nach oben

Erschienen in:

10.06.2024 | Original Article

Historical Structural Racism in the Built Environment and Physical Health among Residents of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

verfasst von: Emily J. Jones, Brianna N. Natale, Lorraine R. Blatt, Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal, Portia Miller, Anna L. Marsland, Richard C. Sadler

Erschienen in: Journal of Urban Health | Ausgabe 4/2024

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Historical structural racism in the built environment contributes to health inequities, yet to date, research has almost exclusively focused on racist policy of redlining. We expand upon this conceptualization of historical structural racism by examining the potential associations of probable blockbusting, urban renewal, and proximity to displacement from freeway construction, along with redlining, to multiple contemporary health measures. Analyses linked historical structural racism, measured continuously at the census-tract level using archival data sources, to present-day residents’ physical health measures drawn from publicly accessible records for Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Outcome measures included average life expectancy and the percentage of residents reporting hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, smoking, insufficient sleep, sedentary behavior, and no health insurance coverage. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine separate and additive associations between structural racism and physical health measures. Redlining, probable blockbusting, and urban renewal were associated with shorter life expectancy and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular conditions, risky health behaviors, and residents lacking health insurance coverage. Probable blockbusting and urban renewal had the most consistent correlations with all 8 health measures, while freeway displacement was not reliably associated with health. Additive models explained a greater proportion of variance in health than any individual structural racism measure alone. Moreover, probable blockbusting and urban renewal accounted for relatively more variance in health compared to redlining, suggesting that research should consider these other measures in addition to redlining. These preliminary correlational findings underscore the importance of considering multiple aspects of historical structural racism in relation to current health inequities and serve as a starting point for additional research.

Churchwell K, Elkind MSV, Benjamin RM, Carson AP, Chang EK, Lawrence W, Mills A, Odom TM, Rodriguez CJ, Rodriguez F, Sanchez E, Sharrief AZ, Sims M, Williams O; On behalf of the American Heart Association. Call to action: structural racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: a presidential advisory from the american heart association. Circulation. 2020;142(24), e454–e468. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000936.

Bailey ZD, Feldman JM, Bassett MT. How structural racism works—racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities. New Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):768–73. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025396.CrossRefPubMed

Lee EK, Donley G, Ciesielski TH, Gill I, Yamoah O, Roche A, Martinez R, Freedman DA. Health outcomes in redlined versus non-redlined neighborhoods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2022;294:114696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114696.CrossRefPubMed

Swope CB, Hernández D, Cushing LJ. The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: a scoping review and conceptual model. J Urban Health. 2022;99(6):959–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ware L. Plessy’s legacy: the government’s role in the development and perpetuation of segregated neighborhoods. RSF: Russell Sage Found J Soc Sci. 2021;7(1):92–109.

Aaronson D, Hartley D, Mazumder B. The effects of the 1930s HOLC “redlining” maps. Am Econ J Econ Pol. 2021;13(4):355–92.CrossRef

American Public Health Association. Structural racism is a public health crisis: impact on the black community. Policy Number: LB20–04. Published; 2020.

Fishback PV, LaVoice J, Shertzer A, Walsh R. Race, risk, and the emergence of federal redlining (Issue w28146). Nat Bur Econ Res. 2020.

Markley S. Federal ‘redlining’ maps: A critical reappraisal. Urban Studies. 2024;61(2):195–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231182336.

10.

Huang SJ, Sehgal NJ. Association of historic redlining and present-day health in Baltimore. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(1):e0261028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261028.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Mujahid MS, Gao X, Tabb LP, Morris C, Lewis TT. Historical redlining and cardiovascular health: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(51):e2110986118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110986118.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Wing JJ, Lynch EE, Laurent SE, Mitchell B, Richardson J, Meier HCS. Historic redlining in Columbus, Ohio associated with stroke prevalence—ClinicalKey. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31(12). https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S105230572200547X?returnurl=null&referrer=null. Accessed 11 May 2023.

13.

White AG, Guikema SD, Logan TM. Urban population characteristics and their correlation with historic discriminatory housing practices. Appl Geogr. 2021;132:102445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102445.CrossRef

14.

Hartley DA, Rose J. Blockbusting and the challenges faced by Black families in building wealth through housing in the postwar United States. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. 2023. https://doi.org/10.21033/wp-2023-02.

15.

Beard JR, Blaney S, Cerda M, Frye V, Lovasi GS, Ompad D, Rundle A, Vlahov D. Neighborhood characteristics and disability in older adults. J Gerontol: Ser B. 2009;64(2):252–7.CrossRef

16.

Sadler RC, Lafreniere DJ. Racist housing practices as a precursor to uneven neighborhood change in a post-industrial city. Hous Stud. 2017;32(2):186–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2016.1181724.CrossRef

17.

Crowder K. The racial context of White mobility: an individual-level assessment of the White flight hypothesis. Soc Sci Res. 2000;29(2):223–57. https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1999.0668.CrossRef

18.

Collins WJ, Shester KL. Slum clearance and urban renewal in the United States. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2013;5(1):239–73.CrossRef

19.

Fullilove MT, Wallace R. Serial forced displacement in American cities, 1916–2010. J Urban Health. 2011;88(3):381–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9585-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Fullilove MT. Root shock: the consequences of African American dispossession. J Urban Health. 2001;78(1):72–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/78.1.72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Karas D. Highway to inequity: the disparate impact of the interstate highway system on poor and minority communities in American cities. New Visions for Public Affairs. 2015;7:9–21.

22.

Sanchez TW, Stolz R, Ma JS. Inequitable effects of transportation policies on minorities. Transp Res Rec. 2004;1885(1):104–10.CrossRef

23.

Nall C, O’Keeffe ZP. What did interstate highways do to urban neighborhoods? Unpublished Working Paper. 2018. http://www.Nallresearch.Com/Uploads/7/9/1/7/7917910/Urbanhighways.Pdf. Accessed 20 May 2023.

24.

Graetz N, Esposito M. Historical redlining and contemporary racial disparities in neighborhood life expectancy. Soc Forces. 2023;102(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soac114.CrossRef

25.

Traugot D, Haley M, Clark M, Jakab M. While flight, blockbusting, and redlining in Govans: 1940-1980. The Baltimore Study; 2019. https://www.thebaltimorestory.org/research.

26.

Sadler RC, Bilal U, Furr-Holden CD. Linking historical discriminatory housing patterns to the contemporary food environment in Baltimore. Spat Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol. 2021;36:100387.CrossRef

27.

Xiao Y, Graham G. Where we live: the impact of neighborhoods and community factors on cardiovascular health in the United States. Clin Cardiol. 2018;42(1):184–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23107.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Shanahan KH, Subramanian SV, Burdick KJ, Monuteaux MC, Lee LK, Fleegler EW. Association of neighborhood conditions and resources for children with life expectancy at birth in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2235912. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.35912.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Gianaros PJ, Miller PL, Manuck SB, Kuan DCH, Rosso AL, Votruba-Drzal EE, Marsland AL. Beyond Neighborhood Disadvantage: Local Resources, Green Space, Pollution, and Crime as Residential Community Correlates of Cardiovascular Risk and Brain Morphology in Midlife Adults. Psychosom Med. 2023;85(5):378–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001199.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Garvin E, Branas C, Keddem S, Sellman J, Cannuscio C. More than just an eyesore: local insights and solutions on vacant land and urban health. J Urban Health. 2013;90(3):412–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9782-7.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Archer DN. “White men’s roads through Black men’s homes”: advancing racial equity through highway reconstruction. Vand L Rev. 2020;73:1259.

32.

Kahn JR, Pearlin LI. Financial strain over the life course and health among older adults. J Health Soc Behav. 2006;47(1):17–31.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Khalaj F, Pojani D, Sipe N, Corcoran J. Why are cities removing their freeways? A systematic review of the literature. Transp Rev. 2020;40:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1743919.CrossRef

34.

Salafranca Barreda D, Maldonado-Guzman DJ, Saldaña-Taboada P. Crime beyond the edge: development of a tool to correct the edge effect on crime count. Ann GIS. 2022;28(3):279–92.CrossRef

35.

Nelson RK, Winling L, Marciano R, Connolly N. Mapping Inequality. In: Nelson RK, Ayers EL, editors. American Panorama. 2022. https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining. Accessed 05 Apr 2023.

36.

Pittsburgh Neighborhoods And Schools Remain Segregated, But How Did It Start?. 90.5 WESA. 2018. https://www.wesa.fm/education/2018-10-18/pittsburgh-neighborhoods-and-schools-remain-segregated-but-how-did-it-start. Accessed 20 April 2024.

37.

Blockbusting. Pittsburgh Main Streets. 2013. https://pittsburghmainstreets.wordpress.com/tag/blockbusting/. Accessed 20 April 2024.

38.

Chute, E. (1977) North Side's Racial Mix Fading Fast. The Pittsburgh Press. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press/20515648/.

39.

East Liberty Development Inc. Category Archives: Standard Post. https://www.eastliberty.org/category/standard-post/. Accessed 8 Jun 2023.

40.

Holland D. Pittsburgh’s urban renewal: industrial park development, freeway construction, and the rise of the civil rights movement. Pennsylvania Hist: J Mid-Atlantic Stud. 2022;89(2):163–93. https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0163.CrossRef

41.

StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; 2023.

42.

Woolf SH, Masters RK, Aron LY. Changes in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 in the US and 21 peer countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(4):e227067–e227067.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Ostchega Y, Fryar CD, Nwankwo T, Nguyen DT. Hypertension prevalence among adults aged 18 and over: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;(364):1–8.

44.

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Carson AP, Commodore-Mensah Y. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2022 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145(8):e153–639.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Berchick ER, Barnett JC, Upton RD. Health insurance coverage in the United States, 2018. US Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce; 2019. p. 60–267.

46.

Adkins-Jackson PB, Chantarat T, Bailey ZD, Ponce NA. Measuring structural racism: a guide for epidemiologists and other health researchers. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(4):539–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab239.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Smith S, Gilani O, Massaro V, McGann C, Moore G, Kane M. Mapping gentrification: a methodology for measuring neighborhood change. Cityscape. 2024;26(1):377–94.

48.

Johnston DW, Propper C, Shields MA. Comparing subjective and objective measures of health: evidence from hypertension for the income/health gradient. J Health Econ. 2009;28(3):540–52.CrossRefPubMed

49.

City of Pittsburgh: Commission on Human Relations. Retrieved May 9, 2024, from https://apps.pittsburghpa.gov/redtail/images/18326_Pittsburgh_City_Code_Fair_Housing_Notice_20220427.pdf. (n.d.).

50.

Woods LL II. “The inevitable products of racial segregation”: multigenerational consequences of exclusionary housing policies on African Americans, 1910–1960. The Amer J Econ Soc. 2018;77(3–4):967–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12229.CrossRef

51.

Sadler R, Walling D, Buchalski Z, Harris A. Are metropolitan areas primed for success? A prosperity risk index for evaluating economic development patterns. Urban Plan. 2020;5(3):323–37. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i3.3151.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Frankenberg E, Ee J, Ayscue JB, Orfield G. Harming our common future: America’s segregated schools 65 years after “Brown”. In: Civil Rights Project—Proyecto Derechos Civiles. Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles. 2019. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED597675.

53.

Heard-Garris N, Boyd R, Kan K, Perez-Cardona L, Heard NJ, Johnson TJ. Structuring poverty: how racism shapes child poverty and child and adolescent health. Academic Pediatrics. 2021;21(8, Supplement):S108–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.026.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Historical Structural Racism in the Built Environment and Physical Health among Residents of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
verfasst von: Emily J. Jones
Brianna N. Natale
Lorraine R. Blatt
Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
Portia Miller
Anna L. Marsland
Richard C. Sadler
Publikationsdatum: 10.06.2024
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Urban Health / Ausgabe 4/2024
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Elektronische ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-024-00884-6

The U-shape Association between Population Agglomeration and Individual Depression: the Role of Dialect Diversity

Original Article

Area-Level Social Vulnerability and Severe COVID-19: A Case–Control Study Using Electronic Health Records from Multiple Health Systems in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Region

Open Access
Original Article

Psychophysiological Impact of Touching Landscape Grass among Older Adults

Original Article

Structural Determinants of Health and Markers of Immune Activation and Systemic Inflammation in Sexual Minority Men With and Without HIV

Original Article

Associations between Individual- and Structural-Level Racism and Gestational Age at Birth in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be

Original Article

Still Separate, Still Not Equal: An Ecological Examination of Redlining and Racial Segregation with COVID-19 Vaccination Administration in Washington D.C.

Original Article

Springer Medizin

Historical Structural Racism in the Built Environment and Physical Health among Residents of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

Abstract

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2024

The U-shape Association between Population Agglomeration and Individual Depression: the Role of Dialect Diversity

Area-Level Social Vulnerability and Severe COVID-19: A Case–Control Study Using Electronic Health Records from Multiple Health Systems in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Region

Psychophysiological Impact of Touching Landscape Grass among Older Adults

Structural Determinants of Health and Markers of Immune Activation and Systemic Inflammation in Sexual Minority Men With and Without HIV

Associations between Individual- and Structural-Level Racism and Gestational Age at Birth in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be

Still Separate, Still Not Equal: An Ecological Examination of Redlining and Racial Segregation with COVID-19 Vaccination Administration in Washington D.C.

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

The U-shape Association between Population Agglomeration and Individual Depression: the Role of Dialect Diversity

Area-Level Social Vulnerability and Severe COVID-19: A Case–Control Study Using Electronic Health Records from Multiple Health Systems in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Region

Psychophysiological Impact of Touching Landscape Grass among Older Adults

Structural Determinants of Health and Markers of Immune Activation and Systemic Inflammation in Sexual Minority Men With and Without HIV

Associations between Individual- and Structural-Level Racism and Gestational Age at Birth in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be

Still Separate, Still Not Equal: An Ecological Examination of Redlining and Racial Segregation with COVID-19 Vaccination Administration in Washington D.C.