Background
Aims and research questions
Methods
Design
Recruitment and sample
Measures
Procedures
Fidelity of Norwegian ACT teams
Statistical analysis
Results
Classification and characteristics of participants with and without problematic substance use
Socio-demographic characteristics: | Non-substance group (N = 58) | Substance group (N = 84) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % |
P-value | |
Sex (male) | 34 | 59.6 | 60 | 71.4 | 0.151a
|
Age, mean (SD)
| 41.7 (11.7) | 38.4 (9.6) | 0.068c
| ||
Ethnicity | 0.001a
| ||||
Norwegian | 38 | 70.4 | 76 | 92.7 | |
Marital status | 0.056b
| ||||
Unmarried | 38 | 65.5 | 68 | 81.0 | |
Married/cohabitant | 5 | 8.6 | 7 | 8.3 | |
Divorced | 15 | 25.9 | 9 | 10.7 | |
Education | 0.003b
| ||||
Completed primary school | 29 | 55.8 | 47 | 58.8 | |
Completed upper secondary school | 13 | 25.0 | 31 | 38.8 | |
Completed higher education | 10 | 19.2 | 2 | 2.5 | |
Employment status | 0.291b
| ||||
Unemployed | 45 | 77.6 | 73 | 86.9 | |
Competitive job/study | 5 | 8.6 | 3 | 3.6 | |
Other | 8 | 13.8 | 8 | 9.5 | |
Living situation | 0.625b
| ||||
Alone | 38 | 65.5 | 53 | 63.9 | |
With family | 14 | 24.1 | 17 | 20.5 | |
Staffed housing/supported housing/Institutions (hospital, prison, hospice)/Homeless/unstable living situation | 6 | 10.3 | 13 | 15.7 | |
Clinical characteristics: | |||||
Diagnosis | 0.710a
| ||||
Severe mental illness (yes) | 47 | 95.9 | 77 | 92.8 | |
Community treatment order (yes) | 13 | 22.4 | 38 | 45.8 | 0.005a
|
Age of onset psychiatric illness, mean (SD)
| 27.3 | 9.4 | 24.8 | 8.1 | 0.135d
|
Psychiatric symptoms, mean (SD)
| |||||
BPRS mean total score, mean (SD)
| 2.24 | 0.66 | 2.60 | 0.86 | 0.015d
|
BPRS positive symptoms, mean (SD)
| 2.23 | 1.14 | 2.65 | 1.34 | 0.075d
|
BPRS negative symptoms, mean (SD)
| 2.59 | 1.18 | 2.43 | 1.14 | 0.432d
|
BPRS agitation mania, mean (SD)
| 1.78 | 0.77 | 2.42 | 1.19 | 0.001d
|
BPRS anxiety/depressive symptoms, mean (SD)
| 2.63 | 1.10 | 2.77 | 0.95 | 0.425c
|
Global level of functioning – symptom scale (GAF-S), mean (SD)
| 43.6 | 10.6 | 39.8 | 9.8 | 0.032c
|
Global level of functioning – functioning scale (GAF-F), mean (SD)
| 40.8 | 8.6 | 38.9 | 8.1 | 0.161c
|
Level of functioning (PSF), mean (SD)
| 4.63 | 1.62 | 4.05 | 1.50 | 0.033c
|
Changes in hospitalisation
Before taken on by ACT | After taken on by ACT | Change before-after taken on by ACT | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Meana
| 95 % confidence interval |
P-valueb
| ||
New admissions | Non-problematic substance usec
| 2.79 | 3.06 | 2.78 | 5.07 | 0.05 | −1.31 to 1.40 | 0.945 |
Problematic substance used
| 3.71 | 4.48 | 3.26 | 4.48 | 0.45 | −0.68 to 1.57 | 0.436 | |
Total inpatient days | Non-problematic substance usec
| 106.12 | 133.83 | 50.55 | 57.18 | 58.24 | 7.83 to 108.64 | 0.024 |
Problematic substance used
| 131.15 | 167.51 | 69.01 | 88.54 | 64.09 | 21.90 to 106.28 | 0.003 | |
Involuntary inpatient days | Non-problematic substance usec
| 51.53 | 116.51 | 20.78 | 40.07 | 29.96 | −14.92 to 74.83 | 0.191 |
Problematic substance used
| 101.05 | 163.09 | 47.57 | 75.99 | 55.69 | 19.16 to 92.22 | 0.003 |
Associations between problematic substance use and changes in hospitalisation
Variables | New admissions | Total inpatient days | Involuntary inpatient days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression coefficient (SE) |
p-value | Regression coefficient (SE) |
p-value | Regression coefficient (SE) |
p-value | |
Problematic substance use (Y/N) | 0.35 (0.91) | 0.698 | −113.00 (151.19) | 0.456 | 56.30 (30.21) | 0.065 |
BPRS Positive symptoms | 0.35 (0.45) | 0.439 | −11.01 (16.23) | 0.499 | −13.93 (14.78) | 0.348 |
BPRS negative symptoms | −0.45 (0.38) | 0.230 | 19.83 (13.97) | 0.159 | 17.70 (12.71) | 0.166 |
BPRS agitation mania | 0.56 (0.51) | 0.277 | −34.80 (19.49) | 0.077 | −35.55 (17.35) | 0.043 |
BPRS anxiety/depressive symptoms | −0.88 (0.43) | 0.042 | −20.58 (15.24) | 0.180 | −19.15 (14.18) | 0.180 |
GAF-S | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.027 | 3.46 (3.38) | 0.308 | −2.45 (2.36) | 0.301 |
GAF-F | −0.12 (0.08) | 0.151 | −9.18 (4.38) | 0.037 | −0.68 (2.80) | 0.809 |
PSF | – | – | 15.02 (11.40) | 0.191 | 8.68 (10.16) | 0.395 |
Age | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.819 | −1.95 (1.56) | 0.214 | −0.46 (1.45) | 0.754 |
Gender | −0.58 (0.89) | 0.514 | 51.78 (32.46) | 0.114 | 53.40 (29.41) | 0.072 |
Problematic substance use*GAF-S | −8.25 (4.52) | 0.071* | ||||
Problematic substance use*GAF-F | 12.31 (5.77) | 0.035* |