Help-seeking behaviour for depressive disorders among adult cardiovascular outpatient cardiac clinic Jimma University Teaching Hospital, Jimma, South-West Ethiopia: crosssectional study
Depression in healthy person without cardiac disease has been associated with the development of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular disease also risk factor for development of depression. This has devastating effect the patient’s quality of live, illness progression, morbidity and mortality. Despite this fact help seeking behavior of cardiovascular patients with depression has not been addressed in Ethiopia.
Objective
To assess help-seeking behaviors of adult cardiovascular patients with depression for their depressive disorders in Jimma university teaching hospital.
Method
Institution based cross sectional study conducted October to December in 2014. The study was conducted on 353 cardiovascular patients who attended at cardiac clinic. Depression was assessed using patient health questionnaire version nine (PHQ-9), which is validated in Ethiopia, Help seeking behavior using actual help seeking questionnaire and social support using Oslo social support-3 item scale.
Result
From the total of 339 participants, 57.5% (n = 195) of them fulfill the case definition of depression and 12.1% (n = 41) of participant reported idea of hurting themselves. Only 33.3% sought help for their depression. Of those participants who sought help, 88.6% sought help from one or more of an informal help source. Occupation (odds of = 4.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1. 31, 13.78), education level (AOR 7.6, CI 2. 13, 27.11), the presence of a history of mental illness in the family (AOR 7.33, CI 2. 72, 19.80), ideal of hurting themselves, knowing the availability of the psychiatric service in this hospital and having previous seeking help were significantly associated with help seeking behavior.
Conclusion and recommendation
The number of patients not seeking help for depression is high. There for scaling up mental health service in tertiary hospitals through multidisciplinary approach should be given high priority.
Abkürzungen
AHSQ
Actual Help Seeking Questionnaire
CAD
coronary artery disease
CVD
cardiovascular disease
DALYs
disability adjusted life years
DDM
diabetes related heart disease
ETB
Ethiopian Birr
GP
General Practitioner
HF
heart failure
HIV/AIDS
human Immune virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HHD
hypertensive related heart disease
IHD
ischemic heart disease
JU
Jimma University
JUTH
Jimma University teaching hospital
LMIC
low- and middle-income countries
MD
major depression
OSS-3
Oslo social support scale -3
QOL
quality of Life
PHQ-9
Patient Health Questionnaire
SPSS
statically package social science
WHO
World Health Organization
Background
According to World Health Organization (WHO) mental health is defined as a state of subjective well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of daily life events, can work productively and able to make a contribution to his or her society [1]. Depression is a serious mental illness that affects one’s thoughts, feelings, behavior, mood and physical health. Depression is a life-long condition in which periods of wellness interchange with recurrences of illness [2]. Co-morbid depression is the existence of a depressive disorder (i.e. major depression, dysthymic or adjustment disorder) along with a physical disease [3]. Those co-occurrence of diseases increased patients’ risk of disability and mortality [4]. But in the other report of this organization illustrate that in worldwide thousands of people with mental illness did not get mental health Services [5].
Fifty-seven million deaths occurred in the world during 2008; out of this (63%) were due to NCDs. Almost 80% of these NCD deaths occurred in LMIC [6]. Chronic non-communicable cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world [3] and also rapidly overtaking infectious diseases as the major cause of death and disability in the developing world [7].
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Depression is one of the leading contributors of the burden of disease globally and in low- and (LMIC), and is projected to be, overall, the second leading cause of burden of disease by 2020 [8, 9].
Major depression disorder (23.8%) and sub-syndrome symptom of depression (20.8%) is highly prevalent among Myocardial Infraction patients. But depression among this groups of patients remain unrecognized and untreated [10].
The syndrome of major depression is present in approximately 15% of patients with cardiac disease; such a rate is substantially higher than that seen in the general population (4% to 5%) Or primary care patients (8% to 10%). And also in other study depression in healthy persons without cardiac disease has been associated with the development of coronary artery disease; it associated with a 60% increase in cardiac disease [11‐14]. Depression is an independent risk factor for the development of CAD. Patients with CAD have a high rate of depression, which worsens their prognosis [15].
Depression among hypertensive patients is also highly prevalent; it’s also not only chronicity of hypertension increase depression prevalence, instead pathophysiological bidirectional related. Comorbidity of depression and hypertension fasten disease progression to cardiac complication [16]. In our country also NCD are the leading contributor of (51%) death among adults in Addis Ababa, where the health care system is still gives great attention toward addressing communicable diseases [17].
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Help seeking tendency
A study done in New York in 2012, a majority (61.3%) of respondents with lifetime major depression disorder (MDD) (N = 5, 958) reported having help seeking for depression treatment [18].
A study done among African Americans for screening depression using the International Diagnostic Inventory, out of 441 participants, 66.4% were classified as affective depression, 17.8% complicated depression, and 15.8% as physical depression. From these groups, complicated depression group was associated with increased likelihood seeking treatment from a mental health professional. Seeking treatment from a family doctor was associated with physical depression. Seeking care from three or more different health care providers was associated with complicated depression [19].
Community based screening study done in Butajira, Ethiopia 2009, indicated that over half of the cases (55.9%) had never sought help from the modern health care sector, and only 13.2% had ever been admitted to psychiatric hospital [20]. These data suggest that pharmacological and non- pharmacological treatment of depression might improve the quality of life (QOL) of heart failure (HF) patients [21]. Thus heart failure patients who get treatment for their depression, quality of life will improve.
Study done in Italy among 18–69 years old revealed that 34% had sought help from a health professional, 13% from family or friends, and 6% from both. The remaining 47.2% had no sought help. Factors significantly associated with not having helped sought from any (either) source were male sex, being regularly employed and age 18–34 years old [22]. Study done in the Meskan and Mareko district in Ethiopia among general population only 33.4% of respondents with persistence depression sought help from any kind in the 3 months follow up assessment. Out of respondents with persistence depression; 16.7% use government primary health care service, 9.3% private healthcare and 7.4% traditional and religious healers [23].
Overall depression is a major public health problem worldwide; but its’ burden increased while it co-occur with chronic medical illness like cardiovascular. The prevalence of depression become alarmingly increasing with patients who have chronic co-morbid medical illnesses such as cardiovascular disease. Patients with depression do not seek-help, even if it has a great negative impact on quality of life, productivity, social functioning and accelerating chronic disease prognosis it still remains undetected and under treated.
Methods and materials
Study area and period
The study was conducted in JUTH is located 352 km south west of the capital city from Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Jimma University Tertiary Teaching Hospital is one of the oldest public hospitals in the country. It was established 1937 during Italian occupation to give service for their soldiers. It provides services for approximately 9000 inpatient and 80,000 outpatient attendances a year coming to the hospital from the catchment population of about 15 million people.
Cardiac Clinic is one of the follow-up clinics giving service for patient with chronic CVDs among others clinics that give service for patients with other chronic NCDs. This clinic gives service for a total of 1939 adult cardiac patient for follow up their cardiac status and to take medication. Data were collected from adult patient from October to December 2014.
Participants
The study participants were all adult patients who had cardiovascular diseases age 18 years and above who came for follow-up at JUTH cardiac clinic during the study period. A total of 353adult patients who had cardiovascular diseases and Age 18 years or older were involved in the study. Systematic random sampling method was employed. This study exclude patients having hearing problem and severe mental illness except depression but patients with depressive disorder presented in psychomotor retardation or catatonic features were excluded.
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Measurements
The dependent variable was help seeking behavior. The independent variables includes socio- demographic characteristics such as age sex, religion, ethnicity, educational status, occupation, residency, marital status and also psycho-social related factors and illness-related factors.
Data collection procedures and instruments
A structured interviewer administer questionnaire was used. Depression was measured using Patient Health Questionnaire nine (PHQ-9) which is a validated instrument in Ethiopia [24]. For help seeking behavior, we used the Actual Help Seeking Questionnaire designed and used for the assessment of recent help seeking of patients with CVD for emotional problems for the last 2 weeks just prior to the date of being interviewed [25]. Pre-test was conducted on 5% of the sample size before the main study was done. Amharic and Oromifa version of questionnaire were used for data collection.
Data collectors’ selection and training
Data were collected by six BSc nurses. Supervision was made by one Masters in Public Health and principal investigator. Data collectors and supervisor were trained for 1 day by the principal investigator on the study instrument, consent form, how to maintain confidentiality and data collection procedure based on AHSQ.
Data quality management
One day training of data collectors was given on how to collect data. Regular supervision by the supervisor and the principal investigator was made to ensure that all necessary data were properly collected. Each day during data collection, filled questioners were cheeked for completeness and consistency. Questionnaire which was not completely filled it was discarded.
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Data processing and analysis
The quantitative data was entered into the computer by using Epi-data version 3.1 and lastly exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. The data was explored by using frequency tables and figure. Measure of central tendency was calculated and utilized for appropriate variable to describe, the data, to check for consistencies and to identify missed values. Bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions were used. Finally, variables had p value of less than 0.25 on binary logistic regression were entered into multivariable logistic regression. Then, variables which showed statistical significant association with p-value less than 0.05 on final model were considered as predictors of help seeking behaviors.
Ethical considerations
The ethical approval was received from the institutional review board of Jimma University College of Public Health and Medical Sciences. Written informed consent was obtained from the Study participants. The data given by the participants was used only for research purposes. Participants have the right to late the participation.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of study subjects
From the total of 353 cardiovascular patients 339 of them completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 96%. Among the 339 respondents 53.1% (n = 180) were females making female to male ratio of 1.13:1. The mean age of the study participants was 50.1 (SD ± 17.11; median 51.22) year. Among the respondents, Oromo ethnic group constituted 77.3% (n = 262). Majority of the study population were married (76.4%). In terms of residence, rural study participants surrounding Jimma Town constituted the majority (64.0%). Concerning religion of participants, Islam constituted a great majority (75.2%). With regards to occupation, out of the study population more than half of them were farmers (50.7%). The median annual income of the participants, as reported by them, was 3000.00 (mean, 7,862.94) ETB (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants and association with seeking any form of help, Jimma University Teaching hospital, Ethiopia December 2014
Factors
Frequency
Number (n = 339)
Percent
Sex
Male
159
46.9
Female
180
53.1
Age of the respondent
18–27
45
13.3
28–37
48
14.2
38–47
55
16.2
48–57
55
16.2
58–67
81
23.9
≥ 68
55
16.2
Occupation
Farmer
172
50.7
Unemployed
67
19.8
Housewife
29
8.6
Merchant
23
6.8
Employed
18
5.3
Daily laborer
8
2.4
Retired
13
3.8
Othersa
9
2.7
Income of the respondent (Birr)
< 900
84
24.8
900–2999
75
22.1
3000–9999
85
25.1
≥ 10,000
95
28.0
Marital status
Married
259
76.4
Othersb
80
23.6
Oromo
262
77.3
Ethnicity
Amhara
37
10.9
Yem
16
4.7
Gurage
8
2.4
Othersc
16
4.8
Religion
Muslim
255
75.2
Orthodox
71
20.9
Protestant
13
3.8
Attending place of worship
Daily
119
35.1
2–3 times per week
45
13.3
Once per week
150
44.2
Less than a week
25
7.3
Illiterate
180
53.1
Educational level
Able to read and write only
68
20.1
Formal education
91
26.8
Othersa = student, house servants othersb = single, divorced separated othersc = Tigra, Dawero, Welayeta and Kefa
Illness related characteristic of cardiovascular patient outpatient cardiac clinic
Out of the total of 339 CVD patients, 7.1% (n = 24) reported past history of thought of hurting themselves and also 12.1% (n = 41) of participants reported having current thinking of hurting themselves within the study period. When we see the comorbid illness, nearly half of patients reported one or more comorbid medical health problem in addition to CVD. Out of depressive CVD patient who had previous consultation for their depression was 15.4% (n = 30) sought help for their depression. Regarding the diagnosis; majority of them (34.8%) had hypertensive related heart disease. Followed by 28.0% (n = 95) had ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and Acute coronary syndrome. With regard to duration of CVD of the respondents; around 26% of participants had 1–3 years (Table 2).
Table 2
Illness related characteristic of cardiovascular patients in outpatient cardiac clinic JUTH south west Ethiopia, December 2014
Factors
Frequency (n = 33 9)
Percent
History of suicidal thought
Yes
24
7.1
No
315
92.9
Suicidal ideation
Yes
41
12.1
No
298
87.9
Comorbidity other than heart disease
Yes
168
49.6
No
174
50.4
Diagnosis
HHD
118
34.8
IHDa
95
28.0
Cardiomyopathy
48
14.2
VHD/RF
34
10.0
DHD
29
8.6
Cor-plumonary
10
2.9
Othersb
5
1.5
Duration of CVD disease
< 1 year
82
24.2
1–3 years
90
26.5
4–5 years
70
20.6
6–7 years
44
13.0
≥ 7 years
53
15.6
HHD—hypertensive related heart disease, VHD—vulvular heart diseases, and RF—heart disease due to rheumatic fever and DHD—diabetic related heart disease
a Ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction and angina
Othersb arrhythmia and thyrotoxicosis
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Regarding severity of depression; according to PHQ-9, 42.5% (n = 144) had no depression; 30.7% (n = 104) had mild depression, 20.0% (n = 68) of them moderate depression. Participants with severe depression were 6.8% (n = 23) severe depression (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Severity of depression of CVD patients’ at cardiac clinic JUTH southwest Ethiopia December 2014
×
Based on the patients’ report on functionality, 37.4% (n = 73) where somewhat impaired whereas 22.6% (n = 44) were severely impaired and 5.6% (n = 11) reported extreme impairment to accomplish their day to day activities because of the depressive symptoms for the last 2 weeks prior to data collection period. Even if patients had sign and symptom of depression, 34.4% (n = 67) reported their functionality was intact (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Functionality of CVD patients with depression in cardiac clinic JUTH, December 2014
×
Psycho-social and behavioral factors
Among the total sample of cardiovascular patients, (38.9%) participants reported poor social support, 38.3% moderate support and the rest (22.2%) strong social support. Concerning information about mental illness, 63.7% (n = 216) had heard about mental illness. From the total of 339 respondents 44.4% (n = 152) CVD patients believed life stressors alone as a cause for mental illness (Table 3).
Table 3
Psycho-social and behavioral factors of cardiovascular patient outpatient cardiac clinic JUTH, southwest Ethiopia, December 2014
Factors
Frequency
(n = 339)
Percent
Living condition
With family
304
89.7
Live alone
24
7.1
Othera
11
3.3
Social support
Poor
132
38.9
Moderate
130
38.3
Good
77
22.7
Information about MI
Yes
216
63.7
No
123
36.3
Neighborhood
92
42.6
MI information source
From religious leaders
33
15.3
From mass media
91
42.1
Presence of other mental illness in the family
Yes
65
19.2
No
274
80.8
Awareness of MH service availability Hospital
Yes
204
60.2
No
135
39.8
Cause of MI
Evil or bad sprit
37
10.90%
Stress life events
152
44.80%
Genetic predisposition
42
10.90%
More than one of the above
108
31.90%
Fear stigma from the public
Yes
22
11.3
No
173
88.7
Life time cigrate use
Yes
30
8.8
No
309
91.2
Current cigrate use
No
325
95.9
Yes
14
4.1
Life time alcohol use
Yes
41
12.1
No
298
87.9
Current alcohol use
No
320
94.4
Yes
19
5.6
Other a—live with relative, homeless or living in employers ‘home
Prevalence of help seeking behavior for depression among cardiovascular patients
Help seeking behavior associated with socio-demographic factors
Using Actual Help Seeking Behavior Questionnaire (AHSQ), 33.3% 95%CI (26.69, 39.91) (n = 65) of depressed cardiovascular sought help for their depression in the last 2 weeks. But majority of respondents did not seek help from any form of help source (66.7%). Significant portion of females did not seek help for their depression (77.7%; n = 78). Nearly half of the participants with age group 58–67 sought help. Out of respondents with depression who were in the age group greater than or equal to 68, 40.0% (n = 14) of them sought help for depression from any form of help sources. Majority of single, divorced and windowed patients never sought help (75%, n = 37).
Those who were able to read and write 76.1% (n = 35) as well as 72.5% (n = 37) of the illiterates never sought help. Out of CVD patient with depression who had annual income less than 900.00 Ethiopian Birr, 67.2% (n = 72) did not sought help for their depression. Finally, from demographic part, residence is the factor that have implication on help sought among depressive CVD patients; so 67.7% (n = 84) patient who live from rural part of Jimma Town never sought (Table 4).
Table 4
Distribution of socio-demographic factors of actual help seeking behavior for depression by socio-demographic characteristics, Jimma University, Ethiopia, November, 2014
Factors
Help seeking
COR (95%CI)
P-value
Yes
No
Sex
Male
42 (44.7%)
52 (55.3%)
2.74 (1.47–5.08)
0.001
Female
23 (22.8%)
78 (77.2%)
Ref
Age of respondent
18–27
5 (20.8%)
19 (79.2%)
0.32 (0.1–0.99)
0.49
28–37
7 (20.6%)
27 (79.4%)
0.31 (0.11–0.86)
0.025
38–47
10 (40.0%)
15 (60.0%)
0.8 (0.0.29–2.16)
0.66
48–57
9 (27.3%)
24 (72.2%)
0.45 (0.17–1.18)
0.1
58–67
20 (45.5%)
24 (54.5%)
Ref
≥ 68
14 (40.0%)
21 (60.0%)
0.8 (0.32–1.96)
0.63
Marital status
Married
53 (36.3%)
93 (63.7%)
Ref
Othersa
12 (24.5%)
37 (75.5%)
0.57 (0.27–1.18)
0.13
Ethnicity
Oromo
53 (34.6%)
100 (65.4%)
Ref
Amhara
5 (26.3%)
14 (73.7%)
0.67 (0.23–1.97)
0.47
Othersb
7 (30.4%)
16 (69.6%)
0.82 (0.32–2.13)
0.69
Religion
Muslim
53 (34.6%)
100 (65.4%)
Ref
Christian
12 (28.6%)
30 (71.4%)
0.75 (0.36–1.59)
0.46
Attending place of worship
Daily
24 (33.8%)
47 (66.2%)
1.33 (0.67–2.65)
0.41
2–3 times per week
11 (42.3%)
15 (57.7%)
1.91 (0.77–4.77)
0.16
Once per week
23 (27.7%)
60 (72.3%)
Ref
Less than per week
7 (46.7%)
8 (53.3%)
2.28 (0.74–7.01)
0.15
Educational level
Illiterate
35 (32.7%)
72 (67.3%)
1.55 (0.70–3.40)
0.27
Able to read and write only
11 (23.9%)
35 (76.1%)
Ref
Formal education
19 (45.2%)
23 (54.8%)
2.63 (1.10–6.53)
0.037
Annual income of respondent (Birr)
Less than 900
14 (27.5%)
37 (72.5%)
Ref
900–2999
12 (27.9%)
31 (72.1%)
1.02 (0.413–2.53)
0.96
3000–9999
16 (32.0%)
34 (68.0%)
1.24 (0.53–2.93)
0.61
≥ 10,000
23 (45.1%)
28 (54.9%)
2.17 (0.95–4.96)
0.06
Occupation
Unemployed
10 (18.2%)
45 (81.8%)
Ref
Employed
7 (38.9%)
11 (61.1%)
2.86 (0.89–9.22)
0.07
Farmer
41 (42.7%)
55 (57.3%)
3.35 (1.51–7.43)
0.003
Othersc
7 (26.9%)
19 (73.1%)
1.66 (0.55–5.00)
0.37
Residence
Rural
40 (32.2%
84 (67.7%)
Ref
0.67
Urban
25 (35.2%)
46 (64.8%)
1.14 (0.62–2.11)
a Single, windowed/divorced
b Yem, Tigra, Dawero, Gurage, welayeta and/kefa
c In occupation who are house wife, student and retire
Help sought for depression associated with illness-related, psycho-social and behavioral factors
Illness related factors
Among study population who had suicidal thought half of them had visited one or more help sources. Regarding severity of depression, only 27.9% (n = 29) of mild depression sought help from any source. Out of CVD patients with depression who reported having of extremely functional impairment, 54.5% (n = 6) sought help for their depression. Out of those who had previous consultation for their depression nearly two-third of them currently also sought help (Table 5).
Table 5
Distribution of help seeking behavior for depressive disorders in related to illness related factors of CVD patients JUTH, Jimma South west Ethiopia, 2014
Factors
Help seeking
COR (95%CI)
p-value
Yes
No
History of suicidal attempt
Yes
8 (42.1%)
11 (57.9%)
Ref
No
57 (32.4%)
119 (67.6%)
0.66 (0.25–1.73)
0.34
Suicidal ideation
Yes
19 (51.4%)
18 (48.6%)
2.57 (1.24–5.33)
No
46 (29.1%)
112 (70.9%)
Ref
0.01
Co morbidity medical illness other than heart disease
Yes
31 (31.9%)
66 (68.1%)
Ref
No
34 (34.7%)
64 (65.3%)
1.13 (0.62–2.05)
0.68
Duration of CVD illness
< 1 year
12 (27.9%)
31 (72.1%)
0.57 (0.24–1.35)
0.20
1–3 years
21 (40.4%)
31 (59.4%)
Ref
3–5 years
16 (39.0%)
25 (61.0%)
0.94 (0.41–2.18)
0.89
5–7 years
9 (32.1%)
19 (67.9%)
0.47 (0.26–1.84)
0.47
> 7 years
7 (22.6%)
24 (77.4%)
0.43 (0.16–1.18)
0.10
Severity of depression
Mild
29 (27.9%)
75 (72.1%)
Ref
Moderate
25 (36.8%)
43 (63.2%)
1.50 (0.78–2.89)
0.22
Sever
11 (47.8%)
12 (52.2%)
0.06 (2.37–0.94)
0.06
Functionality impairment
No difficulty
18 (25.0%)
54 (75.0%)
Ref
Somewhat difficult
20 (29.0%)
49 (71.0%)
1.22 (0.58–2.58)
0.6
Very difficult
21 (48.8%)
22 (51.2%)
2.86 (1.28–6.38)
0.01
Extremely difficult
6 (54.5%)
5 (45.5%)
3.6 (0.98–13.22)
0.05
Previous consultation
Yes
30 (66.7%)
15 (33.3%)
Ref
No
35 (23.3%)
115 (76.7%)
0.15 (0.07–0.32)
0.001
Psycho-social and behavioral factors
Concerning living condition, out of depressive cardiovascular patients who live with his family 58.5% (n = 114) did not sought help for their depression. Regarding social support, those participants with depression who have strong social support nearly half (46.8%, n = 22) of them sought help for their depression. While those one with poor social support only 26.1% sought help for their depression. Out of respondents with depression who had no information about mental illness 74.7% (n = 59) never sought help for their depression. Out of participants with depression who had presence of mental ill patients in the family members 65.1% sought help. Among depressed cardiovascular patients who believe cause of mental illness was from genetic predisposition only 25.0%, 35.0% evil or bad sprit, 37.0% more than one of the mentioned causes ware sought help their depression (Table 6).
Table 6
Distribution of help seeking behavior for depression disorders in related to behavioral and psycho-social factors of CVD patients JUTH, Jimma December 2014
Factors
Help seeking
COR (95%CI)
p-value
Yes
No
Living condition
With family
60 (34.5%)
114 (65.5%)
Ref
Othersa
5 (23.8%)
16 (76.2%)
1.68 (0.59–4.80)
0.33
Social support
Poor
23 (26.4%)
64 (73.6%)
2.45 (1.16–5.16)
0.019
Moderate
20 (32.8%)
41 (67.2%)
1.80 (0.82–3.95)
0.14
Strong
22 (46.8%)
25 (53.2%)
Ref
Information mental illness
Yes
45 (38.8%)
71 (61.2%)
Ref
No
20 (25.3%)
59 (74.7%)
1.87 (1.02–3.51)
0.051
Source of information about mental illness
Neighborhood
22 (38.6%)
35 (61.4%)
0.88 (0.32–1.97)
0.75
Religious leader
7 (41.2%)
10 (58.8%)
0.79 (0.25–2.47)
0.68
Mass media
16 (35.6%)
29 (64.4)
Ref
I did not hear information
20 (26.3%)
56 (73.7%)
1.54 (0.69–3.42)
0.28
Presence of mental illness in the family
Yes
28 (65.1%)
15 (34.9%)
Ref
0.001
No
37 (24.3%)
115 (75.7%)
5.8 (2.8–12.02)
Availability of MI service in this hospital
Yes
43 (39.4%)
66 (60.6%)
Ref
0.04
No
22 (25.6%)
64 (74.4%)
2.0 (1.02–3.52)
Believe of respondent about Case of MI
Bad/evil sprit
6 (35.3%)
11 (64.7%)
1.10 (0.36–3.32)
0.87
Stress
27 (31.4%)
59 (68.8%)
1.31 (0.68–2.52)
0.42
Genetic predisposition
5 (25.0%)
15 (75.0%)
1.80 (0.58–5.51)
0.3
More than one of the above
27 (37.5%)
45 (62.5%)
Ref
Life time cigarette use
Yes
10 (47.6%)
11 (52.4%)
0.58 (0.20–1.27)
0.15
No
55 (31.6%)
119 (68.4%)
Ref
Current cigarette use
No
60 (32.8%)
124 (67.2)
Ref
Yes
5 (41.7%)
6 (58.3%)
0.58 (0.17–1.98)
0.38
Life time alcohol use
Yes
9 (47.4%)
10 (52.6%)
0.52 (0.20–2.34)
0.48
No
56 (31.8%)
120 (66.7%)
Ref
Current alcohol use
No
60 (32.8%)
123 (67.2%)
Ref
Yes
5 (41.7%)
7 (58.3%)
0.68 (0.21–2.24)
0.53
Life time khat use
Yes
24 (43.6%)
31 (56.4%)
0.54 (0.21–1.02)
0.05
No
41 (29.3%)
99 (70.7%)
Ref
Current khat use
No
60 (33.1%)
121 (66.9%)
Ref
Yes
5 (35.7%)
9 (64.3%)
0.89 (0.29–2.78)
0.85
Othersa -living alone, live with relative and homeless
Pattern of help seeking of depressed cardiovascular patients
Among depressed cardiovascular patients which account 66.7% (n = 130) did not sought help for their depression. Among help source visited by patients; the most frequently visited help was informal help source (88.6%; n = 156). In contrast to this, only 11.4% (n = 20) had sought help from formal source of help for their depression (Table 7).
Table 7
Help Sources with depressed cardiovascular patients actually seek help on the past 2 week for their depression, Jimma University, Ethiopia, December 2014
Help source
Frequency
%
Informal help source
Traditional healer
47
27.3%
Relatives
25
14.2%
Husband/wife/intimate partner
30
17.0%
Minister/religious leader
30
17.0%
Neighbor
13
7.4%
Parent
10
5.7%
Total
156
88.6%
Formal help source
Mental health professional
3
1.8%
Doctor/GP or other health
17
9.6%
Professional
20
11.4%
Total
The total number of help sought greater than sample of patients (65) who had sought help for their depression because of multiple responses given by the participants
Associated factors with seeking any form of help
Factors that associated with help seeking behavior for depression in first model analysis among depressive case of cardiovascular patient JUTH
Out of different groups of variables marital status, frequency of attending place of worship, annual income of the respondent, Severity of depression, history of life time chat use, information about mental illness, duration of CVD illness, history of life time alcohol use, history of life time cigarette use were associated with help seeking behavior of CVD patients for their depression (p < 0.25).
Other variables such as male, age, able to read and write, unemployed, poor social support, presence of mental illness in the family, awareness of availability of psychiatric service in JUTH, current suicidal thought, burden of depression that affect his life, and previous consultation were associated with help sought in binary logistic regression analysis at p-value < 0.05 (Tables 4, 5 and 6).
Factors that associated with help seeking behavior for depression in final model
Variable which had independent significant association with help sought for depression in the final model were female AOR 1.46 (0.39–5.40), being farmer AOR 4.24 (1.3, 13.78; p = 0.007), formal education AOR = 7.59 (2.13–27.11); p = 0.002), had family history of mental illness AOR 7.33 (2.72–19.78; p < 0.001), had awareness of the availability of psychiatric service in this hospital AOR 3.54 (1.41–8.92; p = 0.012), current suicidal ideation AOR 4.0 (1.33–12.03; p = 0.013), had very difficult of impairment in functionality AOR = 4.98 (1.50–16.50.) and lastly, cardiovascular patients who had no previous history of seeking help for their depression were 87% less likely to sought help for their depression than those who had previous history of consultation, AOR 0.13 (0.04–0.34; p < 0.001) (Table 8).
Table 8
Multivariate logistic regression of factors associated with help seeking behavior for depression among cardiovascular patient with current depression JUTH, Jimma Southwest Ethiopia December 2014
Factors
Help seeking
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
yes
No
Occupation
Unemployed
10 (18.2%)
45 (81.8%)
Ref
Ref
Employed
7 (38.9%)
11 (61.1%)
2.86 (0.89–9.22)
2.07 (0.39–10.87)
Farmer
41 (42.7%)
55 (57.3%)
3.35 (1.51–7.43)
4.24 (1.30–13.78)
Othersa
7 (26.9%)
19 (73.1%)
1.66 (0.55–5.00)
0.40 (0.08–1.96)
Educational level
Illiterate
35 (32.7%)
72 (67.3%)
2.52 (0.84–7.53)
2.52 (0.84–7.53)
Read and write only
11 (23.9%)
35 (76.1%)
Ref
Ref
Formal education
19 (45.2%)
23 (54.8%)
7.59 (2.13–27.11)
7.59 (2.13–27.11)
MI in the family
Yes
28 (65.1%)
15 (34.9%)
5.8 (2.8–12.02)
7.33 (2.72–19.8)
No
37 (24.3%)
115 (75.7)
Ref
Ref
Awareness of MI service in this hospital
Yes
43 (39.4%)
66 (60.6%)
1.89 (1.02–3.51)
3.15 (1.3–7.69)
No
22 (25.6%)
64 (74.4%)
Ref
Ref
Suicidal ideation
Yes
19 (51.4%)
18 (48.6%)
2.57 (1.23–5.33
4.0 (1.33–12.03)
No
46 (29.1%)
112 (70.9%
Ref)
Ref
Distress felt by patients
No difficulty
18 (25.0%)
54 (75.0%)
Ref
Ref
Somewhat difficult
20 (29.0%)
49 (71.0%)
1.22 (0.58–2.58)
1.45 (0.55–3.85)
Very difficult
21 (48.8%)
22 (51.2%)
2.86 (1.28–6.38)
4.98 (1.50–16.50)
Extremely difficult
6 (54.5%)
5 (45.5%)
3.6 (0.98–13.22)
2.99 (0.36–24.90)
Previous consultation
Yes
30 (66.7%)
15 (33.3%)
Ref
Ref
No
35 (23.3%)
115 (76.7)
0.15 (0.07–0.32)
0.13 (0.04–0.34)
Others a in occupation who are house wife, student, retire, house servant
Discussion
This is the first of its kind study on help seeking behavior of adult CVD patients with depression in Ethiopia and perhaps in sub-Saharan Africa to my knowledge. The finding that more than two-third of the total CVD depressed patients did not seek help which is very high. It needs due attention of policy makers, health service program designers and team approach from different specialty clinical of discipline. Because of this it was not possible to compare results with those studies conducted on help seeking behavior of patients with other health problems. However comparing this result, with other study might be indicative of the awareness and magnitude of CVD patients suffering from comorbid depression compared to other patients’ help seeking behavior. From Cardiovascular patients with comorbid depressive disorders, only one-third of participants were found to seek help for their depression from any form of help sources. This could be explained by that CVD patients with depression might not be aware of that depression is treatable, may perceive their feeling result of CVD or those who have awareness might not seek help in mental health setup fear of stigma. This result is higher than study done in Ethiopia [26]. Firstly, the reason might be presence of chronic co morbid medical illness. Patients with comorbidity more likely to seek help for their depression than those did not have comorbid illness [27]. Secondly, this might be due to that the last study took in consideration only individuals that sought help from psychiatrist. But our study includes utilization of other source like mental health professional, counselor, general practitioner, health officer, other health professionals and informal help sources. Similarly, patients in this study had contact with health professional and might get advice from treating health professionals to seek help for their emotional problem. Type of help sources used by the participants for their depression could be the other reasons that contribute for large number of patients sought help in this study. But it is lower than studies conducted in developed countries like from New York (61.3%), Italy (52.8%) and South London (66.7%) [18, 22, 23]. Possible explanation for the difference might be knowledge gab about depression, clinician working at cardiac clinic douse not identify/pay attention for depression and consult.
Our study help sought from formal source is very low as compared to other studies. This shows that patient who sought help for depressive disorder from psychiatrist, mental health professional, and psychologist and even general practitioner and other health professional is minimal. But the prevalence of depression among thus study population is high. The possible reason could be treating physician did not pay attention to screen for comer bid depression.
In our study, educational level of patients with depression is one of the independent predictor of help seeking for depression. Accordingly, CVD patients with depression who had some formal education were 7.6 times increased odds of seeking help as compared to those able to read and write only. But it was in similar with the study done from Ethiopia who reported patients with educational level 5–12 grade have greater odds of visiting health facility than illiterate [26]. This is contradicting with the study done in Norway, among adult with anxiety disorder and depression [28]. Firstly, possible reason might be socio cultural difference. Study done in psychiatric clinic of this hospital on pattern of treatment seeking behavior for mental illness in 2011 depict that presence of other family members with mental illness associated with increased likelihood of help sought for their mental disorder [29]. Our finding also similar with the above mentioned study.
Socio-economic status of the patients could be one of the factors that determine their help sought for their emotional problem. The individual with full time or par time worker 1.4 times odds of seeking help for their depression than who did not work [22]. Similarly, in this paper also, being farmers 4.24 increased odds of help sought for their depression than unemployed. The possible reason is that most of our participants seek help from informal source of help; Severity of their depression could be the other possible reasons that enforce them to sought help for severe emotional problem.
Those participants who have awareness availability of psychiatric service in this hospital 3.5 times increased odds of help seeking for their depression than those participants that have no awareness availability of the service. This result is unique for this study and it may consider as new finding. Possible reason could be patient with depression who aware mental illness is treated in this hospital; might aware that depression is one of mental illness that can be treated here. Qualitative study done in United Kingdom; among coronary heart disease or diabetic patients to assess believe about depression. Depressed patients were unsure to seek help for their depression from others even they had suicidal ideation. In the same study, depression free patient believe that suicide is only consider seeking help for depression [30].
In our study CVD patients with depression who had current suicidal ideation has increased chance of seeking help for their depression as compared to those has no suicidal ideation. This could be because of patients with suicidal ideation were severely impaired that might enforce them to seek help. Out of CVD patient with depression, who had no past history of seeking help for their depression is 87% less likely to seek help than those participants with past history of consultation. These patients with previous consultation had increased chance of to seek help for current depression as well. The possible reason could be they were might satisfied on previous consultation, and again they use.
In this study, CVD patient with depression functional impairment independent predictors of help seeking behavior for depression. As a result, it was very difficult to perform their day to day activity three times increased odds of seeking help for their depression as compared to no difficulty. This could be due to nature of depression itself. In general, the more severity of depression the greater chance of a person impaired to perform their day to day function. So they tried to seek help for depression in order to accomplish their day to day activities.
Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion
The result showed alarmingly high numbers of these patients have not sought any kind of help for their depression. Factors found to be significantly associated with help seeking behavior include occupation, suicidal ideation, educational level, presence of other family members with mental illness, previous consultation to their depression, awareness about availability of mental health service in this hospital and functional impairment due to depression. This result shows that intervention are needed to improve help seeking tendency of cardiovascular patient from formal help source and again more importantly, those physician working in cardiac clinic should screen patient for depression and link to psychiatric service.
Authors’ contributions
MB and AB contributed to the design, conduct and analysis of the research and in the manuscript preparation. AH contributed to the design, conduct and analysis of the research. All authors read and proved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
First of all I would like to thank Department of Psychiatry, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences of Jimma University for arranging this opportunity to carry out this research thesis. At last, my sincere and deepest thanks go to the JUTH office for providing me the necessary information.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
We all authors approve that our consent for publication in international journal of mental health system. Our manuscript titled as Help-seeking behaviour for depressive disorders among adult cardiovascular outpatient cardiac clinic Jimma University Teaching Hospital, Jimma, South-West Ethiopia: crosssectional study. And we put our agreement signature as below.
Data availability
The authors approve that all data underlying the findings are completely accessible without limitation and also pertinent data are in the paper.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee from the institutional review board of Jimma University College of Public Health and Medical Sciences (Ethical clearance letter also given and attached). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.
Funding
The researchers have no support or funding to report.
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Help-seeking behaviour for depressive disorders among adult cardiovascular outpatient cardiac clinic Jimma University Teaching Hospital, Jimma, South-West Ethiopia: crosssectional study
