nach oben

Hepatology International

Erschienen in:

02.11.2017 | Review Article

Hepatitis B virus: virology, molecular biology, life cycle and intrahepatic spread

verfasst von: P. Karayiannis

Erschienen in: Hepatology International | Ausgabe 6/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family and responsible for causing acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The current estimates of people chronically infected with the virus are put at 250 million worldwide. Immune-mediated liver damage in these individuals may lead to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma later in life. This review deals with our current understanding of the virology, molecular biology, life cycle and cell-to-cell spread of this very important pathogen, all of which are considered essential for current and future approaches to antiviral treatment.

WHO factsheet no. 204. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/. Accessed 14 June 2017

El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012;142:1264–1273CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2095–2128CrossRefPubMed

Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J. Infectious hepatitis. Evidence for two distinctive clinical, epidemiological, and immunological types of infection. JAMA 1967;200:365–373CrossRefPubMed

Giles JP, McCollum RW, Berndtson LW Jr, Krugman S. Relation of Australia-SH antigen to the willowbrook MS-2 strain. N Engl J Med 1969;281:119–122CrossRefPubMed

Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S. A “new” antigen in leukemia sera. JAMA 1965;191:541–546CrossRefPubMed

Bayer ME, Blumberg BS, Werner B. Particles associated with Australia antigen in the sera of patients with leukaemia. Down’s Syndrome and hepatitis. Nature 1968;218:1057–1059PubMed

Prince AM. Detection of serum hepatitis virus carriers by testing for the SH (Australia) antigen. A review of current methodology. Vox Sang 1970;19:417–424CrossRefPubMed

Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis. Lancet 1970;1:695–698CrossRefPubMed

10.

Robinson WS. DNA and DNA polymerase in the core of the Dane particle of hepatitis B. Am J Med Sci 1975;270:151–159CrossRefPubMed

11.

Robinson WS, Lutwick LI. The virus of hepatitis, type B (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1976;295:1168–1175CrossRefPubMed

12.

Robinson WS, Lutwick LI. The virus of hepatitis, type B. (Second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1976;295:1232–1236CrossRefPubMed

13.

Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981;2:1129–1133CrossRefPubMed

14.

Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Zang EA, Harley EJ, Kellner A. A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): a final report. Hepatology 1981;1:377–385CrossRefPubMed

15.

Karayiannis P, Main J, Thomas HC. Hepatitis vaccines. Br Med Bull 2004;70:29–49CrossRefPubMed

16.

Lok AS, McMahon BJ, Brown RS Jr, Wong JB, Ahmed AT, Farah W et al. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2016;63:284–306CrossRefPubMed

17.

Zoulim F, Lebossé F, Levrero M. Current treatments for chronic hepatitis B virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2016;18:109–116CrossRefPubMed

18.

Locarnini SA, Roggendorf M. Other hepadnaviridae [Avihepadnaviridae (DHBV) and Orthohepadnaviridae (WHV)]. In: Thomas HC, Lok ASF, Locarnini SA, Zuckerman AJ, editors. Viral Hepatitis. 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford; 2014. p. 96–106

19.

Kramvis A. Genotypes and genetic variability of hepatitis B virus. Intervirology 2014;57:141–150CrossRefPubMed

20.

Tran TT, Trinh TN, Abe K. New complex recombinant genotype of hepatitis B virus identified in Vietnam. J Virol 2008;82:5657–5663CrossRefPubMed

21.

Tatematsu K, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Sugauchi F, Mano S, Maeshiro T et al. A genetic variant of hepatitis B virus divergent from known human and ape genotypes isolated from a Japanese patient and provisionally assigned to new genotype J. J Virol 2009;83:10538–10547CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Kurbanov F, Van Ranst M, Tacke F. Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:7152–7168CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Araujo NM. Hepatitis B virus intergenotypic recombinants worldwide: an overview. Infect Genet Evol 2015;36:500–510CrossRefPubMed

24.

Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection–natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1118–1129CrossRefPubMed

25.

Kaplan PM, Greenman RL, Gerin JL, Purcell RH, Robinson WS. DNA polymerase associated with human hepatitis B antigen. J Virol 1973;12:995–1005PubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Robinson WS, Clayton DA, Greenman RL. DNA of a human hepatitis B virus candidate. J Virol 1974;14:384–391PubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Summers J, O’Connell A, Millman I. Genome of hepatitis B virus: restriction enzyme cleavage and structure of DNA extracted from Dane particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72:4597–4601CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Baltayiannis G, Karayiannis P. Treatment options beyond IFNα and NUCs for chronic HBV infection: expectations for tomorrow. J Viral Hepatol 2014;21:753–761CrossRefPubMed

29.

Seeger C, Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000;4:51–68CrossRef

30.

Quasdorff M, Protzer U. Control of hepatitis B virus at the level of transcription. J Viral Hepatol 2010;17:527–536CrossRefPubMed

31.

Wang J, Lee AS, Ou JH. Proteolytic conversion of hepatitis B virus e antigen precursor to end product occurs in a postendoplasmic reticulum compartment. J Virol 1991;65:5080–5083PubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Messageot F, Salhi S, Eon P, Rossignol JM. Proteolytic processing of the hepatitis B virus e antigen precursor. Cleavage at two furin consensus sequences. J Biol Chem 2003;278:891–895CrossRefPubMed

33.

Ito K, Kim KH, Lok AS, Tong S. Characterization of genotype-specific carboxyl-terminal cleavage sites of hepatitis B virus e antigen precursor and identification of furin as the candidate enzyme. J Virol 2009;83:3507–3517CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Milich DR, Jones JE, Hughes JL, Price J, Raney AK, McLachlan A. Is a function of the secreted hepatitis B e antigen to induce immunologic tolerance in utero? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:6599–6603CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Crowther RA, Kiselev NA, Bottcher B, Berriman JA, Borisova GP, Ose V, Pumpens P. Three-dimensional structure of hepatitis B virus core particles determined by electron cryomicroscopy. Cell 1994;77:943–950CrossRefPubMed

36.

Ganem D, Schneider RJ. Hepadnaviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields virology, vol. 2. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 2923–2969

37.

Neurath AR, Kent SB, Strick N, Parker K. Identification and chemical synthesis of a host cell receptor binding site on hepatitis B virus. Cell 1986;46:429–436CrossRefPubMed

38.

Gripon P, Cannie I, Urban S. Efficient inhibition of hepatitis B virus infection by acylated peptides derived from the large viral surface protein. J Virol 2005;79:1613–1622CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Gripon P, Le Seyec J, Rumin S, Guguen-Guillouzo C. Myristylation of the hepatitis B virus large surface protein is essential for viral infectivity. Virology 1995;213:292–299CrossRefPubMed

40.

Eble BE, MacRae DR, Lingappa VR, Ganem D. Multiple topogenic sequences determine the transmembrane orientation of the hepatitis B surface antigen. Mol Cell Biol 1987;7:3591–35601CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Bruss V. Hepatitis B virus morphogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:65–73CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Slagle BL, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B Virus X and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016;6:a021402CrossRefPubMed

43.

Geng M, Xin X, Bi LQ, Zhou LT, Liu XH. Molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus X protein function in hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:10732–10738CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, He W, Jing Z, Gao Z et al.. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. eLife 2012;1:e00049CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Blanchet M, Sureau C. Infectivity determinants of the hepatitis B virus pre-S domain are confined to the N-terminal 75 amino acid residues. J Virol 2007;81:5841–5849CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Schulze A, Gripon P, Urban S. Hepatitis B virus infection initiates with a large surface protein-dependent binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Hepatology 2007;46:1759–1768CrossRef

47.

Verrier ER, Colpitts CC, Bach C, Heydmann L, Weiss A, Renaud M et al. A targeted functional RNA interference screen uncovers glypican 5 as an entry factor for hepatitis B and D viruses. Hepatology 2016;63:35–48CrossRefPubMed

48.

Huang HC, Chen CC, Chang WC, Tao MH, Huang C. Entry of hepatitis B virus into immortalized human primary hepatocytes by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. J Virol 2012;86:9443–9453CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Rabe B, Delaleau M, Bischof A, Foss M, Sominskaya I, Pumpens P et al. Nuclear entry of hepatitis B virus capsids involves disintegration to protein dimers followed by nuclear reassociation to capsids. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000563CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Schmitz A, Schwarz A, Foss M, Zhou L, Rabe B, Hoellenriegel J et al. Nucleoporin 153 arrests the nuclear import of hepatitis B virus capsids in the nuclear basket. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1000741CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Tuttleman JS, Pourcel C, Summers J. Formation of the pool of covalently closed circular viral DNA in hepadnavirus-infected cells. Cell 1986;47:451–460CrossRefPubMed

52.

Pollicino T, Belloni L, Raffa G, Pediconi N, Squadrito G, Raimondo G, Levrero M. Hepatitis B virus replication is regulated by the acetylation status of hepatitis B virus cccDNA-bound H3 and H4 histones. Gastroenterology 2006;130:823–837CrossRefPubMed

53.

Belloni L, Pollicino T, Cimino L, Raffa G, Raimondo G, Levrero M. Nuclear HBx binds in vivo on the HBV minichromosome, modifies the epigenetic regulation of ccc-DNA function and potentiates HBV replication. J Hepatol 2008;48:s25CrossRef

54.

Koumbi L, Karayiannis P. The epigenetic control of hepatitis B virus modulates the outcome of infection. Front Microbiol 2016;6:1491CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Kramvis A, Kew MC. Structure and function of the encapsidation signal of hepadnaviridae. J Viral Hepat 1998;5:357–367CrossRefPubMed

56.

Summers J, Mason WS. Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B-like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell 1982;29:403–415CrossRefPubMed

57.

Karayiannis P. Hepatitis B virus: old, new and future approaches to antiviral treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:761–785CrossRefPubMed

58.

Jeong JK, Yoon GS, Ryu WS. Evidence that the 5′-end cap structure is essential for encapsidation of hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA. J Virol 2000;74(12):5502–5508CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Kim S, Wang H, Ryu WS. Incorporation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E into viral nucleocapsids via interaction with hepatitis B virus polymerase. J Virol 2010;84:52–58CrossRefPubMed

60.

Hu J, Toft DO, Seeger C. Hepadnavirus assembly and reverse transcription require a multi-component chaperone complex which is incorporated into nucleocapsids. EMBO J 1997;16:59–68CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Zlotnick A, Venkatakrishnan B, Tan Z, Lewellyn E, Turner W, Francis S. Core protein: a pleiotropic keystone in the HBV lifecycle. Antiviral Res 2015;121:82–93CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Nassal M, Rieger A. A bulged region of the hepatitis B virus RNA encapsidation signal contains the replication origin for discontinuous first-strand DNA synthesis. J Virol 1996;70:2764–2773PubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Zoulim F, Seeger C. Reverse transcription in hepatitis B viruses is primed by a tyrosine residue of the polymerase. J Virol 1994;68:6–13PubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Weber M, Bronsema V, Bartos H, Bosserhoff A, Bartenschlager R, Schaller H. Hepadnavirus P protein utilizes a tyrosine residue in the TP domain to prime reverse transcription. J Virol 1994;68:2994–2999PubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Tang H, McLachlan A. A pregenomic RNA sequence adjacent to DR1 and complementary to epsilon influences hepatitis B virus replication efficiency. Virology 2002;303:199–210CrossRefPubMed

66.

Abraham TM, Loeb DD. Base pairing between the 5′ half of epsilon and a cis-acting sequence, phi, makes a contribution to the synthesis of minus-strand DNA for human hepatitis B virus. J Virol 2006;80:4380–4387CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Haines KM, Loeb DD. The sequence of the RNA primer and the DNA template influence the initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis of hepatitis B virus. J Mol Biol 2007;370:471–480CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Lewellyn EB, Loeb DD. Base pairing between cis-acting sequences contributes to template switching during plus-strand DNA synthesis in human hepatitis B virus. J Virol 2007;81:6207–6215CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Nassal M. Hepatitis B viruses: reverse transcription a different way. Virus Res 2008;134:235–249CrossRefPubMed

70.

Lentz TB, Loeb DD. Roles of the envelope proteins in the amplification of covalently closed circular DNA and completion of synthesis of the plus-strand DNA in hepatitis B virus. J Virol 2011;85:11916–11927CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Gerelsaikhan T, Tavis JE, Bruss V. Hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid envelopment does not occur without genomic DNA synthesis. J Virol 1996;70:4269–4272PubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Watanabe T, Sorensen EM, Naito A, Schott M, Kim S, Ahlquist P. Involvement of host cellular multivesicular body functions in hepatitis B virus budding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:10205–10210CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Jilbert AR, Freiman JS, Burrell CJ, Holmes M, Gowans EJ, Rowland R, Hall P, Cossart YE. Virus-liver cell interactions in duck hepatitis B virus infection. A study of virus dissemination within the liver. Gastroenterology 1988;95:1375–1282CrossRefPubMed

74.

Bertoletti A, Gehring AJ. The immune response during hepatitis B virus infection. J Gen Virol 2006;87:1439–1449CrossRefPubMed

75.

Maini MK, Boni C, Lee CK, Larrubia JR, Reignat S, Ogg GS et al. The role of virus-specific CD8(+) cells in liver damage and viral control during persistent hepatitis B virus infection. J Exp Med 2000;191:1269–1280CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Thimme R, Wieland S, Steiger C, Ghrayeb J, Reimann KA, Purcell RH et al. CD8(+) T cells mediate viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during acute hepatitis B virus infection. J Virol 2003;77:68–76CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

MacDonald RA. “Lifespan” of liver cells. Arch Intern Med 1960;107:335–343CrossRef

78.

Thorgeirsson SS. Hepatic stem cells in liver regeneration. FASEB J 1996;10:1249–1256PubMed

79.

Lutgehetmann M, Volz T, Köpke A, Broja T, Tigges E, Lohse AW et al. In vivo proliferation of hepadnavirus-infected hepatocytes induces loss of covalently closed circular DNA in mice. Hepatology 2010;52:16–24CrossRefPubMed

80.

Sattentau Q. Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008;6:815–826CrossRefPubMed

81.

Funk A, Hohenberg H, Mhamdi M, Will H, Sirma H. Spread of hepatitis B viruses in vitro requires extracellular progeny and may be codetermined by polarized egress. J Virol 2004;78:3977–3983CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Bhat P, Snooks MJ, Anderson DA. Hepatocytes traffic and export hepatitis B virus basolaterally by polarity-dependent mechanisms. J Virol 2011;85:12474–12481CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Lee Y, El Andaloussi S, Wood MJ. Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2012;21:R125–R134CrossRef

84.

Timpe JM, Stamataki Z, Jennings A, Hu K, Farquhar MJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus cell-cell transmission in hepatoma cells in the presence of neutralising antibodies. Hepatology 2008;47:17–24CrossRefPubMed

85.

Bukong TN, Momen-Heravi F, Kodys K, Bala S, Szabo G. Exosomes from hepatitis C infected patients transmit HCV infection and contain replication competent viral RNA in complex with Ago2-miR122-HSP90. PLoS Pathog 2014;10:e1004424CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Goyal A, Murray JM. Modelling the impact of cell-to-cell transmission in hepatitis B virus. PLoS One 2016;11:e0161978CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Hepatitis B virus: virology, molecular biology, life cycle and intrahepatic spread
verfasst von: P. Karayiannis
Publikationsdatum: 02.11.2017
Verlag: Springer India
Erschienen in: Hepatology International / Ausgabe 6/2017
Print ISSN: 1936-0533
Elektronische ISSN: 1936-0541
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9829-7

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

19.04.2024 | Vorhofflimmern | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Hepatitis B virus: virology, molecular biology, life cycle and intrahepatic spread

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Parodontalbehandlung verbessert Prognose bei Katheterablation

Prostatakarzinom: EU initiiert neues Screeningkonzept

Blasenkarzinom – Biomarker statt Zytologie?

Antihypertensiva schützen auch alte Menschen noch vor Demenz

Update Innere Medizin

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2017

Primary biliary cholangitis: a comprehensive overview

Scenarios to manage the hepatitis C disease burden and associated economic impact of treatment in Turkey

Second primary cancer after liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma: a nationwide population-based study

Therapeutic implications of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: increased survival and containment of liver damage

Viral factors for HBV mother-to-child transmission

Comparable short- and long-term outcomes in deceased-donor and living-donor liver retransplantation

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Parodontalbehandlung verbessert Prognose bei Katheterablation

Prostatakarzinom: EU initiiert neues Screeningkonzept

Blasenkarzinom – Biomarker statt Zytologie?

Antihypertensiva schützen auch alte Menschen noch vor Demenz

Update Innere Medizin