Background
Methods
Search strategy and selection criteria
Data extraction and synthesis
Quality assessment
Meta-analyses
Meta-regression analyses
Results
Search results and scope of evidence
Population size estimates and population proportions of FSWs and clients
Country | Author, year [citation] | Year(s) of data collection | Estimation methodology | Sample type | Reported size estimate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time frame |
N
| Range | %* | Range* | ||||||
FSWs | Egypt | Bahaa, 2010 [31] | 2004–2008 | Convenience sample (self-report) | Women seeking VCT testing | NR | NR | NR | 0.4 | NR |
Jacobsen, 2014 [32] | 2014 | Enumeration (time-location geographical mapping) | FSWs in urban locations | Current | 22,986 | 6460–26,792 | 0.24 | NR | ||
Djibouti | WHO, 2011 [33] | 2009 | NR | FSWs | NR | 1000 | NR | NR | NR | |
WHO, 2011 [33] | 2011 | Capture-recapture | FSWs | Current | 2218 | NR | NR | NR | ||
Iran | WHO, 2011 [33] | 2010 | Network scale-up | General pop | Current | 80,000 | NR | NR | NR | |
Sharifi, 2017 [34] | 2015 | Multiplier unique object | FSWs | Current | 19,800 | 10,900–38,100 | 0.31 | 0.17–0.58 | ||
Sharifi, 2017 [34] | 2015 | Network scale-up | General pop | Current | 98,500 | 87,000–109,400 | 1.54 | 1.36–1.71 | ||
Sharifi, 2017 [34] | 2015 | Wisdom of the crowds | FSWs | Current | 152,200 | 93,400–21,4300 | 2.38 | 1.46–3.35 | ||
Lebanon | Kahhaleh, 2009 [35] | 1996 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | General pop (15–49 years) | Past 12 M | NR | NR | 0.54 | NR | |
Kahhaleh, 2009 [35] | 2004 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | General pop (15–49 years) | Past 12 M | NR | NR | 0.53 | NR | ||
Morocco | WHO, 2011 [33] | 2010 | NR | FSWs | Current | 67,000 | NR | NR | NR | |
Bennani, 2013 [36] | 2011 | Multiplier unique object | FSWs | Past 6 M | 85,000 | NR | NR | NR | ||
MOH, 2013 [37] | 2013 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Young women (15–24 years) | Lifetime | NR | NR | 6.9 | NR | ||
MOH, 2013 [37] | 2013 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Young women (15–24 years) | Current | NR | NR | 2.4 | NR | ||
Pakistan | NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Enumeration (time-location geographical mapping) | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | Current | 35,050 | 30,300–39,800 | 0.78 | NR | |
Emmanuel, 2010 [39] (round II) | 2006 | Enumeration (time-location geographical mapping) | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | Current | 167,501 | NR | 0.44 | NR | ||
2011–2012 | Enumeration (time-location geographical mapping) | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | Current | 89,178 | 78,778–99,592 | 0.72 | NR | |||
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Enumeration (time-location geographical mapping) | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | Current | 64,829 | 57,734–70,428 | NR | NR | ||
Sudan | AFROCENTER Group, 2005 [43] | 2005 | Self-report (convenience sample) | Young women | NR | NR | NR | 0.4 | NR | |
Syria | WHO, 2011 [33] | 2011 | NR | FSWs | Current | 50,000 | NR | NR | NR | |
Tunisia | WHO, 2011 [33] | 2005 | NR | FSWs | Current | NR | 1000–5000 | NR | NR | |
WHO, 2011 [33] | 2009 | NR | FSWs | Current | 10,000 | NR | NR | NR | ||
WHO, 2011 [33] | 2011 | NR | FSWs | Current | 25,500 | NR | NR | NR | ||
Yemen | MOH, 2010 [44] | NR | Enumeration (time-location geographical mapping) | FSWs | Current | 58,934 | NR | NR | 1.16–2.10 | |
Clients of FSWs | Afghanistan | Todd, 2007 [45] | 2005–2006 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | TB patients receiving treatment | Lifetime | NR | NR | 3.57 | NR |
Todd, 2012 [46] | 2010–2011 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Army recruits | Lifetime | NR | NR | 12.5 | NR | ||
Egypt | Bahaa, 2010 [31] | 2004–2008 | Convenience sample (self-report) | Men seeking VCT testing | NR | NR | NR | 0.9 | NR | |
Lebanon | Kahhaleh, 2009 [35] | 1996 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | General pop (15–49 years) | Past 12 M | NR | NR | 9.7 | NR | |
Adib, 2002 [47] | 1999 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Military conscripts | Past 12 M | NR | NR | 13.84 | NR | ||
Kahhaleh, 2009 [35] | 2004 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | General pop (15–49 years) | Past 12 M | NR | NR | 5.65 | NR | ||
Morocco | MOH, 2007 [48] | 2007 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Young men (15–24 years) | Lifetime | NR | NR | 35.3 | NR | |
MOH, 2007 [48] | 2007 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Young men (15–24 years) | Current | NR | NR | 2 | NR | ||
MOH, 2013 [37] | 2013 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Young men (15–24 years) | Lifetime | NR | NR | 10.5 | NR | ||
MOH, 2013 [37] | 2013 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Young men (15–24 years) | Current | NR | NR | 0.3 | NR | ||
Pakistan | Mir, 2013 [49] | 2007 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Urban men (16–45 years) | Lifetime | NR | NR | 11.9 | NR | |
Mir, 2013 [49] | 2007 | Pop-based survey (self-report) | Urban men (16–45 years) | Past 12 M | NR | NR | 5.8 | NR | ||
Sudan | NACP, 2004 [50] | 2004 | Convenience sample (self-report) | Military personnel | NR | NR | NR | 0.3 | NR | |
AFROCENTER Group, 2005 [43] | 2005 | Convenience sample (self-report) | Young men | NR | NR | NR | 0.5 | NR |
HIV incidence overview
HIV prevalence overview
Country | Author, year [citation] | Year(s) of data collection | City/province | Study site | Sampling | Population | Sample size | HIV prevalence* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | ||||||||
Afghanistan | SAR AIDS HDS, 2008 [53] | 2006–2007 | Jalalabad | Community | TLS | FSWs | 45 | 0 | NR |
SAR AIDS HDS, 2008 [53] | 2006–2007 | Mazar-i-Sharif | Community | TLS | FSWs | 87 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2010 [54] (round I) | 2009 | Kabul | Community | RDS | FSWs | 368 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [55] (round II) | 2012 | Herat | Community | RDS | FSWs | 344 | 0.9 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [55] (round II) | 2012 | Kabul | Community | RDS | FSWs | 333 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [55] (round II) | 2012 | Mazar-i-Sharif | Community | RDS | FSWs | 355 | 0 | NR | |
Egypt | MOH, 2006 [56] (round I) | 2006 | Cairo | Community | Conv** | FSWs | 118 | 0.8 | NR |
MOH, 2010 [57] (round II) | 2010 | Cairo | Community | Conv** | FSWs | 200 | 0 | NR | |
Iran | Navadeh, 2012 [58] | 2010 | Kerman | Community | RDS | FSWs | 139 | 0 | NR |
Sajadi, 2013 [59] (round I) | 2010 | National | Facilities serving vulnerable women | MCS | FSWs | 817 | 4.5 | NR | |
Kazerooni, 2014 [60] | 2010–2011 | Shiraz | Community | RDS | FSWs | 278 | 4.7 | NR | |
Moaeyedi-Nia, 2016 [61] | 2012–2013 | Tehran | Community | RDS | FSWs | 161 | 5 | NR | |
Mirzazadeh, 2016 [62] (round II) | 2015 | National | Facilities serving vulnerable women | MCS | FSWs | 1337 | 2.1 | 0.9–4.6 | |
Karami, 2017 [63] | 2016 | Tehran | Community | TLS | FSWs | 369 | 4.6 | NR | |
Jordan | WHO, 2011 [33] (round I) | 2009 | National | Community | RDS | FSWs | 225 | 0 | NR |
MOH, 2014 [64] (round II) | 2013 | Amman | Community | RDS | FSWs | 358 | 0.6 | NR | |
MOH, 2014 [64] (round II) | 2013 | Irbid | Community | RDS | FSWs | 102 | 0 | NR | |
MOH, 2014 [64] (round II) | 2013 | Zarqa | Community | RDS | FSWs | 212 | 0.5 | NR | |
Lebanon | Mahfoud, 2010 [65] | 2007–2008 | Greater Beirut | Community | RDS | FSWs | 95 | 0 | NR |
Libya | Valadez, 2013 [66] (round I) | 2010–2011 | Tripoli | Community | RDS | FSWs | 69 | 15.7 | 3.2–32.6 |
Morocco | MOH, 2012 [67] | 2011–2012 | Agadir | Community | RDS | FSWs | 364 | 5.1 | 2.1–8.6 |
MOH, 2012 [67] | 2011–2012 | Fes | Community | RDS | FSWs | 359 | 1.8 | 0–2.1 | |
MOH, 2012 [67] | 2011–2012 | Rabat | Community | RDS | FSWs | 392 | 0 | NR | |
MOH, 2012 [67] | 2011–12 | Tanger | Community | RDS | FSWs | 319 | 1.4 | 0.4–3.3 | |
Pakistan | Bokhari, 2007 [68] | 2004 | Lahore | Red-light district | SyCS | FSWs | 378 | 0.5 | NR |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Faisalabad | Community | RDS and TLS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Hyderabad | Community | SyRS, RDS, and TLS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Karachi | Community | SyRS, RDS, and TLS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0.8 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Lahore | Community | SyRS, RDS, and TLS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Multan | Community | Conv (take all), RDS, and TLS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Peshawar | Community | MCS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 359 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Quetta | Community | RDS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 411 | 0.7 | NR | |
NACP, 2005 [38] (round I) | 2005 | Sukkur | Community | RDS and TLS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 368 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Bannu | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 194 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Faisalabad | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Gujranwala | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Hyderabad | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 398 | 0.3 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Karachi | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 403 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Lahore | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 425 | 0.02 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Larkana | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Multan | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, and street-based FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Peshawar | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 423 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Quetta | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 398 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Sargodha | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2007 [69] (round II) | 2006 | Sukkur | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 400 | 0 | NR | |
Hawkes, 2009 [70] | 2007 | Abbottabad | Community | RDS | FSWs | 107 | 0 | NR | |
Hawkes, 2009 [70] | 2007 | Rawalpindi | Community | RDS | FSWs | 426 | 0 | NR | |
Khan, 2011 [71] | 2007 | Lahore | Community | RDS | FSWs | 730 | 0.7 | NR | |
NACP, 2010 [72] (special IBBSS among FSWs) | 2009 | Punjab and Sindh | Community | SyRS and MCS | FSWs | 2197 | 1.0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | DG Khan | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 375 | 0.5 | 0.1–1.9 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Faisalabad | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 376 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Haripur | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 211 | 0.9 | 0.3–3.4 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Karachi | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 377 | 1.9 | 0.9–3.8 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Lahore | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 375 | 0.5 | 0.1–1.9 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Larkana | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 375 | 1.9 | 0.9–3.8 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Multan | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 375 | 0.3 | 0.05–1.5 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Peshawar | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 367 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Quetta | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 345 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Rawalpindi | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 375 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Sargodha | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 345 | 0.3 | 0.05–1.6 | |
NACP, 2012 [40] (round IV) | 2012 | Sukkur | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 375 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.3 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Bahawalpur | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 351 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Bannu | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 196 | 1.5 | 1–4.4 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | DG Khan | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.4 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Gujranwala | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 304 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.4 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Gujrat | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 250 | 0.4 | 0.1–2.2 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Hyderabad | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 2.2 | 1.1–4.3 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Karachi | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 387 | 2.6 | 1.4–4.7 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Kasur | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Larkana | Community | SyRS and MCS | Brothel, kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 4.1 | 2.5–6.7 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Mirpurkhas | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 4.1 | 2.5–6.7 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Nawabshah | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 3.8 | 2.3–6.4 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Peshawar | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 265 | 3 | 1.5–5.8 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Quetta | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Rawalpindi | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 0.3 | 0.1–1.5 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Sheikhupura | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 363 | 1.7 | 1.1–4.9 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Sialkot | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 193 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Sukkur | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 364 | 8.8 | 6.3–12.2 | |
NACP, 2017 [42] (round V) | 2016–2017 | Turbat | Community | SyRS and MCS | Kothikhana, home, street-based, and other FSWs | 72 | 0 | NR | |
Somalia | Testa, 2008 [73] (round I) | 2008 | Hargeisa | Community | RDS | FSWs | 237 | 5.2 | 2.5–8.5 |
IOM, 2017 [74] (round II) | 2014 | Hargeisa | Community | RDS | FSWs | 96 | 4.8 | 0.2–9.3 | |
Sudan | Elkarim, 2002 [75] | 2002 | National | Community | MSysRS | FSWs | 367 | 4.4 | NR |
Abdelrahim, 2010 [76] | 2008 | Khartoum | Community | RDS | FSWs | 321 | 0.9 | 0.1–2.2 | |
NACP, 2010 [77] | 2008–09 | Gezira | Community | RDS | FSWs | 267 | 0.1 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Alshamalia | Community | RDS | FSWs | 305 | 0.3 | 0–1 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Blue Nile | Community | RDS | FSWs | 279 | 1.5 | 0–3 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Gadarif | Community | RDS | FSWs | 282 | 0.6 | 0–1 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Gezira | Community | RDS | FSWs | 296 | 0.7 | 0–1 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Kassala | Community | RDS | FSWs | 288 | 5.0 | 2–8 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Khartoum | Community | RDS | FSWs | 287 | 0 | NR | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | North Darfur | Community | RDS | FSWs | 303 | 0.7 | 0–3 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | North Kordofan | Community | RDS | FSWs | 296 | 1 | 0–3 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Red Sea | Community | RDS | FSWs | 293 | 7.7 | 4–12 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | River Nile | Community | RDS | FSWs | 291 | 0.7 | 0–2 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | Sinnar | Community | RDS | FSWs | 303 | 0.7 | 0–2 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | South Darfur | Community | RDS | FSWs | 299 | 0.2 | 0–1 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | West Darfur | Community | RDS | FSWs | 284 | 1 | 0–3 | |
NACP, 2012 [78] | 2011 | White Nile | Community | RDS | FSWs | 288 | 1.3 | 0–3 | |
MOH, 2016 [79] | 2015–2016 | Juba, South Sudan | Community | RDS | FSWs | 835 | 37.9 | 33.6–42.2 | |
Tunisia | Hsairi, 2012 [80] | 2009 | Tunis, Sfax, and Sousse | Community | RDS | Street-based FSWs | 703 | 0.4 | NR |
Hsairi, 2012 [80] | 2011 | Tunis | Community | TLS | Street-based FSWs | 357 | 0.6 | 0–1.3 | |
Hsairi, 2012 [80] | 2011 | Sfax | Community | TLS | Street-based FSWs | 284 | 0 | NR | |
Hsairi, 2012 [80] | 2011 | Sousse | Community | TLS | Street-based FSWs | 347 | 1.2 | 0.02–2.3 | |
Yemen | Stulhofer, 2008 [81] (round I) | 2008 | Aden | Community | RDS | FSWs | 244 | 1.3 | 0–2.9 |
MOH, 2014 [82] (round I) | 2010–2011 | Hodeida | Community | RDS | FSWs | 301 | 0 | NR |
Country | Author, year [citation] | Year(s) of data collection | City/province | Study site | Sampling | Population | Sample size | HIV prevalence* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | ||||||||
Afghanistan | Todd, 2010 [83] | 2006–2008 | Jalalabad, Kabul, and Mazar-i-Sharif | Community and NGO | Conv | FSWs | 520 | 0.2 | 0.01–1.1 |
Djibouti | Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1987 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 66 | 4.6 | NR |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1987 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Bar hostesses | 221 | 1.4 | NR | |
Constantine, 1992 [52] | 1988 | Djibouti | NR | Conv | FSWs | 33 | 18.2 | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1988 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 78 | 9.0 | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1988 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Bar hostesses | 255 | 2.7 | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1990 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 116 | 41.7 | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1990 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Bar hostesses | 180 | 5.0 | NR | |
Couzineau, 1991 [85] | 1991 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 300 | 43 | NR | |
Couzineau, 1991 [85] | 1991 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Bar girls | 397 | 13.1 | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1991 | Djibouti | STI clinic and residences | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 292 | 36.0 | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1991 | Djibouti | STI clinic and residences | Conv | Bar hostesses | 360 | 15.3 | NR | |
Philippon, 1997 [86] | 1995 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 176 | 49 | NR | |
Marcelin, 2002 [87] | 1998–1999 | Djibouti | STI clinics | Conv | Street-based FSWs | 43 | 70 | NR | |
Marcelin, 2002 [87] | 1998–1999 | Djibouti | STI clinics | Conv | FSWs working in luxury bars | 123 | 7 | NR | |
Egypt | Sheba, 1988 [88] | 1986–1987 | Multiple cities | NR | Conv | FSWs | 87 | 0 | NR |
Watts, 1993 [89] | 1986–1990 | Urban areas | Medical facilities | Conv | FSWs | 349 | 0 | NR | |
Kabbash, 2012 [90] | 2009–2010 | Greater Cairo | Community | Conv | FSWs | 431 | 0 | NR | |
Iran | Jahani, 2005 [91] | 2002 | NR | Detainment center/prison | Conv | FSWs detained by the police | 149 | 0 | NR |
Kassaian, 2012 [92] | 2009–2010 | Isfahan | Prison, drop-in centers, and community | Conv | FSWs | 91 | 0 | NR | |
Taghizadeh, 2015 [93] | 2014 | Sari, Mazandaran | Drop-in center | Conv | FSWs at a drop-in center | 184 | 4 | NR | |
Asadi-Ali, 2018 [94] | 2015 | Northern Iran | Counseling center, drop-in center, and community | Conv | FSWs | 133 | 1.5 | NR | |
Lebanon | Naman, 1989 [95] | 1985–1987 | NR | NR | Conv | FSWs | 291 | 0.3 | NR |
Morocco | MOH, 2008 [96] | 2007 | Agadir, Rabat/Sale, Tanger | NGO clinic | Conv | FSWs presenting for consultation | 141 | 1.4 | 0.1–2.5 |
Pakistan | Iqbal, 1996 [97] | 1987–1994 | Lahore | Hospital | Conv | FSWs | 21 | 0 | NR |
Baqi, 1998 [98] | 1993–1994 | Karachi | VCT | Conv | FSWs in red-light district | 77 | 0 | NR | |
Anwar, 1998 [99] | NR | Lahore | NR | NR | FSWs | 103 | 1.9 | NR | |
Bokhari, 2007 [68] | 2004 | Karachi | Community | Snowball | FSWs in red-light district | 421 | 0 | NR | |
Shah, 2004 [100] | 2004 | Hyderabad | Community | Conv | FSWs | 157 | 0 | NR | |
Shah, 2004 [101] | 2004 | Sindh | Sentinel surveillance | Conv | FSWs | 163 | 1.2 | NR | |
Akhtar, 2008 [102] | 2007 | Faisalabad | Community | NR | FSWs | 246 | 0 | NR | |
Raza, 2015 [103] | 2014 | Rawalpindi | Clinics | Conv | FSWs | NR | 0 | NR | |
Somalia | Jama, 1987 [104] | 1985–1986 | Mogadishu | Camp | Conv | FSWs attending health education program | 85 | 0 | NR |
Burans, 1990 [105] | NR | Mogadishu | NR | Conv | FSWs | 89 | 0 | NR | |
Scott, 1991 [106] | 1989 | Merka, Kismayu | NR | Conv | FSWs | 57 | 0 | NR | |
Corwin, 1991 [107] | 1990 | Chismayu, Merca, Mogadishu | NR | Conv | FSWs | 302 | 3 | NR | |
Jama Ahmed, 1991 [51] | 1991 | Mogadishu | PHC | Conv | FSWs | 155 | 0.6 | NR | |
Sudan | Burans, 1990 [108] | 1987 | Port Sudan | NR | Conv | FSWs | 203 | 0 | NR |
McCarthy, 1995 [109] | NR | Juba, South Sudan | NR | Conv | FSWs | 50 | 16 | NR | |
Tunisia | Bchir, 1988 [110] | 1987 | Sousse | NR | Conv | FSWs | 42 | 0 | NR |
Hassen, 2003 [111] | NR | Sousse | PHC | Conv | Legal FSWs | 51 | 0 | NR | |
Znazen, 2010 [112] | 2007 | Tunis, Sousse, and Gabes | Medical facilities | Conv | Legal FSWs undergoing routine testing | 183 | 0 | NR |
Country | Author, year [citation] | Year(s) of data collection | City/province | Study site | Sampling | Population | Sample size | HIV prev* | Sexual contacts | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | |||||||||
Algeria | MOH, 2009 [113] | 2004 | Oran | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 41 | 4.9 | NR | NR |
MOH, 2009 [113] | 2004 | Tamanrasset | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 105 | 0 | 0 | NR | |
MOH, 2009 [113] | 2004 | Tizi-Ouzou | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 11 | 9.1 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2009 [113] | 2007 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 571 | 3.3 | NR | NR | |
Djibouti | Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1987 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 252 | 0.8 | NR | NR |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1988 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 249 | 0.8 | NR | NR | |
Fox, 1989 [114] | NR | NR | NR | Conv | Clients of FSWs | 105 | 1.0 | NR | Clients of FSWs | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1990 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 106 | 1.9 | NR | NR | |
OMS, 2001 [115] | 1990 | NR | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | NR | 2.2 | NR | NR | |
Rodier, 1993 [84] | 1991 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 193 | 10.4 | NR | NR | |
OMS, 2001 [115] | 1991 | NR | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | NR | 9.2 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 1993 [116] | 1992 | NR | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | NR | 11.6 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 1993 [116] | 1993 | NR | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 411 | 14.4 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2002 [117] | 2001–2002 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 237 | 34.6 | NR | NR | |
2006 | Djibouti | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 72 | 5.6 | 1.5–13.6 | NR | ||
Egypt | Sheba, 1988 [88] | 1986–1987 | Multiple cities | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 302 | 0 | NR | NR |
Sadek, 1991 [119] | 1987–1988 | Cairo | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 140 | 0.7 | NR | NR | |
Sadek, 1991 [119] | 1989–1990 | Cairo | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 125 | 0.8 | NR | NR | |
Fox, 1994 [120] | 1993 | Alexandria | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 200 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Fox, 1994 [120] | 1993 | Cairo | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 300 | 0.3 | NR | NR | |
Saleh, 2000 [121] | 1998–2000 | Alexandria | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 295 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Kuwait | NAP, 1999 [122] | 1984–1998 | Sabah, Kuwait | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 3097 | 0.02 | NR | NR |
Murzi, 1989 [123] | 1988 | Kuwait | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 305 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Al-Owaish, 2000 [124] | 1996–1997 | Kuwait | STI clinic | SyRS | STI clinic attendees (Kuwaiti) | 617 | 0 | NR | 23% reported contact with FSWs, 1% with MSWs, 35% with girlfriend, 12% with a mix of the above | |
Al-Owaish, 2000 [124] | 1996–1997 | Kuwait | STI clinic | SyRS | STI clinic attendees (non-Kuwaiti) | 1367 | 0 | NR | 61% reported contact with FSWs, 0.5% with MSWs, 28.5% with girlfriend, 3% with a mix of the above | |
Al-Owaish, 2002 [125] | 2002 | Kuwait | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees (non-Kuwaiti) | 599 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Al-Mutairi, 2007 [126] | 2003–2004 | Kuwait | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees (predom. men) | 520 | 0 | NR | 79% reported contact with FSWs | |
Morocco | Heikel, 1999 [127] | 1992–1996 | Casablanca | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1131 | 0.9 | NR | NR |
Manhart, 1996 [128] | 1996 | Agadir, Tanger, and Marrakech | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 223 | 1.4 | NR | NR | |
Alami, 2002 [129] | 2001 | Rabat, Sale, Beni Mellal, and Marrakech | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 422 | 0 | NR | 70.7% reported new sexual partner, 47% multiple sexual partners in the past 3 months | |
MOH, 2001 [130] | 2001 | Marrakech, Beni Mellal, and Rabat, Sale | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 422 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Khattabi, 2005 [131] | 2004 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | NR | 0.4 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [132] | 2006 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1180 | 0.2 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [132] | 2007 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 986 | 0.4 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [132] | 2008 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1237 | 0.5 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [132] | 2009 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1103 | 0.3 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [132] | 2010 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1181 | 0.7 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [133] | 2011 | Fes, Meknes, and Laayoune Boujdour | VCT | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 88 | 2.3 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [132] | 2012 | National | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1070 | 0.3 | NR | NR | |
MOH, 2013 [133] | 2012 | National | VCT and STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 1297 | 0.4 | NR | NR | |
Pakistan | Mujeeb, 1993 [134] | NR | Karachi | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 32 | 0 | NR | NR |
Memon, 1997 [135] | 1994–1995 | Hyderabad | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees (predom. men) | 50 | 0 | NR | NR | |
NAP, 1996 [136] | 1995 | Karachi | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees (predom. men) | 402 | 0 | NR | NR | |
NAP, 1996 [136] | 1995 | Lahore | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees (predom. men) | 295 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Rehan, 2003 [137] | 1999 | Karachi | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 138 | 0 | NR | 43% reported contact with FSWs, 12% with casual heterosexual contact, 11.6% with MSM, 18.4% reported bisexuality | |
Rehan, 2003 [137] | 1999 | Lahore | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 148 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Rehan, 2003 [137] | 1999 | Peshawar | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 93 | 1.1 | NR | NR | |
Rehan, 2003 [137] | 1999 | Quetta | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 86 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Bhutto, 2011 [138] | 2000–2009 | Larkana | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 4288 | 0.06 | NR | 83% reported a history of contact with FSWs | |
Bokhari, 2007 [68] | 2004 | Karachi | Trucking agencies | SRS | Truck driver clients of FSWs | 120 | 0 | NR | Subsample including only clients of FSWs | |
Razvi, 2014 [139] | 2010–2014 | Abbottabad | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 465 | 1.1 | NR | 8% refused to answer, 70% of the rest reported contact with FSWs, 21% with MSM, 7.5% with married women | |
NAP, 2012 [140] | 2011 | Balochistan | Mines | SRS | Mine workers clients of FSWs | 381 | 0 | NR | Subsample including only men reporting contact with FSWs at last sex | |
Somalia | Ismail, 1990 [141] | 1986 | Mogadishu | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 101 | 0 | NR | 54% reported contact with FSWs |
Scott, 1991 [106] | 1989 | Mogadishu | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 50 | 0 | NR | NR | |
Burans, 1990 [105] | NR | Mogadishu | NR | Conv | STI clinic attendees (80% soldiers) | 45 | 0 | NR | 40% reported contact with FSWs | |
Corwin, 1991 [107] | 1990 | Chismayu, Merca, and Mogadishu | NR | Conv | Partners of FSWs | 26 | 0 | NR | Partners of FSWs | |
Duffy, 1999 [142] | 1999 | Hargeisa | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 106 | 0.9 | NR | NR | |
WHO, 2005 [143] | 2004 | Bossasso | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 78 | 1.3 | NR | NR | |
WHO, 2005 [143] | 2004 | Hargeisa | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 52 | 9.6 | NR | NR | |
WHO, 2005 [143] | 2004 | Mogadishu | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 46 | 4.4 | NR | NR | |
UNHCR, 2007 [144] | 2006–2007 | Dadaab refugee camp | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 199 | 0.5 | NR | NR | |
Ismail, 2007 [145] | 2007 | Hargeisa | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 108 | 7.4 | NR | NR | |
NAP, 2010 [146] | 2007 | Puntland | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | NR | 1.5 | NR | NR | |
Sudan | McCarthy, 1989 [147] | 1987 | Port Sudan and Suakin | NR | Conv | Clients of FSWs | 157 | 0 | NR | Subsample including only clients of FSWs |
McCarthy, 1989 [148] | 1987–1988 | Gederef, Port Sudan, Kassala, Omdurman, and Juba | Outpatient military clinics | Conv | Soldiers clients of FSWs | 398 | 2.5 | NR | Subsample including only soldiers reporting a history of contact with FSWs | |
McCarthy, 1995 [109] | NR | Juba, South Sudan | STI clinics | Conv | STI clinic attendees clients of FSWs | 37 | 13.5 | NR | Subsample including only men reporting contact with FSWs in the past 10 years | |
US Cens. Bureau, 2017 [149] | 2004 | Khartoum | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 72 | 1.4 | NR | NR | |
US Cens. Bureau, 2017 [149] | 2004 | Red Sea | Sent. surv. | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 164 | 1.8 | NR | NR | |
Yemen | Abdol-Quauder, 1993 [150] | 1992 | Sanaa | STI clinic | Conv | STI clinic attendees | 30 | 0 | NR | NR |
Quality assessment
Pooled mean HIV prevalence
Country | Studies (N) | Samples | HIV prevalence | Pooled mean HIV prevalence** | Heterogeneity measures | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tested | HIV positive | Median* (%) | Range* (%) | % | 95% CI | Q (p value)† | I2‡ (%; 95% CI) | Prediction interval£ (95%) | ||||
FSWs | Low-level⁑ | Afghanistan | 9 | 3578 | 7 | 0 | 0–0.90 | 0.03 | 0.00–0.18 | 7.59 (p = 0.4744) | 0.0 (0.0–62.9) | 0.00–0.22 |
Bahrain | 1 | 724 | 6 | 0.83 | – | 0.83¥ | 0.30–1.80 | – | – | – | ||
Egypt | 33 | 7222 | 16 | 0 | 0–1.49 | 0.03 | 0.00–0.14 | 36.26 (p = 0.2765) | 12.8 (0.0–43.4) | 0.00–0.34 | ||
Iran | 32 | 17,277 | 211 | 0.02 | 0–14.00 | 0.99 | 0.34–1.88 | 569.63 (p < 0.0001) | 94.6 (93.2–95.6) | 0.00–8.84 | ||
Iraq | 29 | 15,852 | 1 | 0 | 0–0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 6.24 (p = 1.0000) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.00–0.00 | ||
Jordan | 7 | 1024 | 4 | 0 | 0–1.33 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.31 | 3.43 (p = 0.7537) | 0.0 (0.0–48.9) | 0.00–0.48 | ||
Lebanon | 11 | 11,589 | 12 | 0.07 | 0–2.40 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.07 | 18.82 (p = 0.0426) | 46.9 (0.0–73.6) | 0.00–0.33 | ||
Pakistan | 81 | 26,678 | 217 | 0 | 0–8.80 | 0.35 | 0.18–0.57 | 368.57 (p < 0.0001) | 78.3 (73.3–82.3) | 0.00–3.06 | ||
Syria | 56 | 97,071 | 12 | 0 | 0–0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 32.37 (p = 0.9936) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.00–0.00 | ||
Tunisia | 53 | 22,224 | 59 | 0 | 0–2.30 | 0.02 | 0.00–0.11 | 124.81 (p < 0.0001) | 58.3 (43.6–69.2) | 0.00–0.89 | ||
Yemen | 10 | 1767 | 34 | 0.25 | 0–7.00 | 0.82 | 0.00–2.91 | 63.01 (p < 0.0001) | 85.7 (75.6–91.7) | 0.00–11.67 | ||
Intermediate-intensity⁑ | Algeria | 33 | 4241 | 179 | 2.00 | 0–20.00 | 2.39 | 1.02–4.15 | 215.22 (p < 0.0001) | 85.1 (80.1–88.9) | 0.00–15.05 | |
Libya | 4 | 1249 | 28 | 8.43 | 1.08–18.18 | 4.86 | 0.81–11.37 | 34.41 (p < 0.0001) | 91.3 (80.8–96.0) | 0.00–47.09 | ||
Morocco | 200 | 40,507 | 804 | 1.07 | 0–52.90 | 1.11 | 0.83–1.41 | 851.66 (p < 0.0001) | 76.6 (73.3–79.6) | 0.00–5.98 | ||
Somalia | 17 | 2015 | 57 | 0.35 | 0–47.06 | 1.64 | 0.42–3.39 | 61.50 (p < 0.0001) | 74.0 (57.7–83.8) | 0.00–10.24 | ||
Sudan€ | 22 | 7207 | 128 | 0.95 | 0–7.70 | 1.30 | 0.76–1.96 | 98.06 (p < 0.0001) | 78.6 (68.1–85.6) | 0.00–5.26 | ||
Concentrated ⁑ | Djibouti | 68 | 22,028 | 4618 | 18.75 | 0–70.00 | 17.89 | 13.62–22.60 | 5127.36 (p < 0.0001) | 98.7 (98.6–98.8) | 0.00–63.91 | |
South Sudan | 8 | 5466 | 1108 | 18.50 | 2.82–37.90 | 17.32 | 8.66–28.14 | 554.81 (p < 0.0001) | 98.7 (98.3–99.1) | 0.00–61.99 | ||
All countries | 674 | 287,719 | 7501 | 0.26 | 0–70.00 | 1.44 | 1.14–1.76 | 24,605.29 (p < 0.0001) | 97.3 (97.2–97.4) | 0.00–16.49 | ||
Clients of FSWs | Low-level⁑ | Egypt | 6 | 1362 | 3 | 0.17 | 0–0.80 | 0.09 | 0.00–0.42 | 4.82 (p = 0.4386) | 0.0 (0.0–73.7) | 0.00–0.60 |
Kuwait | 6 | 6505 | 1 | 0 | 0–0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.04 | 0.36 (p = 0.9963) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.00–0.07 | ||
Pakistan | 12 | 6498 | 9 | 0 | 0–1.10 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.10 | 14.93 (p = 0.1857) | 26.3 (0.0–62.6) | 0.00–0.42 | ||
Yemen | 1 | 30 | 0 | 0 | – | 0.00¥ | 0.00–11.57 | – | – | – | ||
Intermediate-intensity⁑ | Algeria | 7 | 728 | 22 | 7.29 | 0–25.80 | 3.51 | 0.32–8.90 | 39.79 (p < 0.0001) | 84.9 (70.8–92.2) | 0.00–27.63 | |
Morocco | 84 | 10,348 | 47 | 0 | 0–8.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.05 | 76.30 (p = 0.6854) | 0.0 (0.0–19.9) | 0.00–0.05 | ||
Somalia | 11 | 1010 | 21 | 0.94 | 0–9.62 | 1.38 | 0.25–3.11 | 25.74 (p = 0.0041) | 61.1 (25.0–79.9) | 0.00–8.46 | ||
Sudan€ | 4 | 791 | 14 | 1.61 | 0–2.51 | 1.22 | 0.16–2.97 | 7.02 (p = 0.0711) | 57.3 (0.0–85.8) | 0.00–11.65 | ||
Concentrated⁑ | Djibouti | 15 | 2222 | 217 | 2.20 | 0–34.60 | 5.36 | 1.53–10.81 | 244.98 (p < 0.0001) | 94.3 (92.0–95.9) | 0.00–35.23 | |
South Sudan | 1 | 37 | 5 | 13.5 | – | 13.5¥ | 4.54–28.77 | – | – | – | ||
All countries | 147 | 29,531 | 339 | 0 | 0–34.60 | 0.38 | 0.14–0.71 | 977.96 (p < 0.0001) | 85.1 (82.9–87.0) | 0.00–6.60 |
Associations with prevalence, sources of between-study heterogeneity, and temporal trend
Variables | Studies | Samples | Univariable analyses | Multivariable analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N | Total N | OR (95% CI) | LR test p value€ | Variance explained R2£ (%) | AOR (95% CI) | p value | LR test p value¥ | ||
Country/subregion* | |||||||||
Eastern MENA | Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan | 122 | 47,533 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 39.80 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | |
Fertile Crescent | Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria | 136 | 132,758 | 0.17 (0.10–0.27) | 0.21 (0.12–0.36) | < 0.001 | |||
Bahrain and Yemen | Bahrain and Yemen | 11 | 2491 | 2.60 (0.78–8.67) | 1.77 (0.52–6.01) | 0.357 | |||
Horn of Africa | Djibouti, Somalia, South Sudan | 93 | 29,509 | 33.45 (19.77–56.58) | 45.43 (24.66–83.68) | < 0.001 | |||
North Africa | Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia | 312 | 75,428 | 3.14 (2.09–4.72) | 2.90 (1.80–4.68) | < 0.001 | |||
Population type | Street-based, venue-based, and other FSWs† | 619 | 220,363 | 1.00 | 0.002 | 1.29 | 1.00 | 0.163 | |
Bar girls | 55 | 67,356 | 0.33 (0.17–0.67) | 0.66 (0.37–1.18) | 0.163 | ||||
Total sample size of tested FSWs | < 100 participants | 75 | 4008 | 1.00 | 0.001 | 1.54 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | |
≥ 100 participants | 599 | 283,711 | 0.36 (0.20–0.65) | 0.35 (0.21–0.56) | < 0.001 | ||||
Median year of data collection** | < 1993 | 104 | 36,038 | 1.00 | 0.001 | 1.96 | 1.00 | 0.005 | |
1993–2002 | 169 | 98,221 | 0.31 (0.17–0.56) | 1.18 (0.71–1.95) | 0.522 | ||||
≥ 2003 | 401 | 153,460 | 0.57 (0.33–0.97) | 2.03 (1.24–3.33) | 0.005 | ||||
Sampling methodology | Non-probability sampling | 570 | 254,072 | 1.00 | 0.217 | 0.08 | – | – | – |
Probability-based sampling | 104 | 33,647 | 0.72 (0.42–1.21) | – | – | – | |||
Response rate | ≥ 60% | 96 | 31,161 | 1.00 | 0.043 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.544 | |
< 60%/unclear | 62 | 14,102 | 2.76 (1.24–6.13) | 1.17 (0.60–2.27) | 0.645 | ||||
Not applicable‡ | 516 | 242,456 | 1.37 (0.80–2.37) | 1.33 (0.79–2.23) | 0.279 | ||||
Validity of sex work definition | Clear and valid definition | 117 | 36,431 | 1.00 | 0.161 | 0.25 | – | – | – |
Poorly defined/unclear | 41 | 8832 | 2.35 (0.96–5.73) | – | – | – | |||
Not applicable‡ | 516 | 242,456 | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | – | – | – | |||
HIV ascertainment | Biological assays | 157 | 44,894 | 1.00 | 0.786 | 0 | – | – | – |
Self-report, unclear, and not applicable‡ | 517 | 242,825 | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | – | – | – |