Background
Methods
Data analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Parameter | UED group | LED group | Mean difference (UED-LED) | 95% CI of difference | p-value for difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Number | 72 | 51 | na | na | na | na | ||
Sex, m/f | 28 / 44 | 27 / 24 | na | na | na | 0.123a | ||
Age, years | 76.8 ± 6.4 | 76.5 (71.3; 81.9) | 77.8 ± 7.2 | 77.6 (70.6; 83.9) | −1.0 | −3.5 | 1,5 | 0.425 |
Height, m | 1.63 ± 0.09 | 1.63 (1.56; 1.70) | 1.64 ± 0.09 | 1.64 (1.57; 1.71) | −0.00 | − 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.793 |
Weight, kg | 73.1 ± 10.2 | 72.9 (65.3; 81.0) | 79.6 ± 13.3 | 78.9 (69.3; 88.6) | −6.4 | −10.8 | −2.0 |
0.005
|
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 3.9 | 27.2 (25.1; 29.5) | 29.7 ± 4.4 | 28.6 (26.9; 32.2) | −2.2 | −3.7 | −0.6 |
0.006
|
Former smokers, n (percentage) | 21 (29.2%) | 26 (51.0%) | na | na | na |
0.014
a
| ||
Pack years in former smokers, years | 14.6 ± 17.0 | 9.4 (1.5; 21.0) | 20.5 ± 20.8 | 12.2 (1.5; 36.6) | −5.9 | −17.4 | 5.7 | 0.592b |
Diseases, n (percentage) | ||||||||
Cardiovascular diseases | 54 (75.0%) | 44 (86.3%) | na | na | na | 0.126a | ||
Diabetes | 8 (11.3%) | 8 (15.7%) | na | na | na | 0.476a | ||
Neurological diseases | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (7.8%) | na | na | na | na | ||
Arthritis | 5 (6.9%) | 8 (15.7%) | na | na | na | 0.120a |
Spirometry
Parameter | UED group | LED group | Mean difference (UED-LED) | 95% CI of difference | p-value for difference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Lower | Upper | |||
FEV1%pred | 72 | 124.9 ± 10.3 | 124.6 (116.9; 131.4) | 51 | 85.5 ± 10.9 | 85.1 (77.1; 91.4) | 39.4 | 35.5 | 43.3 |
< 0.001
|
FVC %pred | 72 | 127.2 ± 10.9 | 129.8 (119.3; 134.4) | 51 | 101.8 ± 13.0 | 102.0 (95.6; 108.8) | 25.4 | 21.0 | 29.8 |
< 0.001
|
FEV1/FVC %pred | 72 | 97.5 ± 6.2 | 97.7 (92.7; 102.3) | 51 | 83.9 ± 10.4 | 84.4 (78.3; 91.0) | 13.6 | 10.4 | 16.9 |
< 0.001
|
FEF25–75%pred | 72 | 124.7 ± 34.8 | 120.4 (99.3; 148.8) | 49 | 56.1 ± 23.6 | 49.2 (39.5; 65.0) | 69.8 | 59.3 | 80.2 |
< 0.001
|
FEF75%pred | 72 | 168.0 ± 66.3 | 159.7 (118.3; 204.9) | 49 | 74.1 ± 39.5 | 65.5 (49.2; 86.8) | 93.9 | 74.8 | 113.0 |
< 0.001
|
FEV1 z-score | 72 | 1.465 ± 0.587 | 1.433 (0.991; 1.862) | 51 | −0.819 ± 0.610 | −0.847 (−1.288; −0.527) | 2.284 | 2.068 | 2.500 |
< 0.001
|
FVC z-score | 72 | 1.514 ± 0.579 | 1.629 (1.124; 1.889) | 51 | 0.101 ± 0.728 | 0.112 (− 0.270; 0.524) | 1.413 | 1.180 | 1.647 |
< 0.001
|
FEV1/FVC z-score | 72 | −0.221 ± 0.579 | −0.200 (− 0.654; 0.230) | 51 | −1.389 ± 0.857 | −1.349 (− 1.953; − 0.798) | 1.168 | 0.911 | 1.424 |
< 0.001
|
FEF25–75 z-score | 72 | 0.479 ± 0.702 | 0.451 (− 0.014; 0.990) | 49 | − 1.229 ± 0.721 | −1.343 (− 1.721; − 0.955) | 1.709 | 1.448 | 1.969 |
< 0.001
|
FEF75 z-score | 72 | 0.697 ± 0.614 | 0.752 (0.274; 1.108) | 49 | − 0.658 ± 0.750 | −0.659 (− 1.147; − 0.241) | 1.355 | 1.109 | 1.602 |
< 0.001
|
FEV1/FVC | 72 | 0.749 ± 0.048 | 0.752 (0.713; 0.785) | 51 | 0.642 ± 0.079 | 0.652 (0.595; 0.697) | 0.107 | 0.082 | 0.132 |
< 0.001
|
Body plethysmography
Parameter | UED group | LED group | Mean difference (UED-LED) | 95% CI of difference | p-value for difference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Lower | Upper | |||
TLCpleth %pred | 72 | 113.2 ± 11.9 | 115.9 (104.8; 122.2) | 51 | 102.3 ± 12.4 | 102.6 (94.4; 112.2) | 10.9 | 6.5 | 15.4 |
< 0.001
|
RV %pred | 72 | 94.4 ± 16.7 | 96.6 (82.9; 103.5) | 51 | 99.7 ± 18.5 | 102.5 (92.1; 110.5) | −5.3 | −11.8 | 1.1 | 0.104 |
RV/TLCpleth %pred | 72 | 84.9 ± 9.4 | 85.2 (78.1; 91.7) | 51 | 98.9 ± 11.9 | 98.0 (91.2; 108.0) | −14.0 | − 18.0 | − 10.0 |
< 0.001
|
ITGV %pred | 72 | 99.7 ± 18.8 | 100.4 (85.8; 110.2) | 51 | 101.3 ± 19.5 | 101.1 (86.2; 118.0) | −1.6 | −8.5 | 5.4 | 0.656 |
ITGV/TLCpleth %pred | 72 | 83.8 ± 9.0 | 83.1 (76.8; 89.9) | 51 | 94.1 ± 10.4 | 93.8 (86.9; 102.1) | −10.3 | − 13.9 | −6.7 |
< 0.001
|
GAW %pred | 72 | 125.7 ± 40.1 | 121.0 (97.8; 145.3) | 51 | 77.2 ± 36.1 | 70.2 (52.0; 97.6) | 48.6 | 34.8 | 62.3 |
< 0.001
|
sGAW %pred | 72 | 138.4 ± 42.1 | 134.6 (112.8; 153.2) | 51 | 88.3 ± 47.7 | 84.2 (62.3; 107.7) | 50.0 | 33.5 | 66.5 |
< 0.001
|
CO and NO uptake of the lung
Parameter | UED group | LED group | Mean difference (UED-LED) | 95% CI of difference | p-value for difference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Lower | Upper | |||
TLCO %pred | 70 | 92.1 ± 16.7 | 89.8 (81.3; 102.2) | 51 | 82.2 ± 14.2 | 83.2 (68.4; 92.9) | 9.8 | 4.3 | 15.4 |
0.001
|
KCO %pred | 70 | 98.6 ± 16.7 | 98.7 (89.0; 110.3) | 51 | 101.8 ± 17.7 | 100.1 (89.3; 112.1) | −3.2 | −9.5 | 3.1 | 0.316 |
TLNO %pred | 70 | 95.0 ± 17.4 | 94.1 (83.8; 106.2) | 51 | 80.0 ± 14.8 | 79.6 (70.1; 92.1) | 15.0 | 9.2 | 20.8 |
< 0.001
|
KNO %pred | 70 | 102.7 ± 17.8 | 102.5 (93.3; 113.9) | 51 | 100.0 ± 16.5 | 101.1 (87.4; 108.5) | 2.7 | −3.6 | 8.9 | 0.400 |
TLNO/TLCO | 70 | 4.74 ± 0.34 | 4.67 (4.54; 4.92) | 51 | 4.53 ± 0.29 | 4.52 (4.36; 4.65) | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
< 0.001
|
TLCHe/TLCpleth | 70 | 0.834 ± 0.052 | 0.832 (0.798; 0.867) | 51 | 0.806 ± 0.071 | 0.810 (0.755; 0.851) | 0.028 | 0.005 | 0.052 |
0.018
|
Hb, mg/dl | 53 | 13.9 ± 1.1 | 13.9 (13.2; 14.8) | 48 | 13.7 ± 1.3 | 13.7 (12.8; 14.5) | 0.2 | −0.3 | 0.7 | 0.469 |
Respiratory pump function, 6-min-walk distance and biomarkers
Parameter | UED group | LED group | Mean difference (UED-LED) | 95% CI of difference | p-value for difference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | Number | Mean ± SD | Median (25%; 75%) | lower | upper | |||
PImax %pred | 66 | 102.9 ± 34.0 | 100.7 (81.5; 123.2) | 50 | 91.9 ± 31.9 | 90.9 (70.4; 111.0) | 11.0 | −1.3 | 23.3 | 0.079 |
log10(P01, kPa) | 66 | −0.72 ± 0.22 | − 0.69 (− 0.89; − 0.55) | 50 | −0,53 ± 0,20 | −0.53 (− 0.64; − 0.41) | −0.19 | − 0.27 | −0.11 |
< 0.001
|
log10(P01/PImax) | 66 | −1.57 ± 0.27 | −1.52 (− 1.74; − 1.41) | 50 | −1.34 ± 0.30 | −1.34 (− 1.54; − 1.12) | − 0.22 | − 0.33 | − 0.12 |
< 0.001
|
6MWD %pred | 71 | 113.0 ± 17.9 | 114.2 (98.8; 126.1) | 51 | 98.9 ± 21.1 | 101.4 (91.1; 112.4) | 14.1 | 6.9 | 21.4 |
< 0.001
|
PRE Dyspnoea | 60 | 0.06 ± 0.21 | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00) | 49 | 0.51 ± 0.92 | 0.00 (0.00; 1.00) | − 0.45 | −0.72 | − 0.18 |
0.001
|
POST Dyspnoea | 60 | 1.63 ± 1.51 | 1.00 (0.50; 3.00) | 49 | 2.62 ± 1.78 | 3.00 (1.00; 4.00) | −1.00 | − 1.63 | −0.36 |
0.002
|
PRE Fatigue | 60 | 0.26 ± 0.61 | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00) | 49 | 0.62 ± 0.97 | 0.00 (0.00; 1.00) | −0.36 | −0.68 | − 0.05 |
0.025
|
POST Fatigue | 60 | 0.61 ± 1.20 | 0.00 (0.00; 0.88) | 49 | 1.09 ± 1.30 | 0.50 (0.00; 2.00) | −0.48 | −0.96 | − 0.01 |
0.048
|
eCO, ppm | 72 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.0 (3.0; 4.0) | 51 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 4.0 (3.0; 5.0) | −0.8 | −1.3 | −0.4 |
< 0.001
|
log10(FeNO, ppb) | 72 | 1.305 ± 0.164 | 1.306 (1.206; 1.422) | 51 | 1.334 ± 0.222 | 1.317 (1.179; 1.508) | −0.029 | −0.102 | 0.044 | 0.433 |
serum 8-OHdG, ng/mL | 72 | 0.181 ± 0.065 | 0.186 (0.129; 0.228) | 50 | 0.178 ± 0.065 | 0.180 (0.144; 0.212) | 0.002 | −0.022 | 0.026 | 0.845 |
Telomere length, T/S ratio | 72 | 1.562 ± 0.244 | 1.564 (1.412; 1.699) | 50 | 1.489 ± 0.179 | 1.472 (1.344; 1.609) | 0.073 | −0.003 | 0.149 | 0.058 |