |
Mental health | 60.55 (17.50) | 59.77 (17.63) | 62.04 (17.19) | 0.11 | 0.15 |
Physical component summary (PCS) score | 50.29 (7.96) | 49.48 (8.03) | 51.83 (7.62) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Mental component summary (MCS) score | 38.39 (12.01) | 37.82 (12.04) | 39.54 (11.90) | 0.08 | 0.17 |
Severity of dysmenorrheal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild dysmenorrhea (n = 116) | Moderate dysmenorrhea (n = 260) | Severe dysmenorrhea (n = 52) | p-valuea | |
Health-related quality of life (SF-36) | ||||
Physical functioning | 85.56 (18.31) | 86.13 (16.75) | 88.56 (14.53) | 0.77 |
Role-physical | 62.07 (39.77) | 63.65 (37.62) | 62.98 (37.86) | 0.91 |
Bodily pain | 63.28 (19.97) | 59.53 (20.40) | 51.60 (21.38) | 0.005 |
General health | 57.06 (18.00) | 54.76 (17.90) | 54.13 (20.97) | 0.44 |
Vitality | 56.29 (16.19) | 55.98 (19.10) | 54.42 (20.36) | 0.92 |
Social functioning | 73.60 (17.35) | 70.10 (19.40) | 68.30 (17.93) | 0.17 |
Role-emotional | 47.41 (39.35) | 51.92 (42.56) | 52.56 (40.88) | 0.60 |
Mental health | 61.00 (15.38) | 59.57 (20.40) | 58.00 (21.22) | 0.83 |
Physical component summary (PCS) score | 50.05 (8.32) | 49.39 (8.08) | 48.71 (7.15) | 0.52 |
Mental component summary (MCS) score | 37.78 (10.61) | 37.88 (12.48) | 37.32 (13.00) | 0.93 |