Introduction
Case report
Case | Authors, year of publication (reference) | Bite victim | Circumstances of bite | Aggressor | HIV-type relatedness (victim/aggressor) assessed by authors | Authors´ assessment of causality of bite and transmission | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, age (years), history | Bite location | Wound features | Seroconversion or acute HIV infection | Relationship with victim, sex, age (years), risks | HIV status at the time of bite | CD4 cells/ml blood, VL: HIV RNA copies/ml | |||||
1 | Wahn et al. (1986) [6] | Male, 8 | Forearm | Teeth imprints, no bleeding or haematoma | Not reported | Possibly seizure | Brother, 5 | AIDS | Not reported | Not evaluated | Bite likely route |
2 | Anonymous (1987) [7] | Female, 26 | Leg | Not reported | Seronegative ~ 1.5 years before bite, seropositive ~ 2 years after bite | Fight, leading to a teeth loss of aggressor and bleeding mouth | Sister, IV drug abuse | HIV infection known | Not reported | Not evaluated | Bite most likely route |
3 | Vidmar et al. (1996) [8] | Male, 53 | Left index-finger nail | Small crack and shallow wound, teeth imprints, no visible bleeding | Acute infection, seroconversion 54 days after bite | Seizure, bite wound on aggressor´s tongue and blood in saliva | Neighbour, male, 47 | AIDS | High level of HIV copies in plasma 11 months earlier, at the time of bite on zidovudine treatment | Not evaluated | Case shows that HIV transmission is possible by bite |
4 | Anonymous (1996) [9] Liberti et al. (1996) [10] | Male, 91 | Hand, arm, leg | Severe tissue damage | Seroconversion within 6 weeks after bite | Fight, dental problems, bleeding gums | Robber, female prostitute | HIV infection known | Not reported | Confirmed a | Evidence support HIV transmission by bite |
5 | Khajotia et al. (1997) [11] | Male, 20 | Lip | Cut inside of the lower lip with taste of blood | Seroconversion following negative tests over 7 months after bite | Deep kiss during a night club visit | Call girl, one time contact | HIV status unknown | Not reported | Not evaluated | Male virgin contracted HIV by lip bite |
6 | Andreo et al. (2004) [12] | Female, 59, widow | Hand | Deep wound needing suture | Acute infection, seroconversion 40 days after bite | Seizure, blood in the mouth | Son, 31 | AIDS | Not reported | Confirmed b | Unequivocal evidence |
7 | Bartholome et al. (2006) [13] | Female, 3 | Middle finger of left hand | Bleeding at the site of bite | Seropositive ~ 4 years after bite | Bite reason not reported, dental caries, bleeding gums | Father | HIV status unknown, AIDS 3 years after bite | Not reported | Not evaluated | HIV infection believed to be a direct result from bite |
8 | Female, 30, pregnant | Upper lip | Bleeding injury necessitating suturing | Seronegative shortly prior to bite, seropositive ~ 16 months after bite | Fight | Sister in law, commercial sex worker | HIV infection known, no symptoms | Not reported | Not evaluated | HIV infection is associated with the bite | |
9 | Married man 44, diabetes mellitus | Left thumb | Nail lost with raw bleeding nail bed | Acute infection, VL 2,470,000 copies/ml 28 days after bite | Argument, good oral hygiene, no bleeding oral lesions | Foster son | HIV infection known, no symptoms | CD4 cells: 383, VL plasma: 17,163, VL saliva: 2,405 VL salivary cells: 161 | Confirmedc | Possible | |
10 | Thomas et al. (2019) [18] | Male, 56 | Left cheek and thumb | Deep injuries, thumb fracture | Acute infection, VL 1,023,292 ( 6.01 log10) copies/ml 41 days after bite | Fight, blood-stained saliva from bite injuries | Not reported, 34 | HIV infection known | VL 200 (2.3 log10) 29 days after the bite while on ART since 6 weeks prior to the bite | Confirmedd | Confirmed |
11 | Schürmann et al. (2020), case report of this article | Unmarried man, 42, alcohol use | Ball of left hand | Bleeding gapping wound | Seronegative 7 days after bite, seropositive 97 days after bite | Argument | Acquaintance, male, 23, IV drug use | HIV infection known, no symptoms | CD4 cells: 243, VL plasma: 176,000 5 weeks prior to bite | Probablee | Probable |