Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Patients with CDH
Control participants
Data collection and interviews
HRQoL evaluation
Perinatal health information and childhood medical history
Data management
Results
Study population
Comorbid conditions in patients with CDH
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Prenatal diagnosis, n (%) | 12 (26.7) |
Male sex, n (%) | 29 (64.4) |
Gestational age, mean (SD), weeks | 38.7 (2) |
Birth weight, mean (SD), kg | 3.11 (0.53) |
Apgar score at 5 min, mean (SD) | 7.8 (2.2) |
Probability of survival, n (%) | |
High (67%–100%) | 31 (68.9) |
Intermediate (34%–66%) | 12 (26.7) |
Low (0%–33%) | 2 (4.4) |
CDH side, n (%)a | |
Left | 39 (86.7) |
Right | 6 (13.3) |
Duration of hospitalization, median (IQR), days | 28 (18–57) |
Congenital anomalies, n (%) | 25 (55.6) |
Cardiovascularb | 7 (15.6) |
Renalc | 4 (8.9) |
Gastrointestinald | 4 (8.9) |
Skeletale | 7 (15.6) |
Otherf | 3 (6.7) |
PedsQL scores of patients with CDH and control participants
Participants With CDH | Healthy Control Participants | Estimated Difference (CDH–Control)b | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assessment | n | Mean Score (SD) | n | Mean Score (SD) | Estimate | 95% CI | P Value |
Parent report | |||||||
Overall score | 45 | 81.2 (14.8) | 90 | 89.2 (6.4) | −8.2 | −11.7 to − 4.7 | < 0.001 |
Physical health summary | 45 | 82.2 (17.0) | 90 | 90.5 (8.4) | −8.3 | −12.5 to −4.1 | < 0.001 |
Psychosocial health summary | 45 | 80.1 (15.4) | 90 | 88.5 (6.9) | −8.5 | −12.2 to −4.7 | < 0.001 |
Emotional | 45 | 75.8 (15.2) | 90 | 83.1 (11.0) | −8.0 | −12.5 to −3.5 | < 0.001 |
Social | 45 | 85.6 (19.5) | 90 | 93.2 (8.8) | −7.3 | −11.9 to −2.8 | 0.002 |
School | 37 | 79.3 (21.2) | 74 | 91.0 (9.3) | −11.5 | −17.2 to −5.8 | < 0.001 |
Cognitivec | 8 | 90.6 (11.1) | 16 | 92.8 (9.9) | −1.8 | −10.8 to 7.2 | 0.69 |
Child report | |||||||
Overall score | 28 | 75.0 (13.9) | 60 | 85.4 (8.8) | −10.7 | −15.6 to − 5.9 | < 0.001 |
Physical health summary | 28 | 74.7 (16.5) | 60 | 84.8 (11.6) | −10.7 | − 16.7 to −4.7 | < 0.001 |
Psychosocial health summary | 28 | 75.4 (14.6) | 60 | 85.6 (8.9) | −10.3 | − 15.4 to −5.3 | < 0.001 |
Emotional | 28 | 69.6 (16.6) | 60 | 79.8 (13.5) | −10.8 | −17.4 to −4.2 | 0.002 |
Social | 28 | 82.7 (18.3) | 60 | 89.9 (9.9) | −6.9 | −12.9 to − 1.0 | 0.02 |
School | 28 | 73.2 (19.6) | 60 | 86.8 (10.9) | −13.9 | −20.4 to −7.4 | < 0.001 |
Characteristic | Patients (n) | Mean Overall Score (SD) | P Value* | Mean Physical Score (SD) | P Value* | Mean Psychosocial Score (SD) | P Value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics at birth | |||||||
Sex | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.35 | ||||
Male | 29 | 82.7 (15.4) | 82.9 (18.3) | 81.7 (16.0) | |||
Female | 16 | 78.5 (13.5) | 81.0 (14.9) | 77.1 (14.5) | |||
Probability of survival score | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||||
Low or intermediate | 14 | 75.5 (18.1) | 75.0 (20.1) | 74.0 (18.4) | |||
High | 31 | 83.7 (12.5) | 85.4 (14.7) | 82.8 (13.3) | |||
CDH type | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.62 | ||||
Liver down | 32 | 80.8 (13.4) | 82.1 (15.7) | 79.3 (14.3) | |||
Liver up | 13 | 82.1 (18.3) | 82.5 (20.7) | 81.9 (18.5) | |||
BPD | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.007 | ||||
Yes | 15 | 72.2 (19.2) | 73.3 (20.3) | 71.5 (20.0) | |||
No | 30 | 85.7 (9.5) | 86.7 (13.4) | 84.4 (10.5) | |||
Initial hospitalization, days | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.008 | ||||
≤ 30 | 24 | 86.9 (8.3) | 86.1 (14.1) | 86.4 (8.6) | |||
31–60 | 11 | 77.4 (10.3) | 81.4 (16.3) | 75.0 (10.1) | |||
≥ 61 | 10 | 71.3 (23.7) | 73.7 (22.3) | 70.4 (24.9) | |||
Mechanical ventilation, days | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.12 | ||||
≤ 7 | 22 | 86.6 (8.8) | 88.5 (12.3) | 85.4 (9.4) | |||
8–21 | 13 | 78.4 (13.0) | 78.7 (15.6) | 76.8 (14.1) | |||
≥ 22 | 9 | 76.6 (20.0) | 75.2 (23.3) | 77.1 (19.6) | |||
Postdischarge events | |||||||
Hospitalizations, n | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.13 | ||||
0 | 12 | 86.8 (10.0) | 88.3 (9.5) | 85.8 (12.1) | |||
1–2 | 17 | 83.1 (10.2) | 86.3 (15.1) | 81.5 (10.0) | |||
≥ 3 | 16 | 74.9 (19.6) | 73.3 (20.2) | 74.3 (20.5) | |||
Characteristics at testing | |||||||
Age | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.03 | ||||
< 24 months | 8 | 83.8 (9.2) | 83.9 (7.8) | 83.7 (11.3) | |||
2–4 years | 7 | 93.2 (5.8) | 97.3 (4.9) | 90.7 (7.3) | |||
5–12 years | 18 | 74.5 (17.2) | 76.4 (19.0) | 72.5 (18.2) | |||
≥ 13 years | 12 | 82.4 (13.1) | 81.0 (18.5) | 82.8 (12.2) | |||
Digestive issues | 0.06 | 0.046 | 0.07 | ||||
Yes | 23 | 77.2 (17.2) | 77.3 (19.3) | 76.0 (17.9) | |||
No | 22 | 85.4 (10.5) | 87.3 (12.7) | 84.3 (11.3) | |||
Respiratory issues | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.62 | ||||
Yes | 29 | 79.8 (15.7) | 79.3 (17.8) | 79.2 (16.3) | |||
No | 16 | 83.7 (13.0) | 87.4 (14.7) | 81.6 (14.1) | |||
Orthopedic issues | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.04 | ||||
Yes | 6 | 67.0 (21.9) | 65.1 (23.4) | 68.1 (22.1) | |||
No | 39 | 83.4 (12.3) | 84.8 (14.5) | 81.9 (13.6) | |||
Neurologic issues | < 0.001 | 0.05 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yesa | 7 | 64.7 (22.6) | 70.8 (24.3) | 60.4 (21.1) | |||
No | 38 | 84.2 (10.7) | 84.3 (14.8) | 83.7 (11.1) |
Characteristic | Patients (n) | Mean Overall Score (SD) | P Value* | Mean Physical Score (SD) | P Value* | Mean Psychosocial Score (SD) | P Value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics at birth | |||||||
Sex | 0.56 | 0.16 | 0.95 | ||||
Male | 15 | 76.4 (14.3) | 78.8 (17.4) | 75.2 (14.2) | |||
Female | 13 | 73.3 (13.7) | 70.0 (14.5) | 75.6 (15.6) | |||
Probability of survival score | 0.71 | 0.89 | 0.63 | ||||
Low or intermediate | 8 | 73.4 (14.7) | 75.4 (14.1) | 73.2 (16.8) | |||
High | 20 | 75.6 (13.9) | 74.4 (17.6) | 76.3 (13.9) | |||
CDH type | 0.81 | 0.42 | 0.93 | ||||
Liver down | 22 | 75.3 (13.6) | 76.0 (15.8) | 75.3 (14.2) | |||
Liver up | 6 | 73.7 (16.2) | 69.8 (19.4) | 75.8 (17.3) | |||
BPD | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.47 | ||||
Yes | 9 | 72.7 (12.0) | 73.3 (15.6) | 72.4 (11.9) | |||
No | 19 | 76.0 (14.9) | 75.3 (17.2) | 76.8 (15.8) | |||
Initial hospitalization, days | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.40 | ||||
≤ 30 | 15 | 76.3 (13.0) | 73.8 (15.7) | 78.1 (14.0) | |||
31–60 | 10 | 75.9 (15.7) | 78.8 (18.3) | 74.3 (15.1) | |||
≥ 61 | 3 | 65.6 (12.2) | 65.6 (14.3) | 65.6 (16.2) | |||
Mechanical ventilation, days | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.88 | ||||
≤ 7 | 13 | 75.3 (16.1) | 73.3 (15.7) | 76.9 (17.8) | |||
8–21 | 10 | 74.3 (13.3) | 75.6 (19.0) | 73.7 (12.1) | |||
≥ 22 | 5 | 75.4 (11.2) | 76.3 (16.3) | 75.0 (11.7) | |||
Postdischarge events | |||||||
Hospitalizations, n | 0.75 | 0.24 | 0.39 | ||||
0 | 6 | 78.3 (8.5) | 70.3 (14.4) | 82.7 (9.8) | |||
1–2 | 11 | 75.3 (18.1) | 81.3 (17.3) | 72.7 (18.4) | |||
≥ 3 | 11 | 72.8 (12.0) | 70.5 (15.8) | 74.1 (11.9) | |||
Characteristics at testing | |||||||
Age, years | 0.76 | 0.38 | 0.99 | ||||
5–12 | 16 | 74.3 (13.8) | 72.3 (16.6) | 75.4 (14.4) | |||
≥ 13 | 12 | 75.9 (14.6) | 77.9 (16.5) | 75.4 (15.4) | |||
Digestive issues | 0.22 | 0.51 | 0.18 | ||||
Yes | 17 | 72.3 (15.5) | 73.0 (16.9) | 72.4 (16.3) | |||
No | 11 | 79.1 (10.2) | 77.3 (16.2) | 80.0 (10.4) | |||
Respiratory issues | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | ||||
Yes | 16 | 69.9 (14.7) | 68.0 (16.4) | 71.4 (16.2) | |||
No | 12 | 81.7 (9.1) | 83.6 (11.9) | 80.7 (10.3) | |||
Orthopedic issues | 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.67 | ||||
Yes | 5 | 76.7 (10.5) | 74.4 (17.9) | 78.0 (8.0) | |||
No | 23 | 74.6 (14.7) | 74.7 (16.6) | 74.8 (15.7) | |||
Neurologic issues | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.11 | ||||
Yes | 3 | 63.4 (15.8) | 64.6 (15.7) | 62.8 (20.0) | |||
No | 25 | 76.4 (13.3) | 75.9 (16.4) | 76.9 (13.5) |