Background
Methods
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Groups | No smoker (n: 6742) | Ex-smoker (n: 976) | Cigarette smoking (n: 864) | Hookah smoking (n: 1067) | Cigarette and hookah (n: 41) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FBG1 (mg/dl) | 92.65 ± 38.71 | 96.78 ± 43.26 | 87.59 ± 33.86ab | 93.60 ± 42.43c | 94.85 ± 47.02 | 0.013 |
TG2 (mg/dl) | 117 (83–170) | 128 (90.5–177.5) | 122 (86–180) | 121 (88–171) | 122 (96–186) | 0.125 |
Cholesterol1 (mg/dl) | 192.41 ± 39.36 | 191.10 ± 38.76 | 184.18 ± 39.4a | 190.53 ± 37.6a | 189.27 ± 37.25 | 0.045 |
LDL1 (mg/dl) | 116.77 ± 35.53 | 117.18 ± 35.45 | 112.42 ± 34.93 | 117.48 ± 33.63 | 109.03 ± 35.39 | 0.9 |
HDL1 (mg/dl) | 43.63 ± 10 | 41.96 ± 10.18 | 38.77 ± 9.22ab | 42.53 ± 9.04ab | 41.11 ± 9.65 | < 0.001 |
Uric acid1 (mg/dl) | 4.62 ± 1.4 | 4.91 ± 1.45 | 5 ± 1.34ab | 4.36 ± 1.32c | 5.37 ± 1.6c | < 0.001 |
Serum urea1 (mg/dl) | 12.93 ± 4.28 | 13.54 ± 4.2 | 13.48 ± 4.22 | 12.52 ± 4.05 | 13.8 ± 5.57 | 0.63 |
Cr1 (mg/dl) | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.90 ± 0.24 | 0.93 ± 0.25 | 0.84 ± 0.27 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 0.65 |
GFR3 ml/min | ||||||
< 60 | 119 (2.7%) | 28 (4.4%) | 33 (5.7%) | 10 (1.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | < 0.001 |
> 60 | 4364 (97.3%) | 605 (95.6%) | 546 (94.3%) | 646 (98.5%) | 29 (96.7%) | |
hsCRP2 (mg/l) | 1.62 (0.98–3.51) | 1.55 (1–3.35) | 1.71 (1.06–3.89) | 1.63 (1.04–3.46) | 2.02 (1.1–4.65) | < 0.001 |
Groups | No smoker (n: 6742) | Ex-smoker (n: 976) | Cigarette smoking (n: 864) | Hookah smoking (n: 1067) | Cigarette and hookah (n: 41) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WBC (×103/µl) | 5.95 ± 1.46 | 6.16 ± 1.58a | 6.97 ± 1.98ab | 6.05 ± 1.51ac | 6.58 ± 1.86ad | < 0.001 |
RBC (×106/µl) | 4.82 ± 0.47 | 4.95 ± 0.57 | 5.04 ± 0.49ab | 4.8 ± 0.47abc | 4.93 ± 0.84d | < 0.001 |
Hb (mg/dl) | 13.57 ± 1.53 | 14.14 ± 1.46a | 14.76 ± 3.01a | 13.42 ± 1.61b | 14.16 ± 2.22 | < 0.001 |
HCT (%) | 40.81 ± 5.32 | 42.37 ± 4.56 | 43.79 ± 3.67a | 40.52 ± 3.99a | 42.41 ± 7.14 | 0.001 |
MCV (fl) | 84.61 ± 6.09 | 85.49 ± 5.78a | 86.96 ± 5.64ab | 84.47 ± 5.95bc | 86.19 ± 3.78 | < 0.001 |
MCH (pg) | 28.24 ± 2.73 | 28.6 ± 2.23 | 29.16 ± 2.24ab | 27.98 ± 2.68c | 28.67 ± 1.74 | < 0.001 |
MCHC (g/dl) | 33.23 ± 1.65 | 33.3 ± 1.43 | 33.49 ± 1.25 | 33.07 ± 1.57 | 33.32 ± 1.11 | 0.065 |
PLT (×103/µl) | 231.43 ± 60.29 | 227.37 ± 53.12a | 210.85 ± 51.48b | 238.55 ± 68.78c | 236.31 ± 67.15c | 0.004 |
RDW (%) | 41.42 ± 3.18 | 41.92 ± 3.11a | 42.83 ± 3.14ab | 41.9 ± 3.33ac | 42 ± 2.56 | < 0.001 |
Groups | No smoker (n: 6742) | Ex-smoker (n: 976) | Cigarette smoking (n: 864) | Hookah smoking (n: 1067) | Cigarette and hookah (n: 41) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CVD n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 819 (12.3%) | 184 (19.0%) | 115 (13.6%) | 136 (12.9%) | 4 (10.0%) | < 0.001 |
No | 5847 (87.7%) | 782 (81.0%) | 733 (86.4%) | 921 (87.1%) | 36 (90.0%) | |
Obesity n (%) | ||||||
Normal weight | 1714 (25.5%) | 285 (29.2%) | 414 (48.0%) | 216 (20.3%) | 10 (25.0%) | < 0.001 |
Over weight | 2904 (43.1%) | 423 (43.4%) | 331 (38.4%) | 424 (39.9%) | 23 (57.5%) | |
Obese | 2111 (31.4%) | 267 (27.4%) | 117 (13.6%) | 423 (39.8%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
Metabolic syndrome n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 2611 (38.8%) | 398 (40.8%) | 227 (26.2%) | 497 (46.8%) | 14 (34.1%) | < 0.001 |
No | 4113 (61.2%) | 577 (59.2%) | 637 (73.7%) | 566 (53.2%) | 27 (65.9%) | |
Diabetes n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 925 (14.0%) | 180 (18.9%) | 82 (9.8%) | 180 (17.1%) | 6 (16.2%) | < 0.001 |
No | 5693 (86.0%) | 772 (81.1%) | 755 (90.2%) | 875 (82.9%) | 31 (83.8%) | |
Dyslipidemia n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 4394 (65.5%) | 691 (70.9%) | 640 (75.1%) | 709 (67.1%) | 33 (80.5%) | < 0.001 |
No | 2312 (34.5%) | 278 (29.1%) | 212 (24.9%) | 348 (32.9%) | 8 (19.5%) |
Groups | Reference group and ex-smoker | Reference group and cigarette | Reference group and hookah | Reference group and cigarette and hookah |
---|---|---|---|---|
FBG | 1.003 (1.001–1.005)*** | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) | 1.005 (0.996–1.014) |
Cholesterol | 1 (0.998–1.003) | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.005 (0.989–1.010) | 0.997 (0.985–1.009) |
Uric acid | 0.939 (0.998–1.015) | 0.921 (0.823–1.007) | 0.898 (0.823–0.979)*** | 1.114 (1.1–1.307)* |
Hs-CRP | 1.007 (0.998–1.016) | 1.005 (0.994–1.016) | 1.041 (0.991–1.067) | 1.019 (0.991–1.048) |
HDL | 0.998 (0.986–1.009) | 0.978 (0.965–0.991)*** | 0.923 (0.865–1.007) | 1.001 (0.995–1.049) |
GFR | 1.013 (0.655–1.567) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 1.21 (0.627–2.35) | 1.064 (0.139–8.15) |
WBC | 1.145 (1.069–1.225)*** | 1.509 (1.406–1.629)*** | 1.34 (0.906–1.242) | 1.140 (0.849–1.513) |
RBC | 1.079 (0.425–2.733) | 0.642 (0.298–1.386) | 0.865 (0.453–1.34) | 2.854 (0.27–30.151) |
HGB | 0.993 (0.709–1.391) | 1.235 (0.960–1.589) | 1.15 (0.934–1.789) | 0.873 (0.357–2.135) |
HCT | 1.005 (0.988–1.022) | 1.005 (0.972–1.039) | 1.015 (0.989–1.139) | 1.010 (0.93–1.097) |
MCV | 1.051 (1–1.103)* | 1.077 (1.009–1.148)* | 1.047 (0.109–1.248) | 1.380 (1.126–1.692)** |
MCH | 0.918 (0.765–1.101) | 0.845 (0.714–1) | 0.945 (0.814–1.32) | 0.636 (0.395–1.024) |
PLT | 1 (0.999–1.002) | 0.996 (0.994–0.998)** | 0.996 (0.785–1.098)* | 1.002 (0.995–1.010) |
RDW | 1.008 (0.969–1.048) | 1.089 (1.043–1.138)*** | 1.103 (1.003–1.148)* | 0.923 (0.777–1.096) |
CVD | 1.605 (1.335–1.931)*** | 1.42 (1.13–1.79)** | 1.022 (0.838–1.24) | 0.991 (0.347–2.83) |
Obesitya | ||||
Obese | 1.021 (0.847–1.23) | 0.474 (0.377–0.597)*** | 1.31 (1.096–1.572)** | 1.018 (0.38–2.72) |
Over weight | 0.937 (0.794–1.105) | 0.57 (0.483–0.673)*** | 1.096 (0.918–1.307) | 1.61 (0.76–3.41) |
Metabolic syndrome | 1.17 (1.013–1.35)* | 0.82 (0.69–0.97)* | 1.29 (1.12–1.48)*** | 1.134 (0.58–2.19) |
Diabetes | 0.79 (0.65–0.95)* | 1.14 (1.12–1.88)** | 0.75 (0.63–0.9)** | 0.71 (0.56–1.42) |
Dyslipidemia | 0.93 (0.8–1.08) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94)** | 0.57 (0.26–1.25) |