Background
Methods
Study design
Patients
IVUS procedure
IVUS imaging analysis
IVUS measurements
Laboratory tests
Statistical analysis
Results
Determinants of plaque progression
Factor | β | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | 0.766 | 0.017, 1.514 | 0.045 |
Use of ACE inhibitors | −6.655 | −12.604, –0.706 | 0.0286 |
Use of sulfonylureas | 6.672 | 0.100, 13.244 | 0.0467 |
HbA1c | 2.941 | 0.452, 5.429 | 0.0209 |
Evaluated plaque length | −0.997 | −1.698, –0.296 | 0.0057 |
Plaque volume | −0.112 | −0.174, –0.049 | 0.0006 |
Vessel volume | −0.047 | −0.080, –0.013 | 0.0067 |
Plaque area | −0.918 | −1.598, –0.238 | 0.0086 |
Factor | β | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
HbA1c | 2.683 | 0.292, 5.074 | 0.0282 |
Plaque volume | −0.107 | −0.169, –0.046 | 0.0008 |
Characteristics of the high and low HbA1c groups
Characteristic | HbA1c <6.5% (n = 86) | HbA1c ≥6.5% (n = 40) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Males | 65 (75.58%) | 31 (77.50%) | 1.0000a |
Age (years) | 62.5 ± 7.9 | 62.8 ± 7.4 | 0.8390b |
Body weight (kg) | 64.81 ± 10.63 | 67.65 ± 14.51 | 0.2176b |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.68 ± 2.71 | 25.67 ± 4.23 | 0.1186b |
Lesion length | 11.095 ± 3.398 | 10.213 ± 3.548 | 0.1835b |
Lesion location | |||
Proximal | 15 (17.44%) | 18 (45.00%) | |
Distal | 33 (38.37%) | 7 (17.50%) | |
Other | 38 (44.19%) | 15 (37.50%) | |
Target vessel | |||
RCA | 35 (40.70%) | 16 (40.00%) | |
LAD | 25 (29.07%) | 13 (32.50%) | |
LCX | 26 (30.23%) | 10 (25.00%) | |
LMT | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (2.50%) | |
LLT before enrolment | 62 (72.09%) | 30 (75.00%) | 0.8308a |
Hypertension | 65 (75.58%) | 31 (77.50%) | 1.0000a |
Smoking | 22 (25.58%) | 14 (35.00%) | 0.2954a |
Diabetes mellitus | 9 (10.47%) | 38 (95.00%) | <0.0001a |
Family history of CAD | 19 (22.09%) | 7 (17.50%) | 0.6411a |
Concomitant therapy | |||
Ca channel blocker | 46 (53.49%) | 26 (65.00%) | 0.2507a |
Nitrate | 57 (66.28%) | 24 (60.00%) | 0.5512a |
ACE inhibitor | 16 (18.60%) | 11 (27.50%) | 0.3507a |
ARB | 39 (45.35%) | 17 (42.50%) | 0.8481a |
β-blocker | 22 (25.58%) | 7 (17.50%) | 0.3697a |
Thiazolidinedione | 0 (0.00%) | 9 (22.50%) | <0.0001a |
Sulfonylurea | 3 (3.49%) | 18 (45.00%) | <0.0001a |
α-glucosidase inhibitor | 4 (4.65%) | 17 (42.50%) | <0.0001a |
Insulin | 1 (1.16%) | 10 (25.00%) | <0.0001a |
Ticlopidine | 83 (96.51%) | 38 (95.00%) | 0.6522a |
Clopidogrel | 5 (5.81%) | 2 (5.00%) | 1.0000a |
Aspirin | 86 (100.00%) | 40 (100.00%) | 1.0000a |
Lipid profiles
HbA1c <6.5% (n = 86) | HbA1c ≥6.5% (n = 40) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-up | Actual change | % change | Baseline | Follow-up | Actual change | % change | |
TC (mg/dl) | 214.6 ± 34.5 | 157.1 ± 20 | −57.6 ± 36.9 | −25.3 ± 13.9 | 211.3 ± 35.4 | 159.3 ± 31.5 | −52 ± 34.9 | −23.5 ± 15 |
TG (mg/dl) | 145.6 ± 90.3 | 121 ± 56.2 | −24.6 ± 71.1 | −8.9 ± 34.7 | 152.4 ± 75.9 | 150.4 ± 76.6* | −2.0 ± 76.2 | 4.0 ± 44.6 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 47.9 ± 10.7 | 57.0 ± 11.6 | 9.2 ± 9.0 | 21.5 ± 22.3 | 45.4 ± 11.1 | 51.3 ± 11† | 6.0 ± 10.2 | 16.0 ± 24 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 140.4 ± 32.3 | 81.8 ± 15.7 | −58.7 ± 33.1 | −39.2 ± 16.6 | 139.7 ± 30.1 | 85.3 ± 23.9 | −54.4 ± 31.2 | −37.3 ± 17.7 |
VLDL-C (mg/dl) | 25.4 ± 16.7 | 19.6 ± 10.4 | −5.8 ± 14.2 | −4.1 ± 61.8 | 26.7 ± 16.9 | 26.5 ± 15† | −0.2 ± 16.9 | 18.1 ± 76.9 |
non-HDL-C (mg/dl) | 166.7 ± 33.9 | 100 ± 16.9 | −66.7 ± 33.5 | −38.2 ± 13.9 | 166 ± 33.1 | 108 ± 28.5 | −58 ± 33 | −33.6 ± 17.0 |
small dense LDL | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | −0.01 ± 0.04 | −2.77 ± 10.97 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | −2.31 ± 11.48 |
RLP-C (mg/dl) | 5.7 ± 5.6 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | −2.1 ± 5.2 | −17.3 ± 38.2 | 5.7 ± 3.7 | 4.9 ± 2.9† | −0.8 ± 3.9 | −4 ± 51.3 |
LDL-C/HDL-C | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | −1.6 ± 0.8 | −49.1 ± 14.1 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.5† | −1.5 ± 0.9 | −44.3 ± 16.8 |
hs-CRP (ng/ml) | 2836 ± 7045 | 821 ± 1331 | −2014 ± 7111 | −16.2 ± 104.7 | 4494 ± 9277 | 1172 ± 1934 | −3322 ± 9158 | 91.9 ± 489.7 |
IVUS parameters
HbA1c <6.5% (n = 86) | HbA1c ≥6.5% (n = 40) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-up | Actual change | % change | Baseline | Follow-up | Actual change | % change | |
Volume (mm3) | ||||||||
Plaque | 71.0 ± 39.9 | 64.7 ± 34.7 | −6.3 ± 12.3*** | −6.8 ± 13.9*** | 74.3 ± 34.2 | 71.4 ± 32.3 | −2.9 ± 11.4 | −1.3 ± 13.8† |
Lumen | 80.3 ± 41.9 | 82.4 ± 39.8 | 2.1 ± 11.3 | 5.6 ± 15.3** | 73.9 ± 36.2 | 80 ± 38.7 | 6.1 ± 15.6* | 10.8 ± 15.8** |
Vessel | 151.4 ± 75.8 | 147.1 ± 69 | −4.3 ± 18.8* | −0.8 ± 10.7 | 148.2 ± 65.2 | 151.4 ± 64.6 | 3.2 ± 20.5† | 4.2 ± 13.1*† |
Area (mm2) | ||||||||
Plaque | 8.6 ± 3.7 | 6.4 ± 3.1 | −2.2 ± 2.1*** | −24.4 ± 20.5 | 9.5 ± 3.1 | 7.9 ± 2.7† | −1.7 ± 1.9*** | −16.4 ± 17.9† |
Lumen | 6.0 ± 2.8 | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 1.0 ± 1.6*** | 20.2 ± 29.5 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 7.4 ± 3 | 1.2 ± 1.6*** | 21.8 ± 26.4 |
Vessel | 14.6 ± 5.7 | 13.4 ± 5.2 | −1.2 ± 2.3*** | −7.6 ± 14.4 | 15.7 ± 4.6 | 15.3 ± 4.5† | −0.5 ± 2.2 | −2.0 ± 14.6† |