Introduction
Methods
Animals and experimental design
Age (day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
28–41 | 42–79 | 80–130 | 80–100 (R pigs) | |
Diet components (weight % of daily food allowance) | ||||
Starter feeda
| 50 | 46.5 | – | – |
Grower feedb
| – | – | 68.5 | 100 (= 825 g/day) |
Oat flakesc
| 30 | 33.8 | 20.7 | – |
Sucrosed
| 20 | 19.7 | 10.8 | – |
DM (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
Crude nutrients (g/kg) | ||||
Crude ash | 35 | 34 | 44 | 57 |
Crude protein | 162 | 159 | 165 | 197 |
Crude fat | 94 | 92 | 38 | 32 |
Carbohydrates | 604 | 612 | 641 | 576 |
Crude fiber | 16 | 16 | 39 | 51 |
Starch | 314 | 330 | 440 | 447 |
Sugar | 278 | 270 | 148 | 57 |
MEe (MJ/kg DM) | 16.9 | 16.9 | 15.2 | 14.7 |
Body weight, food intake and food analysis
Indirect calorimetry measurements, procedures and calculations
Diurnal substrate oxidation pattern and plasma NEFA concentrations
Body composition
Statistical analysis
Results
Food Intake, body weight and composition and food efficiency
N | L |
P valuee
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | R | C | R | BiW | Feeding type | |
BW (kg) at age | ||||||
1 day; birth | 1.5b ± 0.02 | 1.1a ± 0.03 | <0.001 | |||
28 days; weaning | 9.0b ± 0.26 | 6.9a ± 0.27 | <0.001 | |||
79 days; prior to FR | 29.6b ± 0.60 | 24.9a ± 0.66 | <0.001 | |||
90 days; during FR | 36c ± 1.0 | 34bc ± 1.0 | 31ab ± 1.1 | 29a ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.070 |
101 days; begin RFD | 43c ± 1.1 | 39bc ± 1.1 | 38ab ± 1.2 | 34a ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
131 days; end of RFDf
| 71b ± 1.8 | 69ab ± 1.8 | 67ab ± 2.0 | 62a ± 2.0 | 0.012 | 0.061 |
Absolute FI (g/d) at age | ||||||
28 days; weaning | 306b ± 9 | 270a ± 9 | <0.001 | |||
79 days; prior to FR | 1307b ± 55 | 1163a ± 60 | 0.021 | |||
90 days; during FR | 1448b ± 35 | 825a ± 35 | 1397b ± 38 | 825a ± 38 | 0.486 | <0.001 |
101 days; begin RFD | 1653 ± 47 | 1690 ± 47 | 1645 ± 51 | 1510 ± 51 | 0.056 | 0.321 |
130 days; end of RFD | 2521 ± 77 | 2569 ± 77 | 2518 ± 90 | 2546 ± 80 | 0.870 | 0.644 |
FI related to BW (g/kg BW) | ||||||
28 days; weaning | 34a ± 2.0 | 41b ± 2.2 | 0.006 | |||
79 days; before FR | 44 ± 2.1 | 47 ± 2.3 | 0.162 | |||
90 days; during FR | 40c ± 1.0 | 24a ± 1.0 | 45d ± 1.1 | 29b ± 1.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
101 days; begin RFD | 39a ± 1.0 | 43b ± 1.0 | 43b ± 1.1 | 44b ± 1.1 | 0.032 | 0.012 |
130 days; end of RFD | 37a ± 1.2 | 40ab ± 1.2 | 40ab ± 1.4 | 41b ± 1.3 | 0.038 | 0.043 |
FCR (kg FI/kg BW gain) | ||||||
28–79 days; prior to FR | 2.04 ± 0.05 | 1.97 ± 0.05 | 0.334 | |||
80–90 days; during early FR | 2.50b ± 0.09 | 2.23ab ± 0.09 | 2.12a ± 0.10 | 2.12a ± 0.10 | 0.008 | 0.162 |
91–100 days; during late FR | 2.46b ± 0.06 | 1.67a ± 0.06 | 2.24b ± 0.07 | 1.67a ± 0.07 | 0.073 | <0.001 |
101–130 days; during RFD | 2.43 ± 0.07 | 2.40 ± 0.07 | 2.31 ± 0.08 | 2.23 ± 0.08 | 0.075 | 0.459 |
T1/76 day | T2a/83 day | T2b/97 day | T3a/104 day | T3b/125 day | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | L | N | L | N | L | N | L | N | L | |||||||||||
C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | C | R | |
BW (kg) | 28.0Aab
±0.9 | 28.3Ab
±0.9 | 23.7Aab
±1.0 | 23.3Aa
±1.0 | 32.0Bb
±0.9 | 31.8Bb
±0.9 | 27.2Bab
±1.0 | 26.5Ba
±1.0 | 41.8Cb
±1.0 | 37.2Cab
±1.1 | 37.0Cab
±1.1 | 32.3Ca
±1.2 | 47.2Db
±1.1 | 43.1Dab
±1.2 | 42.7Dab
±1.3 | 37.5 Da
±1.3 | 67.6Eb
±1.6 | 64.5Eab
±1.7 | 62.7Eab
±1.8 | 57.5Ea
±1.9 |
EIF (kJ/kg BW0.62 day−1) | 2370 ±131 | 2359B
±131 | 2287 ±143 | 2388B
±143 | 1991b
±75 | 1390Aa
±76 | 2051b
±79 | 1522Aa
±83 | 1887b
±73 | 1264Aa
±73 | 2129b
±77 | 1383Aa
±80 | 2047 ±87 | 2443B
±88 | 2207 ±96 | 2386B
±96 | 2217 ±127 | 2522B
±128 | 2254 ±140 | 2515B
±140 |
EE (kJ/kg BW0.62 day−1) | 1278 ±26 | 1295C
±26 | 1256 ±29 | 1257B
±30 | 1248 ±25 | 1157B
±24 | 1224 ±25 | 1129A
±28 | 1266b
±20 | 1059Aa
±22 | 1299b
±21 | 1079Aa
±22 | 1265 ±22 | 1290C
±22 | 1299 ±25 | 1280B
±24 | 1288 ±32 | 1340C
±30 | 1309 ±34 | 1373B
±34 |
EB (kJ/kg BW0.62 day−1) | 1032 ±149 | 1105B
±150 | 1061 ±167 | 1077B
±172 | 595ab
±80 | 239Aa
±78 | 787b
±82 | 303Aab
±91 | 629b
±72 | 192Aa
±80 | 780b
±76 | 304Aab
±80 | 701a
±72 | 1153Bb
±71 | 908ab
±80 | 1106Bb
±78 | 1022 ±105 | 1182B
±99 | 977 ±113 | 1169B
±113 |
RMR (kJ/kg BW0.62 day−1) | 947 ±23 | 933BC
±23 | 906 ±26 | 914AB
±27 | 970b
±19 | 862Ba
±19 | 933ab
±20 | 852Aa
±22 | 976b
±15 | 786Aa
±17 | 980b
±16 | 824Aa
±17 | 957 ±18 | 980C
±18 | 967 ±20 | 961B
±19 | 968 ±21 | 1005C
±20 | 997 ±23 | 1006B
±23 |
RQ | 0.95A
±0.01 | 0.95A
±0.01 | 0.94A
±0.02 | 0.98A
±0.02 | 0.94Aab
±0.01 | 0.91Aa
±0.01 | 0.99ABb
±0.01 | 0.93Aa
±0.01 | 0.95Aab
±0.01 | 0.92Aa
±0.01 | 0.99ABb
±0.01 | 0.93Aab
±0.01 | 0.98ABa
±0.01 | 1.07Bb
±0.01 | 1.03Bab
±0.01 | 1.07Bb
±0.01 | 1.03B
±0.01 | 1.07B
±0.01 | 1.04B
±0.01 | 1.07B
±0.01 |
Q value (MJ EE d−1/MJ EI d−1) | 0.58AB
±0.03 | 0.55 ±0.03 | 0.57 ±0.04 | 0.55 ±0.04 | 0.69AB
±0.03 | – | 0.63 ±0.05 | – | 0.68AB
±0.04 | – | 0.65 ±0.04 | – | 0.65Bb
±0.02 | 0.53a
±0.02 | 0.59ab
±0.02 | 0.54a
±0.02 | 0.57A
±0.02 | 0.54 ±0.02 | 0.59 ±0.02 | 0.55 ±0.02 |
FOX (g/kg BW0.62 day−1) | 2.47B
±1.58 | 1.46B
±1.59 | 2.34B
±1.78 | −0.88B
±1.81 | 3.42Bb
±1.03 | 7.05Cb
±1.00 | −2.05ABa
±1.05 | 4.43Bb
±1.18 | 2.51Bab
±1.19 | 4.75BCb
±1.34 | −2.79ABa
±1.25 | 3.96Bb
±1.31 | −0.84Bb
±1.35 | −10.1Aa
±1.31 | −6.57Aab
±1.49 | −9.92Aa
±1.44 | −7.05A
±1.64 | −11.21A
±1.53 | −8.37A
±1.75 | −12.06A
±1.75 |
COX (g/kg BW0.62 day−1) | 58.8A
±3.3 | 61.8B
±3.4 | 58.5A
±3.8 | 65.3B
±3.8 | 55.8Aab
±2.7 | 43.1Aa
±2.6 | 62.9Ab
±2.7 | 46.9Aa
±3.1 | 58.4Aab
±3.0 | 43.1Aa
±3.4 | 69.5ABb
±3.2 | 45.3Aa
±3.3 | 65.8ABa
±3.2 | 87.6Cb
±3.1 | 79.1Bab
±3.5 | 86.8Cb
±3.4 | 80.8B
±4.6 | 92.6C
±4.2 | 83.5B
±4.9 | 96.5C
±4.9 |
COX (g/kg BW0.62 kg FI−1 day−1) | 53.9Ba
±1.9 | 54.6Ba
±1.9 | 60.3Cab
±2.1 | 65.7Cb
±2.1 | 54.3B
±3.6 | 52.5AB
±3.4 | 57.3BC
±3.6 | 58.6ABC
±4.1 | 46.4AB
±2.0 | 52.8B
±2.2 | 50.9BC
±2.1 | 55.3AB
±4.1 | 46.4Ba
±1.4 | 52.3Bab
±1.4 | 50.7Bab
±1.6 | 58.0BCb
±1.5 | 38.4Aa
±1.6 | 41.7Aab
±1.5 | 41.3Aab
±1.7 | 46.5Ab
±1.7 |
N | L |
P valuec
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | R | C | R | BiW | Feeding type | |
Fat depots | ||||||
Omental fat | 508ab ± 28 | 450a ± 28 | 567b ± 30 | 495ab ± 28 | 0.077 | 0.044 |
Ventral visceral fat | 550ab ± 48 | 493ab ± 48 | 671b ± 52 | 453a ± 48 | 0.432 | 0.016 |
Σ Abdominal fat | 1058ab ± 66 | 943a ± 66 | 1237b ± 71 | 970ab ± 66 | 0.150 | 0.015 |
Subcutaneous fatd covering | ||||||
Shoulder | 400 ± 37 | 445 ± 37 | 393 ± 39 | 360 ± 37 | 0.171 | 0.893 |
Neck | 335 ± 32 | 326 ± 32 | 373 ± 34 | 350 ± 32 | 0.631 | 0.162 |
Ham | 890 ± 64 | 868 ± 64 | 960 ± 69 | 749 ± 64 | 0.712 | 0.104 |
Backfatd
| 843 ± 87 | 755 ± 87 | 874 ± 94 | 676 ± 87 | 0.789 | 0.137 |
Σ Fat depotse
| 3527 ± 227 | 3337 ± 227 | 3833 ± 244 | 3083 ± 227 | 0.912 | 0.065 |
Organs | ||||||
Liver | 1240 ± 50 | 1295 ± 50 | 1284 ± 53 | 1241 ± 50 | 0.911 | 0.909 |
Kidneys (mean) | 132 ± 5 | 134 ± 5 | 131 ± 5 | 129 ± 5 | 0.471 | 0.993 |
Heart | 283 ± 11 | 274 ± 11 | 270 ± 12 | 254 ± 11 | 0.178 | 0.311 |
Pancreas | 121 ± 7 | 117 ± 7 | 118 ± 7 | 109 ± 7 | 0.450 | 0.348 |
Musclesd
| ||||||
M. longissimus dorsi
| 1677 ± 89 | 1727 ± 89 | 1670 ± 95 | 1493 ± 89 | 0.203 | 0.494 |
M. semimembranosus
| 1038 ± 42 | 1011 ± 42 | 947 ± 45 | 875 ± 42 | 0.020 | 0.275 |
M. semitendinosus
| 332b ± 13 | 298ab ± 13 | 303ab ± 14 | 262a ± 13 | 0.035 | 0.018 |