Background
Methods
Design
Environment
Participants and selection
Devices
Primary outcome measures
Secondary outcome measures
Other outcome measures
Follow-up
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
All (n = 50) | Groups | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
TM (n = 25) | HM (n = 25) | |||
Age (mean) ± SD | 74.84 ± 11.8 | 73.68 ± 14.2 | 76.00 ± 8.8 | 0.68 |
Men (mean) | 26 (52.0) | 13 (52.0) | 13 (52.0) | 1.00 |
MLHFQ [95CI] | 24.58 [19.30;29.86] | 20.20 [14.48;25.92] | 28.96 [19.97–37.95] | 0.07 |
EQ5D utilities [95CI] | 0.78 [0.72;0.85] | 0.81 [0.74;0.87] | 0.76 [0.64;0.88] | 0.47 |
Pacing indication (%) | ||||
Sick sinus syndrome | 24 (48.0) | 12 (48.0) | 12 (48.0) | 0.65 |
Atrioventricular block | 20 (40.0) | 11 (44.0%) | 9 (36.0) | |
Chronic AF with Bradycardia | 6 (12.0) | 2 (8.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
Disease manifestations (%) | ||||
Syncope | 14 (28.0) | 8 (32.0) | 6 (24.0) | 0.81 |
Dizziness | 25 (50.0) | 12 (48.0) | 13 (52.0) | |
Dyspnoea | 11 (22.0) | 5 (20.0) | 6 (24.0) | |
Service derivated (%) | ||||
Emergency dept. | 3 (6.0) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0.51 |
Cardiology ward | 14 (28.0) | 5 (20.0) | 9 (36.0) | |
Primary healthcare | 4 (8.0) | 2 (8.0) | 2 (8.0) | |
Other hospitals | 29 (58.0) | 17 (68.0) | 12 (48.0) | |
Stimulation (%) | ||||
DDDR | 44 (88.0) | 23 (92.0) | 21 (84.0) | 0.33 |
VVIR | 6 (12.0) | 2 (8.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
Comorbidities (%) | ||||
Dislipidemia | 27 (54.0) | 13 (52.0) | 14 (56.0) | 0.50 |
Obesity (BMI > 30) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0.50 |
Tachyarrhythmia | 18 (36.0) | 7 (28.0) | 11 (44.0) | 0.19 |
Hypertension | 32 (64.0) | 17 (68.0) | 15 (60.0) | 0.38 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 6 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (24.0) | 0.01 |
Other comorbidities (%) | ||||
None | 18 (36.0) | 11 (44.0) | 7 (28.0) | 0.39 |
Others | 10 (20.0) | 6 (24.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
Coronary heart diseases | 22 (44.0) | 8 (32.0) | 14 (56.0) | |
Pharmaceutical treatment (%) | ||||
Antiaggregants | 18 (36.0) | 8 (32.0) | 10 (40.0) | 0.38 |
Anticoagulants | 25 (50.0) | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | 0.13 |
Antiarrhythmics | 18 (36.0) | 7 (28.0) | 11 (44.0) | 0.19 |
Antihypertensives | 32 (64.0) | 18 (72.0) | 14 (56.0) | 0.19 |
Health-related quality of life basal analysis
EQ-5D Utilities | Month 0 | Month 1 | Month 6 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM n (%) | HM n (%) | Total n (%) | p | TM n (%) | HM n (%) | Total n (%) | p | TM n (%) | HM n (%) | Total n (%) | p | ||
Mobility | No problems | 15 (60.0) | 12 (48.0) |
27 (54.0)
|
0.29
| 16 (64.0) |
14 (58.3)
| 30 (61.2) | 0.46 | 17 (68.0) | 16 (66.7) | 33 (67.3) | 0.58 |
Some problems | 10 (40.0) | 13 (52.0) |
23 (46.0)
| 9 (36.0) |
10 (41.7)
| 19 (38.8) | 8 (32.0) | 8 (33.3) | 16 (32.7) | ||||
Extreme problems | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Self-care | No problems | 22 (88.0) | 22 (88.0) |
44 (88.0)
|
0.67
| 23 (92.0) |
22 (91.7)
| 45 (91.8) | 0.68 | 21 (84.0) | 23 (95.8) | 44 (89.8) | 0.19 |
Some problems | 22 (88.0) | 22 (88.0) |
6 (12.0)
| 2 (8.0) |
2 (8.3)
| 4 (8.2) | 4 (16.0) | 1 (4.2) | 5 (10.2) | ||||
Extreme problems | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Usual activities | No problems | 16 (64.0) | 14 (56.0) |
30 (60.0)
|
0.84
| 13 (52.0) |
13 (54.2)
| 26 (53.1) | 0.55 | 18 (72.0) | 12 (50.0) | 30 (61.2) | 0.22 |
Some problems | 8 (32.0) | 10 (40.0) | 18 (36.0) | 12 (48.0) |
11 (45.8)
| 23 (46.9) | 7 (28.0) | 11 (45.8) | 18 (36.7) | ||||
Extreme problems | 1 (4.0) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | 1 (2.0) | ||||
Pain / discomfort | No problems | 11 (44.0) | 14 (56.0) |
25(50.0)
|
0.08
| 13 (52.0) |
15 (62.5)
| 28 (57.1) | 0.71 | 13 (52.0) | 12 (50.0) | 25 (51.0) | 0.87 |
Some problems | 14 (56.0) | 8 (32.0) |
22 (44.0)
| 10 (40.0) |
8 (33.3)
| 18 (36.7) | 9 (36.0) | 10 (41.7) | 19 (38.8) | ||||
Extreme problems | 0 (0.0) | 3 (12.0) |
3 (6.0)
| 2 (8.0) |
1 (2.0)
| 3 (6.1) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (8.3) | 5 (10.2) | ||||
Anxiety / depression | No problems | 16 (64.0) | 16 (64.0) |
32 (64.0)
|
0.62
| 18 (72.0) |
19 (79.2)
| 37 (75.5) | 0.58 | 16 (64.0) | 19 (79.2) | 35 (71.4) | 0.50 |
Some problems | 9 (36.0) | 9 (36.0) |
18 (36.0)
| 6 (24.0) |
5 (20.8)
| 11 (22.4) | 7 (28.0) | 4 (16.7) | 11 (22.4) | ||||
Extreme problems | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) |
0 (0.0)
| 1 (2.0) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (4.2) | 3 (6.1) | ||||
TOTAL [95CI] | 0.81 [0.74;0.87] | 0.76 [0.64;0.88] | 0.78 [0.72;0.85] |
0.47
| 0.79 [0.70;0.88] | 0.83 [0.74;0.92] | 0.81 [0.75;0.87] | 0.49 | 0.82 [0.69;0.93] | 0.76 [0.65;0.87] | 0.79 [0.71;0.86] | 0.54 | |
EQ-5D VAS | |||||||||||||
TOTAL [95CI] | 64.00 [55.77;72.23] | 64.88 [51.69;74.07] | 64.83 [56.74;70.14] | 0.86 | 69.38 [60.82;76.38] | 66.96 [59.17;74.75] | 67.80 [62.49;73.10] | 0.71 | 72.71 [65.58;79.83] | 59.79 [49.44;70.14] | 66.74 [60.46;73.01] | 0.08 |
Month 0 | Month 1 | Month 6 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM N = 25 | HM N = 25 | p | TM N = 25 | HM N = 24 | p | TM N = 25 | HM N = 24 | p | |
Swelling in ankles, legs | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.88 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.57 |
Rest during the day | 1.28 | 2.08 | 0.13 | 1.29 | 1.08 | 0.75 | 1.08 | 0.88 | 0.69 |
Walking and climbing stairs | 0.96 | 1.92 | 0.09 | 0.96 | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.96 |
Working around the house | 1.20 | 2.36 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 1.25 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 1.13 | 0.18 |
Going away from home | 0.28 | 1.44 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.92 |
Sleeping | 0.84 | 1.32 | 0.27 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.94 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.83 |
Doing things with friends or family | 0.88 | 1.96 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 0.68 |
Working to earn a living | 0.40 | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.32 |
Recreational pastimes | 1.24 | 1.76 | 0.23 | 1.29 | 0.88 | 0.39 | 1.21 | 1.17 | 0.92 |
Sexual activities | 0.32 | 0.68 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.96 |
Eat less of the food liked | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.34 |
Shortness of breath | 2.44 | 2.48 | 0.99 | 1.46 | 1.04 | 0.32 | 1.29 | 1.50 | 0.60 |
Fatigue, tireness, low on energy | 2.36 | 3.20 | 0.08 | 1.54 | 1.38 | 0.76 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.97 |
Stay in the hospital | 1.48 | 1.76 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 1.38 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.60 |
Costing money for medical care | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.85 |
Side effects from medication | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.83 | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.53 |
Feeling burdensome | 0.32 | 0.76 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.71 |
Feeling a loss of self control | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.92 |
Worry | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.38 | 0.41 |
Difficulty remembering & concentrating | 1.16 | 0.96 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.59 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.37 |
Feeling depressed | 0.44 | 0.76 | 0.37 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.72 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.50 |
TOTAL [95CI] | 20.20 [14.48–25.92] | 28.96 [19.97–37.95] | 0.07 | 18.64 [11.01–26.27] | 14.38 [6.99–21.76] | 0.59 | 15.80 [7.18–24.42] | 13.21 [5.86–20.56] | 0.97 |
Cardiovascular adverse events and workload
Total N (%) | Tele-monitoring N (%) | Hospital Monitoring N (%) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of transmissions from consultation room | ||||
0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.26 |
1 | 41 (83.7) | 21 (84.0) | 20 (83.3) | |
2 | 6 (12.2) | 2 (8.0) | 4 (16.7) | |
3 | 2 (4.1) | 2 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Transmissions from patients home | ||||
0 | 29 (59.2) | 5 (20.0) | 24 (100) | < 0.001 |
3–5 | 15 (30.6) | 15 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
6–8 | 5 (10.2) | 5 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Extra transmissions from patients home | ||||
0 | 45 (91.8) | 21 (84.0) | 24 (100) | 0.12 |
1 | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
3 | 3 (6.2) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Cardiovascular adverse events | ||||
None | 46 (93.9) | 23 (92.0) | 23 (95.8) | 0.40 |
PCI | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Angina | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | |
Lead dislodgement ×2 | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Changes of medication | ||||
0 | 33 (67.3) | 17 (68.0) | 16 (66.7) | 0.11 |
1 | 7 (14.3) | 5 (20.0) | 2 (8.3) | |
2 | 3 (6.1) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (8.3) | |
3 | 4 (8.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (16.7) | |
4 | 2 (4.1) | 2 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Changes of pacemakers reprogramming | ||||
0 | 34 (69.4) | 16 (64.0) | 18 (75.0) | 0.34 |
1 | 13 (26.5) | 7 (28.0) | 6 (25.0) | |
2 | 2 (4.1) | 2 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Hospitalizations days after implant | ||||
0 | 30 (61.2) | 14 (56.0) | 16 (66.7) | 0.55 |
1 | 14 (28.6) | 7 (28.0) | 7 (29.2) | |
2 | 4 (8.2) | 3 (12.0) | 1 (4.2) | |
5 | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Days hospitalizated | ||||
0 | 30 (61.2) | 14 (56.0) | 16 (66.7) | 0.54 |
1–5 | 12 (24.5) | 6 (24.0) | 6 (25.1) | |
6–10 | 4 (8.1) | 2 (8.0) | 2 (8.4) | |
+ 10 | 3 (6.0) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Reasons for hospitalization | ||||
None | 30 (61.2) | 14 (56.0) | 16 (66.7) | 0.37 |
Others | 6 (12.3) | 3 (12.0) | 3 (12.5) | |
Cancer | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Coronary problems | 9 (18.4) | 4 (16.0) | 5 (20.8) | |
PM disfuction | 3 (6.1) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Health related quality of life results at 6 months
All | Tele-Monitoring | Hospital Monitoring | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month 0 | Month 6 | Differences | p | Month 0 | Month 6 | Differences | p | Month 0 | Month 6 | Differences | p | |
Health Related Quality of Life - Specific | ||||||||||||
MLHFQ [95CI] | 24.58 [19.30–29.86] | 14.53 [9.04–20.02] | −9.65 [4.03;15.27] | < 0.001 | 20.20 [14.48–25.92] | 15.80 [7.18–24.42] | −4.40 [−3.08;11.88] | 0.04 | 28.96 [19.97–37.95] | 13.21 [5.86–20.56] | −15.13 [6.73;23.52] | < 0.001 |
Health Related Quality of Life - General | ||||||||||||
EQ5D VAS [95CI] | 64.83 [56.74;70.14] | 66.74 [60.46;73.01] | 1.91 [−10.41;4.37] | 0.42 | 64.00 [55.77;72.23] | 72.71 [65.58;79.83] | 8.71 [−16.79;0.54] | 0.07 | 64.88 [51.69;74.07] | 59.79 [49.44;70.14] | 5.09 [−8.97;19.13] | 0.46 |
EQ5D utilities [95CI] | 0.78 [0.72;0.85] | 0.79 [0.71;0.86] | 0.01 [−0.08;0.12] | 0.71 | 0.81 [0.74;0.87] | 0.81 [0.69;0.93] | 0.00 [−0.14;0.12] | 0.92 | 0.76 [0.64;0.88] | 0.76 [0.65;0.87] | 0.00 [−0.07;0.13] | 0.50 |