nach oben

Current HIV/AIDS Reports

Erschienen in:

27.02.2024 | Review

HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs — Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis

verfasst von: Edna A. Ferreira, Janice E. Clements, Rebecca T. Veenhuis

Erschienen in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Ausgabe 2/2024

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis.

Recent Findings

Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages.

Summary

The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.

UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet. 2023.

Veenhuis RT, Abreu CM, Shirk EN, Gama L, Clements JE. HIV replication and latency in monocytes and macrophages. Semin Immunol. 2021;51:101472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2021.101472.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Koppensteiner H, Brack-Werner R, Schindler M. Macrophages and their relevance in human immunodeficiency virus type I infection. Retrovirology. 2012;9:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-9-82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Varol C, Mildner A, Jung S. Macrophages: development and tissue specialization. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:643–75. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112220.CrossRefPubMed

Hellman L. Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of monocytes and macrophages. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914525.

Roszer T. Understanding the biology of self-renewing macrophages. Cells. 2018;7(8) https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7080103.

Hoeffel G, Ginhoux F. Ontogeny of tissue-resident macrophages. Front Immunol. 2015;6:486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00486.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Perdiguero EG, Geissmann F. The development and maintenance of resident macrophages. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(1):2–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mass E, Nimmerjahn F, Kierdorf K, Schlitzer A. Tissue-specific macrophages: how they develop and choreograph tissue biology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23(9):563–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-023-00848-y.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Hashimoto D, Chow A, Noizat C, Teo P, Beasley MB, Leboeuf M, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes. Immunity. 2013;38(4):792–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.004.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Hirayama D, Iida T, Nakase H. The phagocytic function of macrophage-enforcing innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;19(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010092.

12.

Kim SY, Nair MG. Macrophages in wound healing: activation and plasticity. Immunol Cell Biol. 2019;97(3):258–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12236.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Strizova Z, Benesova I, Bartolini R, Novysedlak R, Cecrdlova E, Foley LK, et al. M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality? Clin Sci. 2023;137(15):1067–93. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20220531.CrossRef

14.

Koenig S, Gendelman HE, Orenstein JM, Dal Canto MC, Pezeshkpour GH, Yungbluth M, et al. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science. 1986;233(4768):1089–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3016903.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Gartner S, Markovits P, Markovitz DM, Kaplan MH, Gallo RC, Popovic M. The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection. Science. 1986;233(4760):215–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3014648.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Baxter AE, Russell RA, Duncan CJ, Moore MD, Willberg CB, Pablos JL, et al. Macrophage infection via selective capture of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;16(6):711–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.10.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Bertram KM, Tong O, Royle C, Turville SG, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, et al. Manipulation of mononuclear phagocytes by HIV: implications for early transmission events. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02263.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Duncan CJ, Sattentau QJ. Viral determinants of HIV-1 macrophage tropism. Viruses. 2011;3(11):2255–79. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3112255.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Carter GC, Bernstone L, Baskaran D, James W. HIV-1 infects macrophages by exploiting an endocytic route dependent on dynamin, Rac1 and Pak1. Virology. 2011;409(2):234–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.018.CrossRefPubMed

20.••

Dupont M, Sattentau QJ. Macrophage cell-cell interactions promoting HIV-1 infection. Viruses. 2020;12(5) https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050492. This review highlights how cell-to-cell interactions promote efficient HIV infection with macrophages.

21.

Chu H, Wang JJ, Qi M, Yoon JJ, Wen X, Chen X, et al. The intracellular virus-containing compartments in primary human macrophages are largely inaccessible to antibodies and small molecules. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035297.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Eisele E, Siliciano RF. Redefining the viral reservoirs that prevent HIV-1 eradication. Immunity. 2012;37(3):377–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Wallet C, De Rovere M, Van Assche J, Daouad F, De Wit S, Gautier V, et al. Microglial cells: the main HIV-1 reservoir in the brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Fromentin R, Chomont N. HIV persistence in subsets of CD4+ T cells: 50 shades of reservoirs. Semin Immunol. 2021;51:101438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2020.101438.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Rabezanahary H, Moukambi F, Palesch D, Clain J, Racine G, Andreani G, et al. Despite early antiretroviral therapy effector memory and follicular helper CD4 T cells are major reservoirs in visceral lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol. 2020;13(1):149–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-019-0221-x.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Massanella M, Bakeman W, Sithinamsuwan P, Fletcher JLK, Chomchey N, Tipsuk S, et al. Infrequent HIV infection of circulating monocytes during antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 2019;94(1) https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01174-19.

27.

Wong ME, Jaworowski A, Hearps AC. The HIV reservoir in monocytes and macrophages. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01435.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Zhu T, Muthui D, Holte S, Nickle D, Feng F, Brodie S, et al. Evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vivo in CD14(+) monocytes and its potential role as a source of virus in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 2002;76(2):707–16. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.2.707-716.2002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Delobel P, Sandres-Saune K, Cazabat M, L'Faqihi FE, Aquilina C, Obadia M, et al. Persistence of distinct HIV-1 populations in blood monocytes and naive and memory CD4 T cells during prolonged suppressive HAART. AIDS. 2005;19(16):1739–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000183125.93958.26.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Hansen EC, Ransom M, Hesselberth JR, Hosmane NN, Capoferri AA, Bruner KM, et al. Diverse fates of uracilated HIV-1 DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells. Elife. 2016;5 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18447.

31.

Garbuglia AR, Calcaterra S, D'Offizi G, Topino S, Narciso P, Lillo F, et al. HIV-1 DNA burden dynamics in CD4 T cells and monocytes in patients undergoing a transient therapy interruption. J Med Virol. 2004;74(3):373–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20188.CrossRefPubMed

32.••

Veenhuis RT, Abreu CM, Costa PAG, Ferreira EA, Ratliff J, Pohlenz L, et al. Monocyte-derived macrophages contain persistent latent HIV reservoirs. Nat Microbiol. 2023;8(5):833–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01349-3. This study shows that monocytes and MDMs contain intact HIV genomes and that increased HIV DNA in MDMs correlated with reactivatable latent reservoirs.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Ko A, Kang G, Hattler JB, Galadima HI, Zhang J, Li Q, et al. Macrophages but not astrocytes harbor HIV DNA in the brains of HIV-1-infected aviremic individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2019;14(1):110–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-018-9809-2.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Tso FY, Kang G, Kwon EH, Julius P, Li Q, West JT, et al. Brain is a potential sanctuary for subtype C HIV-1 irrespective of ART treatment outcome. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0201325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201325.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.••

Cochrane CR, Angelovich TA, Byrnes SJ, Waring E, Guanizo AC, Trollope GS, et al. Intact HIV proviruses persist in the brain despite viral suppression with ART. Ann Neurol. 2022;92(4):532–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26456. This study uses the intact proviral DNA assay to demonstrate that similar reservoirs were measured in the brain tissue from ART-suppressed and viremic PWH.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.••

Tang Y, Chaillon A, Gianella S, Wong LM, Li D, Simermeyer TL, et al. Brain microglia serve as a persistent HIV reservoir despite durable antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(12) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI167417. This study demonstrates that brain myeloid cells compose the CNS reservoir in NHP and vsPWH and that brain sequences are distinct from the periheral sequences.

37.

Avalos CR, Abreu CM, Queen SE, Li M, Price S, Shirk EN, et al. Brain macrophages in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, antiretroviral-suppressed macaques: a functional latent reservoir. mBio. 2017;8(4) https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01186-17.

38.

Abreu CM, Veenhuis RT, Avalos CR, Graham S, Queen SE, Shirk EN, et al. Infectious virus persists in CD4(+) T cells and macrophages in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Virol. 2019;93(15) https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00065-19.

39.••

Abreu CM, Veenhuis RT, Avalos CR, Graham S, Parrilla DR, Ferreira EA, et al. Myeloid and CD4 T Cells comprise the latent reservoir in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed SIVmac251-infected macaques. mBio. 2019;10(4) https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01659-19. This study provides evidence of latent reservoirs in both CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells in SIVmac251-infected ART-suppressed rhesus macaques.

40.

Avalos CR, Price SL, Forsyth ER, Pin JN, Shirk EN, Bullock BT, et al. Quantitation of productively infected monocytes and macrophages of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Virol. 2016;90(12):5643–56. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00290-16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.••

Schiff AE, Linder AH, Luhembo SN, Banning S, Deymier MJ, Diefenbach TJ, et al. T cell-tropic HIV efficiently infects alveolar macrophages through contact with infected CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82066-x. This study demonstrates that alveolar macrophages requires cell-to-cell contact with HIV+ CD4+ T cells for infection and contain T-tropic virus.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Zalar A, Figueroa MI, Ruibal-Ares B, Bare P, Cahn P, de Bracco MM, et al. Macrophage HIV-1 infection in duodenal tissue of patients on long term HAART. Antiviral Res. 2010;87(2):269–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.05.005.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Yukl SA, Sinclair E, Somsouk M, Hunt PW, Epling L, Killian M, et al. A comparison of methods for measuring rectal HIV levels suggests that HIV DNA resides in cells other than CD4+ T cells, including myeloid cells. AIDS. 2014;28(3):439–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000166.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Ganor Y, Zhou Z, Bodo J, Tudor D, Leibowitch J, Mathez D, et al. The adult penile urethra is a novel entry site for HIV-1 that preferentially targets resident urethral macrophages. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6(4):776–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2012.116.CrossRefPubMed

45.••

Ganor Y, Real F, Sennepin A, Dutertre CA, Prevedel L, Xu L, et al. HIV-1 reservoirs in urethral macrophages of patients under suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(4):633–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0335-z. This study demonstrates the inducible HIV reservoir in urethral macrophages from male vsPWH.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Real F, Ganor Y, Bomsel M. Experimental models to study HIV latency reversal from male genital myeloid cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2407:189–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_14.CrossRefPubMed

47.••

Kandathil AJ, Sugawara S, Goyal A, Durand CM, Quinn J, Sachithanandham J, et al. No recovery of replication-competent HIV-1 from human liver macrophages. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(10):4501–9. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI121678. This study highlights the presence of HIV genomes in liver macrophages from vsPWH that may be non-replication competent.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Chaslain A, Fombellida-Lopez C, Susin F, Vaira D, Moutschen M, Darcis G. Hurdles to HIV cure. Part 2: ongoing HIV replication despite therapy. Rev Med Liege. 2020;75(9):582–7.PubMed

49.

Van Lint C, Bouchat S, Marcello A. HIV-1 transcription and latency: an update. Retrovirology. 2013;10:67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-10-67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Hatziioannou T, Evans DT. Animal models for HIV/AIDS research. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(12):852–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2911.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Abreu C, Shirk EN, Queen SE, Beck SE, Mangus LM, Pate KAM, et al. Brain macrophages harbor latent, infectious simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS. 2019;33(Suppl 2):S181–S8. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002269.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Honeycutt JB, Thayer WO, Baker CE, Ribeiro RM, Lada SM, Cao Y, et al. HIV persistence in tissue macrophages of humanized myeloid-only mice during antiretroviral therapy. Nat Med. 2017;23(5):638–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4319.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Abreu CM, Veenhuis RT, Shirk EN, Queen SE, Bullock BT, Mankowski JL, et al. Quantitative viral outgrowth assay to measure the functional SIV reservoir in myeloid cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2407:333–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_22.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Bruner KM, Wang Z, Simonetti FR, Bender AM, Kwon KJ, Sengupta S, et al. A quantitative approach for measuring the reservoir of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Nature. 2019;566(7742):120–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0898-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Bender AM, Simonetti FR, Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Bruner KM, Timmons AE, et al. The landscape of persistent viral genomes in ART-treated SIV, SHIV, and HIV-2 infections. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;26(1):73–85 e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.06.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Nolan DJ, Rose R, Rodriguez PH, Salemi M, Singer EJ, Lamers SL, et al. The spleen is an HIV-1 sanctuary during combined antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018;34(1):123–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/AID.2017.0254.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Shen R, Richter HE, Clements RH, Novak L, Huff K, Bimczok D, et al. Macrophages in vaginal but not intestinal mucosa are monocyte-like and permissive to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol. 2009;83(7):3258–67. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01796-08.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Quillay H, El Costa H, Marlin R, Duriez M, Cannou C, Chretien F, et al. Distinct characteristics of endometrial and decidual macrophages and regulation of their permissivity to HIV-1 infection by SAMHD1. J Virol. 2015;89(2):1329–39. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01730-14.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Stanley SK, Kessler SW, Justement JS, Schnittman SM, Greenhouse JJ, Brown CC, et al. CD34+ bone marrow cells are infected with HIV in a subset of seropositive individuals. J Immunol. 1992;149(2):689–97.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Carter CC, Onafuwa-Nuga A, McNamara LA, Jt R, Bixby D, Savona MR, et al. HIV-1 infects multipotent progenitor cells causing cell death and establishing latent cellular reservoirs. Nat Med. 2010;16(4):446–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2109.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

McNamara LA, Onafuwa-Nuga A, Sebastian NT, Jt R, Bixby D, Collins KL. CD133+ hematopoietic progenitor cells harbor HIV genomes in a subset of optimally treated people with long-term viral suppression. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(12):1807–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit118.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Wacleche VS, Tremblay CL, Routy JP, Ancuta P. The biology of monocytes and dendritic cells: contribution to HIV pathogenesis. Viruses. 2018;10(2) https://doi.org/10.3390/v10020065.

63.

Bracq L, Xie M, Benichou S, Bouchet J. Mechanisms for cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. Front Immunol. 2018;9:260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00260.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Pedro KD, Henderson AJ, Agosto LM. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission and the establishment of the latent reservoir. Virus Res. 2019;265:115–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.014.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Wahl A, Al-Harthi L. HIV infection of non-classical cells in the brain. Retrovirology. 2023;20(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-023-00616-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Negi N, Das BK. CNS: Not an immunoprivilaged site anymore but a virtual secondary lymphoid organ. Int Rev Immunol. 2018;37(1):57–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2017.1357719.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Decloedt EH, Rosenkranz B, Maartens G, Joska J. Central nervous system penetration of antiretroviral drugs: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54(6):581–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-015-0257-3.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Ferrara M, Bumpus NN, Ma Q, Ellis RJ, Soontornniyomkij V, Fields JA, et al. Antiretroviral drug concentrations in brain tissue of adult decedents. AIDS. 2020;34(13):1907–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002628.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Vaida F, Haubrich R, Heaton RK, Sacktor N, et al. Randomized trial of central nervous system-targeted antiretrovirals for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(7):1015–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit921.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Williams DW, Eugenin EA, Calderon TM, Berman JW. Monocyte maturation, HIV susceptibility, and transmigration across the blood brain barrier are critical in HIV neuropathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2012;91(3):401–15. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0811394.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Williams DW, Calderon TM, Lopez L, Carvallo-Torres L, Gaskill PJ, Eugenin EA, et al. Mechanisms of HIV entry into the CNS: increased sensitivity of HIV infected CD14+CD16+ monocytes to CCL2 and key roles of CCR2, JAM-A, and ALCAM in diapedesis. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e69270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069270.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Veenstra M, Leon-Rivera R, Li M, Gama L, Clements JE, Berman JW. Mechanisms of CNS viral seeding by HIV(+) CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes: establishment and reseeding of viral reservoirs contributing to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. mBio. 2017;8(5) https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01280-17.

73.

Lutgen V, Narasipura SD, Barbian HJ, Richards M, Wallace J, Razmpour R, et al. HIV infects astrocytes in vivo and egresses from the brain to the periphery. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(6):e1008381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008381.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Williams KC, Corey S, Westmoreland SV, Pauley D, Knight H, deBakker C, et al. Perivascular macrophages are the primary cell type productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus in the brains of macaques: implications for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. J Exp Med. 2001;193(8):905–15. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.8.905.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Mitra P, Sharman T. HIV Neurocognitive Disorders. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Tariq Sharman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 2023.

76.

Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr, Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study. Neurology. 2010;75(23):2087–96. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Saylor D, Dickens AM, Sacktor N, Haughey N, Slusher B, Pletnikov M, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder--pathogenesis and prospects for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(4):234–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.27.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.••

Gabuzda D, Yin J, Misra V, Chettimada S, Gelman BB. Intact proviral DNA analysis of the brain viral reservoir and relationship to neuroinflammation in people with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Viruses. 2023;15(4) https://doi.org/10.3390/v15041009. This study demonstrates a positive correlation between intact provirus in the brain and neuroinflammatory pathology in vsPWH.

79.

Valcour VG, Shiramizu BT, Shikuma CM. HIV DNA in circulating monocytes as a mechanism to dementia and other HIV complications. J Leukoc Biol. 2010;87(4):621–6. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0809571.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.••

Veenhuis RT, Williams DW, Shirk EN, Abreu CM, Ferreira EA, Coughlin JM, et al. Higher circulating intermediate monocytes are associated with cognitive function in women with HIV. JCI Insight. 2021;6(11) https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.146215. This work demonstrates worsened cognitive outcomes correlated with an increased proportion of intermediate monocytes in vsWWH.

81.

Lescure FX, Moulignier A, Savatovsky J, Amiel C, Carcelain G, Molina JM, et al. CD8 encephalitis in HIV-infected patients receiving cART: a treatable entity. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(1):101–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit175.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Canestri A, Lescure FX, Jaureguiberry S, Moulignier A, Amiel C, Marcelin AG, et al. Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(5):773–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/650538.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Peluso MJ, Ferretti F, Peterson J, Lee E, Fuchs D, Boschini A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction in patients on antiretroviral therapy with well controlled plasma viral load. AIDS. 2012;26(14):1765–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328355e6b2.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Osborne O, Peyravian N, Nair M, Daunert S, Toborek M. The paradox of HIV blood-brain barrier penetrance and antiretroviral drug delivery deficiencies. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43(9):695–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Marino J, Maubert ME, Mele AR, Spector C, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Functional impact of HIV-1 Tat on cells of the CNS and its role in HAND. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77(24):5079–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03561-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Chen NC, Partridge AT, Sell C, Torres C, Martin-Garcia J. Fate of microglia during HIV-1 infection: from activation to senescence? Glia. 2017;65(3):431–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23081.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Maki PM, Martin-Thormeyer E. HIV, cognition and women. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009;19(2):204–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9093-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Hume PS, Gibbings SL, Jakubzick CV, Tuder RM, Curran-Everett D, Henson PM, et al. Localization of macrophages in the human lung via design-based stereology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(10):1209–17. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201911-2105OC.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Fitzpatrick ME, Kunisaki KM, Morris A. Pulmonary disease in HIV-infected adults in the era of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2018;32(3):277–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001712.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Konstantinidis I, Crothers K, Kunisaki KM, Drummond MB, Benfield T, Zar HJ, et al. HIV-associated lung disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Enyindah-Asonye G, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and increased PD-1 expression during chronic SIV infection of rhesus macaques. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01537.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Yuan Z, Petree JR, Lee FE, Fan X, Salaita K, Guidot DM, et al. Macrophages exposed to HIV viral protein disrupt lung epithelial cell integrity and mitochondrial bioenergetics via exosomal microRNA shuttling. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(8):580. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1803-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

93.

Neff CP, Atif SM, Logue EC, Siebert J, Gorg C, Lavelle J, et al. HIV Infection is associated with loss of anti-inflammatory alveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 2020;205(9):2447–55. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2000361.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Cai Y, Sugimoto C, Arainga M, Midkiff CC, Liu DX, Alvarez X, et al. Preferential destruction of interstitial macrophages over alveolar macrophages as a cause of pulmonary disease in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. J Immunol. 2015;195(10):4884–91. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1501194.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Sattentau QJ, Stevenson M. Macrophages and HIV-1: an unhealthy constellation. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(3):304–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Li Y, Kang G, Duan L, Lu W, Katze MG, Lewis MG, et al. SIV infection of lung macrophages. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125500.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Delfini M, Stakenborg N, Viola MF, Boeckxstaens G. Macrophages in the gut: masters in multitasking. Immunity. 2022;55(9):1530–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.005.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Brenchley JM, Douek DC. HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system. Mucosal Immunol. 2008;1(1):23–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2007.1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

99.

Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 depletion in HIV / SIV infection. Curr Immunol Rev. 2019;15(1):76–91. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573395514666180605083448.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

100.

Allers K, Fehr M, Conrad K, Epple HJ, Schurmann D, Geelhaar-Karsch A, et al. Macrophages accumulate in the gut mucosa of untreated HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(5):739–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit547.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Swan ZD, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa differentiates AIDS from chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Eur J Immunol. 2016;46(2):446–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201545738.CrossRefPubMed

102.

Li L, Meng G, Graham MF, Shaw GM, Smith PD. Intestinal macrophages display reduced permissiveness to human immunodeficiency virus 1 and decreased surface CCR5. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(5):1043–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70007-7.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Cattin A, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Planas D, Shacklett B, Cohen EA, et al. HIV-1 is rarely detected in blood and colon myeloid cells during viral-suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2019;33(8):1293–306. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002195.CrossRefPubMed

104.

Davies LC, Jenkins SJ, Allen JE, Taylor PR. Tissue-resident macrophages. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(10):986–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2705.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

105.

Borges da Silva H, Fonseca R, Pereira RM, Cassado Ados A, Alvarez JM, D'Imperio Lima MR. Splenic Macrophage subsets and their function during blood-borne infections. Front Immunol. 2015;6:480. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00480.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

106.

Diaz LK, Murphy RL, Phair JP, Variakojis D. The AIDS autopsy spleen: a comparison of the pre-anti-retroviral and highly active anti-retroviral therapy eras. Mod Pathol. 2002;15(4):406–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3880538.CrossRefPubMed

107.

Williams DW, Engle EL, Shirk EN, Queen SE, Gama L, Mankowski JL, et al. Splenic damage during SIV infection: role of T-cell depletion and macrophage polarization and infection. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(8):2068–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.019.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

108.

Cheynier R, Henrichwark S, Hadida F, Pelletier E, Oksenhendler E, Autran B, et al. HIV and T cell expansion in splenic white pulps is accompanied by infiltration of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell. 1994;78(3):373–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90417-0.CrossRefPubMed

109.

Devanathan AS, Kashuba ADM. Human immunodeficiency virus persistence in the spleen: opportunities for pharmacologic intervention. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37(10):725–35. https://doi.org/10.1089/AID.2020.0266.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

110.

Nguyen-Lefebvre AT, Horuzsko A. Kupffer cell metabolism and function. J Enzymol Metab. 2015;1(1)

111.

Navarro J. HIV and liver disease. AIDS Rev. 2022;25(2):87–96. https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000052.CrossRefPubMed

112.

Sherman KE, Thomas DL. HIV and liver disease: a comprehensive update. Top Antivir Med. 2022;30(4):547–58.PubMedPubMedCentral

113.

Zhang L, Bansal MB. Role of Kupffer cells in driving hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in HIV infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1086. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01086.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

114.

Schmitt MP, Steffan AM, Gendrault JL, Jaeck D, Royer C, Schweitzer C, et al. Multiplication of human immunodeficiency virus in primary cultures of human Kupffer cells--possible role of liver macrophage infection in the physiopathology of AIDS. Res Virol. 1990;141(2):143–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0923-2516(90)90016-c.CrossRefPubMed

115.

Persidsky Y, Steffan AM, Gendrault JL, Hurtrel B, Berger S, Royer C, et al. Permissiveness of Kupffer cells for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and morphological changes in the liver of rhesus monkeys at different periods of SIV infection. Hepatology. 1995;21(5):1215–25.CrossRefPubMed

116.

Yasen A, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Lien K, Tugizov SM. Release of HIV-1 sequestered in the vesicles of oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells by epithelial-lymphocyte interaction. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(2):e1006247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006247.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

117.

Gonzalez SM, Aguilar-Jimenez W, Su RC, Rugeles MT. Mucosa: key interactions determining sexual transmission of the HIV infection. Front Immunol. 2019;10:144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00144.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

118.

Wu L. Biology of HIV mucosal transmission. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008;3(5):534–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0b013e32830634c6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Alfsen A, Yu H, Magerus-Chatinet A, Schmitt A, Bomsel M. HIV-1-infected blood mononuclear cells form an integrin- and agrin-dependent viral synapse to induce efficient HIV-1 transcytosis across epithelial cell monolayer. Mol Biol Cell. 2005;16(9):4267–79. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-03-0192.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Kariuki SM, Selhorst P, Norman J, Cohen K, Rebe K, Williamson C, et al. Detectable HIV-1 in semen in individuals with very low blood viral loads. Virol J. 2020;17(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01300-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

121.••

Real F, Zhu A, Huang B, Belmellat A, Sennepin A, Vogl T, et al. S100A8-mediated metabolic adaptation controls HIV-1 persistence in macrophages in vivo. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5956. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33401-x. This study highlights an inflammatory macrophages subset (M4) in the male urethra of vsPWH as a key inducible tissue reservoir.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

122.

Stieh DJ, Maric D, Kelley ZL, Anderson MR, Hattaway HZ, Beilfuss BA, et al. Vaginal challenge with an SIV-based dual reporter system reveals that infection can occur throughout the upper and lower female reproductive tract. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(10):e1004440. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004440.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

123.

Givan AL, White HD, Stern JE, Colby E, Gosselin EJ, Guyre PM, et al. Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes in the human female reproductive tract: comparison of fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and vagina. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1997;38(5):350–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00311.x.CrossRefPubMed

124.

Pepe G, Locati M, Della Torre S, Mornata F, Cignarella A, Maggi A, et al. The estrogen-macrophage interplay in the homeostasis of the female reproductive tract. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24(6):652–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmy026.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Rodriguez-Garcia M, Connors K, Ghosh M. HIV pathogenesis in the human female reproductive tract. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2021;18(2):139–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-021-00546-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

126.

Yan J, Kaur S, DeLucia M, Hao C, Mehrens J, Wang C, et al. Tetramerization of SAMHD1 is required for biological activity and inhibition of HIV infection. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(15):10406–17. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.443796.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

127.

Hrecka K, Hao C, Gierszewska M, Swanson SK, Kesik-Brodacka M, Srivastava S, et al. Vpx relieves inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the SAMHD1 protein. Nature. 2011;474(7353):658–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10195.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs — Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis
verfasst von: Edna A. Ferreira
Janice E. Clements
Rebecca T. Veenhuis
Publikationsdatum: 27.02.2024
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Ausgabe 2/2024
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Elektronische ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2

Leveling Up PrEP: Implementation Strategies at System and Structural Levels to Expand PrEP Use in the United States

Review

Complex Decisions in HIV-Related Cryptococcosis: Addressing Second Episodes of Cryptococcal Meningitis

Open Access
Review

Major Drug Resistance Mutations on Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Central Nervous System Complications of HIV in Children

Kompaktes Leitlinien-Wissen Innere Medizin (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Mit medbee Pocketcards schnell und sicher entscheiden.
Leitlinien-Wissen kostenlos und immer griffbereit auf ihrem Desktop, Handy oder Tablet.

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Mit Lidocain kommt der Darm nicht schneller in Schwung

13.01.2025
Kolektomie
Nachrichten

Verzögertes Wiederanspringen der Darmfunktion ist ein Hauptfaktor dafür, wenn Patientinnen und Patienten nach einer Kolonresektion länger als geplant im Krankenhaus bleiben müssen. Ob man diesem Problem mit Lidocain vorbeugen kann, war Thema einer Studie.

Koronare Herzkrankheit: Das waren die Top-Studien in 2024

12.01.2025
Koronare Herzerkrankung
Nachrichten

Zum Thema Koronare Herzkrankheit gab es 2024 wichtige neue Studien. Beleuchtet wurden darin unter anderem der Stellenwert von Betablockern nach Herzinfarkt, neue Optionen für eine Lipidsenkung sowie die Therapie bei infarktbedingtem kardiogenem Schock.

CDK4/6-Inhibitoren bei Brustkrebs in die Zweitlinie aufschieben?

10.01.2025
Mammakarzinom
Nachrichten

Ergebnisse einer Phase-III-Studie sprechen dafür, dass die Behandlung mit CDK4/6-Inhibitoren bei fortgeschrittenem HR-positivem, HER2-negativem Brustkrebs auch auf die Zweitlinie verschoben werden könnte, ohne die onkologischen Ergebnisse zu kompromittieren.

Inhalative Steroide bei COPD nicht kardioprotektiv

10.01.2025
COPD
Nachrichten

Ob inhalative Kortikosteroide (ICS) COPD-Kranke außer vor akuten Exazerbationen auch vor kardiovaskulären Komplikationen schützen können, ist unklar. Eine bevölkerungsbasierte Studie aus England spricht nicht dafür.

EKG Essentials: EKG befunden mit System (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

In diesem CME-Kurs können Sie Ihr Wissen zur EKG-Befundung anhand von zwölf Video-Tutorials auffrischen und 10 CME-Punkte sammeln.
Praxisnah, relevant und mit vielen Tipps & Tricks vom Profi.

Jetzt 10 CME-Punkte sammeln

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs — Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2024

Leveling Up PrEP: Implementation Strategies at System and Structural Levels to Expand PrEP Use in the United States

Complex Decisions in HIV-Related Cryptococcosis: Addressing Second Episodes of Cryptococcal Meningitis

Major Drug Resistance Mutations on Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Central Nervous System Complications of HIV in Children

Kompaktes Leitlinien-Wissen Innere Medizin (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Mit Lidocain kommt der Darm nicht schneller in Schwung

Koronare Herzkrankheit: Das waren die Top-Studien in 2024

CDK4/6-Inhibitoren bei Brustkrebs in die Zweitlinie aufschieben?

Inhalative Steroide bei COPD nicht kardioprotektiv

EKG Essentials: EKG befunden mit System (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Update Innere Medizin

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten