Introduction
Total-body computed tomography scanning (TBCT) is often used during the primary assessment of patients after severe trauma. Instead of selective computed tomography (CT) scanning of specific body regions, trauma teams routinely perform CT scans of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis for trauma patients who could benefit from TBCT scanning. A potential disadvantage compared to the selective approach is the increased radiation exposure of TBCT scanning [1, 2]. Since TBCT has not been shown to reduce mortality in the general trauma population, indication setting is important and a subject of debate [3]. Another consideration when performing TBCT is the increase in non-trauma-related radiologic findings. These concomitant incidental findings should be prioritized with respect to potential life-threatening injuries, and may require additional follow-up and treatment. Incidental findings could provide the advantage of earlier diagnosis of malignancy or vascular disease. On the contrary, when clinical significance is absent, incidental findings could also result in unnecessary investigations and concerns for the patient and extra health care costs.
Previous studies have reported the detection of incidental findings in 32 % to 43 % of trauma patients screened in trauma centres with selective CT scanning [4, 5], and studies on TBCT scanning have reported incidental findings in 45 % to 53 % of trauma patients [6‐8]. However, direct comparisons of the frequency and relevance of incidental findings between TBCT and standard work-up with selective CT scanning in trauma patients are lacking. A difference in the frequency of relevant incidental findings can therefore only be assumed.
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The aim of this study was to determine whether incidental findings detected by TBCT scanning differed in frequency and relevance from those detected by conventional imaging supplemented with selective CT in patients with severe trauma.
Patients and methods
Study design and patient selection
This study was a secondary analysis of patients selected for the REACT-2 multicentre randomized controlled trial, of which the study protocol and main results were published previously [3, 9]. In short, in the REACT-2 trial, adult trauma patients with compromised vital parameters, clinical suspicion of specific severe injuries or high-risk trauma mechanisms were randomized to undergo either an immediate TBCT scan or standard radiological work-up (STWU). The inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in the table 4 in the appendix. Patients included those seen between April 2011 and January 2014 in four level 1 trauma centres in the Netherlands and one in Switzerland. Informed consent was temporarily waived during the initial presentation in the trauma room. At the earliest opportunity after the trauma, patients or their legal representatives were given work-up information and informed consent was requested. The study was approved by the medical ethics committees at all participating centres (AMC MEC 10/145).
The randomization process was performed by the trauma team immediately after the primary assessment of the patient. TBCT scanning was performed without conventional imaging or sonography in advance and consisted of a non-enhanced CT scan of the head and neck, with arms alongside the trunk, followed by a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. The preferred technique for the second scan was split-bolus intravenous contrast imaging after raising of the arms, if possible [10]. STWU consisted of x-rays of the chest and pelvis, a focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST), and CT scans from specific body regions if indicated. Indications for selective CT scanning were predefined according to local protocols. These indications are listed in the table 4 in the appendix. CT scanners were located in the trauma room or in an adjacent room, and all were 64-slice multidetector row CT scanners.
Data collection
Radiological images were interpreted by the radiology resident and subsequently by a senior radiologist experienced in trauma imaging. Although focusing on traumatic injuries, this ‘double-reading system’ minimizes the number of missed findings [11]. All findings were described in the radiological reports, which are accessible through the computerized hospital databases of participating centres. Any available previous radiologic imaging of the same patient was also reviewed to confirm the findings to be new. In addition, trauma room reports, interventional and pathology reports, and discharge letters were reviewed. For follow-up data, all available and relevant in-hospital files were searched within a minimum of 6 months and maximum of 2 years after admission to the trauma resuscitation room.
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Definitions and categorization of incidental findings
The clinical relevance of an incidental finding was divided into three subcategories: 1) major finding, may cause mortality; 2) moderate finding, may cause morbidity; and 3) minor finding, hardly relevant and no follow-up needed. The findings and corresponding relevance were scored based on the latest information on the finding. Using earlier reports on this subject, a list of incidental findings that could be expected was formulated before data acquisition [4‐8, 12, 13]. Some incidental findings were added to more than one relevance category, as the clinical importance of the same type of finding varied widely. For these specific findings, size-, age- or complexity-specific cut-off values have been added to their description (e.g. simple vs. complicated renal cyst). Findings that had been described previously, as well as traumatic lesions, were excluded. Degenerative joint diseases, common atherosclerotic vessel disease, enostosis, sinusitis, age-related cerebral atrophy, and signs of earlier operations or old cerebral hematoma/infarction were also excluded as incidental findings, in accordance with previous literature [4, 8, 14].
For pulmonary nodules and renal cysts, classification was performed in accordance with the Fleischner society pulmonary nodule recommendations and Bosniak renal cyst classification [15, 16]. With respect to the Fleischner recommendations, findings in patients requiring follow-up within 6 months were defined as major findings, follow-up between 6 and 12 months as moderate findings, and minor if no follow-up was needed. Bosniak class 1 corresponds to minor findings, class 2 to moderate findings, and classes 2 F and over to major findings. In the case of any abnormal lymph nodes, asymptomatic findings were classified as minor unless the nodes were >10 mm in size, in which case they were labelled as moderate. Lymphadenopathy of major relevance indicates suspected lethal findings such as a suspected (non-)Hodgkin lymphoma. If the nodular size was not reported, classification was performed by the reviewers of this study according to follow-up advice or further descriptions from the reporting radiologist.
Multitrauma patients were defined as patients with an Injury Severity Score ≥16. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients were defined as patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score <9 at presentation and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)-Head code ≥3.
Statistical analysis
Continuous data with a normal distribution are presented as means with standard deviation, and the non-normally distributed data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). Independent samples t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare the parametric and non-parametric continuous data, respectively. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were applied to assess differences in incidental findings between TBCT and STWU. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to confirm Poisson-distributed numbers of major and moderate incidental findings. The total number of incidental findings, as well as the number of minor incidental findings, seemed to be negative binomially distributed, which was confirmed by a non-significant chi-square test of goodness of fit of observed and theoretical data, the latter generated with the ‘rnegbin’ function in the R computing environment. The results are reported as rate ratios of incidental findings with TBCT versus STWU, corrected for age, sex and centre. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables when categories consisted of at least ten cases; otherwise, Fisher’s exact test was used. A p value below 0.05 was considered to reflect statistical significance. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 23 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. In total, 1083 patients were enrolled, of which 541 patients were randomized for TBCT (n = 49.9 %). The median age was 42 years (IQR 27–59) in the TBCT group and 45 years (IQR 26–59) in the STWU group (p = 0.746). The baseline characteristics were comparable between groups except for the number of multitrauma patients: TBCT n = 362 (66.9 %) vs. STWU n = 331 (61.1 %), p = 0.045. Median ISS did not differ between groups: TBCT 20 (IQR 10–29) vs. STWU 19 (9–29), p = 0.405.
Table 1
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients*
Characteristic | Total-body CT (n = 541) | Standard work-up (n = 542) |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 42 (27–59) | 45 (26–59) |
Male sex, n (%) | 413 (76.3) | 411 (75.8) |
Blunt trauma, n (%) | 530 (98.0) | 534 (98.5) |
Trauma mechanism blunt trauma, n (%) | ||
Fall from height | 170 (32.1) | 178 (33.3) |
MVC – patient as occupant | 201 (37.9) | 190 (35.6) |
MVC – patient as cyclist | 65 (12.3) | 60 (11.2) |
MVC – patient as pedestrian | 29 (5.5) | 45 (8.4) |
Other | 65 (12.3) | 61 (11.4) |
Comorbidity, n (%) | ||
ASA I or II | 495 (95.7) | 501 (96.2) |
ASA III, IV or V | 22 (4.3) | 20 (3.8) |
CT performed at ED, n (%)* | ||
Head | 539 (99.6) | 483 (89.1) |
Neck | 535 (98.9) | 480 (88.6) |
Chest | 529 (97.8) | 315 (58.1) |
Abdomen/pelvis | 528 (97.6) | 278 (51.3) |
Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥3, n (%) | ||
Head | 247 (45.7) | 218 (40.2) |
Chest | 229 (42.3) | 206 (38.0) |
Abdomen/pelvic content | 49 (9.1) | 67 (12.4) |
Pelvis and extremities | 150 (27.7) | 154 (28.4) |
Injury Severity Score (points) | 20 (10–29) | 19 (9–29) |
Multitrauma patients, n (%)*†
| 362 (66.9) | 331 (61.1) |
TBI patients, n (%)†
| 178 (32.9) | 151 (27.9) |
In total, 441 incidental findings were found in 233 of the patients (42.9 %) randomized for TBCT, compared to 290 findings in 167 of the patients (32.5 %) randomized for the STWU (adjusted rate ratio 1.531; 95 % confidence interval [95%CI] 1.274–1.840; p < 0.001), as shown in Table 2. Major findings were detected in 23 patients (4.3 %) in the TBCT group, compared to 9 patients (1.7 %) in the STWU group (adjusted rate ratio 2.851; 95%CI 1.337–6.077; p < 0.007). Moderate findings were detected in 120 patients (22.2 %) and 86 patients (15.9 %) in the TBCT and STWU groups, respectively (adjusted rate ratio 1.421; 95%CI 1.088–1.854; p < 0.010).
Table 2
Trauma patients with incidental findings
Characteristic | Total-body CT (n = 541) | Standard work-up (n = 542) | Rate ratio (95%CI) |
p
| Adjusted rate ratio* (95%CI) |
p
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients with incidental findings, n (%) | 232 (42.9) | 176 (32.5) | 1.524 (1.251–1.856) | <0.001†
| 1.531 (1.274–1.840) | <0.001†
|
Major relevance | 23 (4.3) | 9 (1.7) | 2.672 (1.243–5.744) | 0.012‡
| 2.851 (1.337–6.077) | 0.007‡
|
Moderate relevance | 120 (22.2) | 86 (15.9) | 1.394 (1.051–1.849) | 0.021‡
| 1.421 (1.088–1.854) | 0.010‡
|
Minor relevance | 172 (31.8) | 129 (23.8) | 1.551 (1.240–1.940) | <0.001†
| 1.536 (1.238–1.905) | <0.001†
|
Table 3 shows comparisons of the distribution of the incidental findings over clinical categories between the two groups. Distribution over categories of relevance, body regions, organ systems or neoplasms was similar between the imaging groups. Tables 5 and 6 in the appendix show the follow-up and medical documentation of incidental findings per category of relevance. These characteristics were comparable between the imaging groups; however, follow-up rates were low, and documentation of incidental findings was poor in both groups. In the discharge letters, 39.3 % of the major findings and 13.8 % of the moderate findings were mentioned.
Table 3
Characteristics of incidental findings
Characteristic | Total-body CT | Standard work-up |
p* |
|---|---|---|---|
Incidental findings, n
| 441 | 290 | |
Body region, n (%) | |||
Head | 56 (12.7) | 39 (13.4) | 0.786 |
Neck | 26 (5.9) | 22 (7.6) | |
Thorax | 65 (14.7) | 47 (16.2) | |
Abdomen/pelvis | 292 (66.2) | 180 (62.1) | |
Extremities | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.7) | |
Organ system, n (%) | |||
Reno-adrenal | 112 (25.4) | 75 (25.9) | 0.696 |
Hepatobiliary | 92 (20.9) | 64 (22.1) | |
Respiratory | 55 (12.5) | 27 (9.3) | |
Reticuloendothelial | 49 (11.1) | 33 (11.4) | |
Neurological | 33 (7.5) | 25 (8.6) | |
Endocrine | 27 (6.1) | 21 (7.2) | |
Gastrointestinal | 27 (6.1) | 11 (3.8) | |
Urethro-genital | 18 (4.1) | 15 (5.2) | |
Cardiovascular | 16 (3.6) | 15 (5.2) | |
Musculoskeletal | 11 (2.5) | 4 (1.4) | |
Cutaneous | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
Neoplasm | |||
Confirmed | 20 (4.5) | 10 (3.4) | 0.456 |
Suspected | 29 (6.6) | 14 (4.8) | |
The complete list of all findings arranged by body region and relevance is presented in Table 7 in the appendix. Simple renal and hepatic cysts were the most common of all incidental findings for patients in both imaging groups. Suspicious pulmonary nodules were the most described potentially lethal finding (n = 6). Of all findings of moderate relevance, gallstones and hepatic steatosis were most frequently described. One in every 24 incidental findings was a pathologically confirmed neoplasm (4.1 %).
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Discussion
This study shows that TBCT imaging is more likely to detect an incidental finding than the standard work-up with selective CT scanning. In every category of clinical relevance, the TBCT scan detected significantly more findings. The incidental findings did not differ in distribution over body regions or tissue types, although the abdominal region showed the largest difference. We could not demonstrate a significant difference in follow-up, which could be explained by low follow-up rates in general and poor documentation of incidental findings and their management in trauma patients. Trauma teams using TBCT scanning should be aware of an increase in relevant incidental findings and should pay special attention to the reporting and management of these additional findings.
In the present study, incidental findings occurred in 43 % of patients undergoing TBCT scanning, of which 42 % could cause serious morbidity. Similar results were reported in previous studies on incidental findings in TBCT scans for initial trauma evaluation. These studies, however, did not directly compare these to incidental findings with selective CT scanning. The study by Hofstetter et al. found incidental findings in 50 % of their patients, with 29 % of these possibly requiring follow-up [7]. In a study by Barett et al., findings were detected in 53 % of all patients by TBCT, 59 % of which required urgent follow-up [6]. Sierink et al. recently reported incidental findings in 45 % of all patients, with possible follow-up required in 31 % [8]. Thus, with the present study included, the percentage of trauma patients with incidental findings detected by TBCT ranges from 43 % to 53 %. Of these findings, 29 % to 59 % have clinical relevance; however, the definition of clinical relevance will be interpreted differently.
Considering future diagnostic work-up, the separate and detailed inclusion of moderate and major findings in the trauma room report's conclusion may help communicate these findings to the general practitioner and other treating physicians. Poor documentation could result in lack of further diagnostic work-up or treatment in other facilities, a structural problem that has been described in previous reports on CT in trauma and emergency imaging [4, 5, 13, 17‐20]. Complete and clear documentation thus might save costs in the long term by eliminating repeated work-up for incidental findings. Future research should aim to establish effective methods for proper reporting and management of incidental findings in trauma patients.
Limitations and strengths
One limitation of the present study is that the categorization of incidental findings into three relevance groups was subject to personal interpretation, as there is no consensus guideline. Discrepancies between previous studies show that specific findings are not always classified in the same category of clinical relevance. To minimize the effect of interpretation, the categorization of expected incidental findings was performed before data acquisition, in accordance with previous literature and under the supervision of an experienced radiologist. The classification system used in this study closely resembled those of previous studies [4, 6‐8, 14].
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Second, the documentation of incidental findings in the radiology reports could be incomplete. The number of incidental findings may have been influenced by the acute setting of trauma care, and therefore findings of minor or moderate interest may not have been reported at all, since they seemed irrelevant during primary trauma care. However, the risk of underestimation was reduced by the double-reading system. On the other hand, the rate of unknown findings might be overestimated, because previous imaging of the patient might not have been available during formulation of the radiology report.
Third, the follow-up is likely underestimated due to reporting issues as well. Follow-up was between 6 months and 2 years after the first trauma presentation, and only within the in-hospital documentation of the trauma centres where the patient was initially seen. Subsequently, some patients—for example, those with pulmonary nodules—would receive their first follow-up after 1 year or in a different hospital. Furthermore, it is possible that the finding was discussed and that a watchful waiting approach was preferred but not reported in the patient’s file.
This study, which investigated the frequency and clinical relevance of incidental findings in trauma, is the first to directly compare TBCT scanning with conventional imaging supplemented with selective CT. Additional strengths include the international multicentre setting, large comparable patient groups and its randomization setting. Lastly, the list of expected incidental findings aided in adequate prospective categorization.
Conclusion
When using TBCT instead of selective CT scanning in primary trauma care, a greater number of clinically relevant incidental findings can be expected. Data did not show a significantly higher workload through follow-up; however, documentation of follow-up was suboptimal. When evaluating trauma patients with TBCT scanning, extra alertness towards detection, documentation and follow-up of relevant incidental findings is warranted.
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Acknowledgments
The scientific guarantor of this publication is Prof. J.C. Goslings. The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article. The REACT-2 has received funding by ZonMw, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (grant number: 171102023); Dr. M.G.W. Dijkgraaf has significant statistical expertise. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study. All study subjects will be reported in another article reporting the main outcome measures of the REACT-2 trial. [Sierink JC, Treskes K, Edwards MJ et al., Immediate total-body CT scanning versus conventional imaging and selective CT scanning in severe trauma patients: A randomised controlled trial (REACT-2 trial), accepted for publication]. Methodology: prospective, randomised controlled trial, multicentre study.
Collaborators
TP Saltzherr1, MD, PhD; T Schepers1, MD, PhD, VM de Jong1, MD; R van Vugt3, MD, PhD; M Brink9, MD, PhD; J Peters3, MD; M El Moumni4, MD; JS Harbers4, MD; KW Wendt4, MD; EMM van Lieshout10, MSc PhD; MJ Elzinga10, MD; EH Jansen11, MD; C Zähringer6, MD; N Bless12, MD; R Bingisser13, MD
1 Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3 Department of Trauma and emergency surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
4 Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
5 Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
6 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Petersgraben 4 4031 Basel, Switzerland
7 Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
8 Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
9 Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
10 Trauma Research Unit Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
11 Accident and Emergency Department, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
12 Department of Traumatology, University of Basel Hospital, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
13 Emergency Unit, University of Basel Hospital, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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