Background
Methods
Study population
Laboratory methods
Anthropometric measurements
Definition of pre-diabetes
Other covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Total | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 1514 (100.0) | 566 (37.4) | 948 (62.6) |
Age (yrs) | 51.5 (37.9, 60.6) | 46.7 (32.2, 60.4) | 53.2 (42.1, 60.6) |
Serum 25(OH) D (ng/ml) | 20.7 (15.2, 27.9) | 19.7 (14.6, 25.1) | 21.8 (15.7, 29.9) |
Pre-diabetesb (n (%)) | 987 (65.2) | 383 (67.7) | 604 (63.7) |
Blood parameters | |||
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.20 (5.51, 5.85) | 5.58 (5.28, 5.89) | 5.46 (5.16, 5.84) |
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 6.40 (4.13, 10.13) | 6.70 (3.95, 10.00) | 6.30 (4.20, 10.20) |
HbA1c (%) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.60 (5.30, 5.80) |
HOMA2-IRc | 0.87 (0.55, 1.35) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.34) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.37) |
Serum calcium2+ (mmol/L) | 2.42 (2.33, 2.51) | 2.45 (2.36, 2.55) | 2.40 (2.32, 2.50) |
Anthropometric parameters | |||
Overweightd (n (%)) | 629 (41.5) | 288 (50.9) | 341 (35.9) |
Overweighte (n (%)) | 442 (29.2) | 212 (37.5) | 230 (24.3) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 (21.0, 25.4) | 24.1 (21.9, 26.1) | 22.7 (20.8, 25.0) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 84.1 (77.5, 91.0) | 86.4 (80.5, 92.4) | 82.5 (76.0, 89.1) |
Social-demographic data | |||
High education levelf (n (%)) | 676 (44.7) | 311 (55.0) | 365 (38.5) |
High monthly personal incomeg (n (%)) | 576 (38.0) | 319 (56.4) | 257 (27.1) |
Mental workerh(n (%)) | 510 (33.7) | 204 (36.0) | 306 (32.3) |
Lifestyles | |||
Smoking status (current, n (%)) | 217 (14.4) | 192 (33.9) | 25 (2.6) |
MVPA (MET-hour/week)i | 95.4 (60.6, 144.3) | 78.5 (49.5, 122.1) | 105.8 (69.5, 155.5) |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1552.2 (1251.3, 1886.9) | 1808.9 (1494.0, 2141.5) | 1409.3 (1167.1, 1705.4) |
Season of blood drawn (summerj, n (%)) | 372 (24.6) | 142 (25.1) | 230 (24.3) |
Tertiles of serum 25(OH)D (ng/ml) |
P
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 12.6 (9.5, 15.1)b | Tertile 2 20.6 (18.6, 23.1)b | Tertile 3 31.9 (27.9, 38.9)b | ||
n (%) | 504 (33.3) | 505 (33.4) | 505 (33.4) | – |
Age (yrs) | 58.9 (47.0, 64.9) | 47.8 (34.9, 57.9) | 57.7 (49.5, 62.2) | < 0.0001 |
Male (n (%)) | 203 (40.3) | 222 (44.0) | 141 (27.9) | 0.0001 |
Pre-diabetesc (n (%)) | 323 (64.1) | 334 (66.1) | 330 (65.4) | 0.847 |
Blood parameters | ||||
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.51 (5.22, 5.82) | 5.51 (5.17,5.84) | 5.49 (5.20, 5.90) | 0.929 |
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 7.00 (4.40, 10.86) | 6.50 (4.20, 10.40) | 5.80 (3.90, 9.35) | 0.014 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.80) | 5.60 (5.30, 5.80) | 0.483 |
HOMA2-IRd | 0.95 (0.59, 1.45) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.39) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.26) | 0.018 |
Serum calcium2+ (mmol/L) | 2.44 (2.36, 2.52) | 2.43 (2.33, 2.51) | 2.40 (2.30, 2.50) | 0.006 |
Anthropometric parameters | ||||
Overweighte (n (%)) | 208 (41.2) | 202 (40.1) | 219 (43.3) | 0.707 |
Overweightf (n (%)) | 146 (29.0) | 138 (27.4) | 158 (31.3) | 0.566 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 (20.9, 25.3) | 23.3 (21.1, 25.2) | 23.4 (21.1, 25.6) | 0.372 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.5 (77.4, 89.8) | 84.1 (77.3, 90.0) | 84.7 (78.1, 92.2) | 0.119 |
Social-demographic data | ||||
High education levelg (n (%)) | 237 (47.0) | 243 (48.1) | 196 (38.8) | 0.042 |
High monthly personal incomeh (n (%)) | 201 (39.9) | 197 (39.0) | 178 (35.3) | 0.0005 |
Mental workeri (n (%)) | 188 (37.3) | 196 (38.8) | 126 (25.0) | < 0.0001 |
Lifestyles | ||||
Smoking status (current, n (%)) | 72 (14.3) | 79 (15.6) | 66 (13.1) | 0.539 |
MVPA (MET-hour/week)j | 90.0 (54.6, 139.4) | 89.24 (58.3, 137.4) | 105.90 (66.6, 153.5) | 0.019 |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1563.3 (1250.7, 1884.8) | 1575.7 (1261.0, 1963.3) | 1530.0 (1232.6, 1839.8) | 0.361 |
Seasonk (summer, n (%)) | 84 (16.7) | 138 (27.3) | 150 (29.7) | < 0.0001 |
Tertiles of serum 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | P for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 12.6 (9.5, 15.1)b | Tertile 2 20.6 (18.6, 23.1)b | Tertile 3 31.9 (27.9, 38.9)b | ||
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | ||||
Model Ac | 8.36 (7.59, 9.12) | 8.00 (7.25, 8.75) | 7.47 (6.68, 8.26) | 0.016 |
Model Bd | 8.35 (7.58, 9.12) | 7.98 (7.23, 8.73) | 7.45 (6.66, 8.24) | 0.015 |
Model Ce | 8.00 (7.31, 8.70) | 7.63 (6.95, 8.31) | 7.01 (6.29, 7.73) | 0.0007 |
Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L) | ||||
Model Ac | 5.56 (5.48, 5.64) | 5.55 (5.47, 5.63) | 5.52 (5.44, 5.61) | 0.331 |
Model Bd | 5.56 (5.48, 5.64) | 5.55 (5.47, 5.63) | 5.52 (5.43, 5.60) | 0.291 |
Model Ce | 5.55 (5.47, 6.63) | 5.53 (5.46, 5.61) | 5.50 (5.42, 5.58) | 0.197 |
HbA1c (%) | ||||
Model Ac | 5.57 (5.51, 5.63) | 5.53 (5.46, 5.59) | 5.46 (5.40, 5.52) | 0.0003 |
Model Bd | 5.57 (5.51, 5.63) | 5.52 (5.46, 5.82) | 5.45 (5.39, 5.52) | 0.0002 |
Model Ce | 5.57 (5.50, 5.63) | 5.52 (5.46, 5.58) | 5.45 (5.39, 5.51) | 0.0001 |
HOMA2-IR | ||||
Model Ac | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.016 |
Model Bd | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.015 |
Model Ce | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.0007 |
OR (95%CI) | P for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-diabetesc (yes or no) | Tertile 1 12.6 (9.5, 15.1)b | Tertile 2 20.6 (18.6, 23.1)b | Tertile 3 31.9 (27.9, 38.9)b | |
Total (n = 1514) | ||||
Model Ad | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.01) | 0.056 |
Model Be | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.74, 1.52) | 0.69 (0.47, 0.99) | 0.049 |
Model Cf | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.74, 1.52) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) | 0.046 |
BMI < 24 kg/m2 (n = 885) | ||||
Model Ad | 1.00 | 1.32 (0.84, 2.08) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.38) | 0.182 |
Model Be | 1.00 | 1.36 (0.87, 2.14) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.39) | 0.153 |
BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 (n = 629) | ||||
Model Ad | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.36, 1.27) | 0.45 (0.24, 0.85) | 0.052 |
Model Be | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.34, 1.22) | 0.45 (0.23, 0.84) | 0.047 |