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Zurück zum Zitat Seeman E (1997) From density to structure: growing up and growing old on the surfaces of bone. J Bone Miner Res 12:1–13CrossRef Seeman E (1997) From density to structure: growing up and growing old on the surfaces of bone. J Bone Miner Res 12:1–13CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Khosla S, Riggs BL, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, McDaniel LJ, Holets M, Peterson JM, Melton LJ 3rd (2006) Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment. J Bone Miner Res 21(1):124–131, JanPubMedCrossRef Khosla S, Riggs BL, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, McDaniel LJ, Holets M, Peterson JM, Melton LJ 3rd (2006) Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment. J Bone Miner Res 21(1):124–131, JanPubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3rd, Robb RA, Camp JJ, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, Rouleau PA, McCollough CH, Khosla S, Bouxsein ML (2006) Population-based analysis of the relationship of whole bone strength indices and fall-related loads to age- and sex-specific patterns of hip and wrist fractures. JBMR 21:315–323CrossRef Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3rd, Robb RA, Camp JJ, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, Rouleau PA, McCollough CH, Khosla S, Bouxsein ML (2006) Population-based analysis of the relationship of whole bone strength indices and fall-related loads to age- and sex-specific patterns of hip and wrist fractures. JBMR 21:315–323CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD (2005) In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6508–6515PubMedCrossRef Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD (2005) In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6508–6515PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Aaron JE, Makins NB, Sagreiy K (1987) The microanatomy of trabecular bone loss in normal aging men and women. Clin Orthop Relat Res 215:260–271PubMed Aaron JE, Makins NB, Sagreiy K (1987) The microanatomy of trabecular bone loss in normal aging men and women. Clin Orthop Relat Res 215:260–271PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Meunier PJ, Sellami S, Briancon D, Edouard C (1990) Histological heterogeneity of apparently idiopathic osteoporosis. In: Deluca HF, Frost HM, Jee WSS, Johnston CC, Parfitt AM (eds) Osteoporosis. Recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment. UPP, Baltimore, pp 293–301 Meunier PJ, Sellami S, Briancon D, Edouard C (1990) Histological heterogeneity of apparently idiopathic osteoporosis. In: Deluca HF, Frost HM, Jee WSS, Johnston CC, Parfitt AM (eds) Osteoporosis. Recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment. UPP, Baltimore, pp 293–301

Zurück zum Zitat Kalender WA, Felsenberg D, Louis O, Lopez O, Lopez P, Klotz E, Osteaux M, Fraga J (1989) Reference values for trabecular and cortical vertebral bone density in single and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 9:75–80PubMed Kalender WA, Felsenberg D, Louis O, Lopez O, Lopez P, Klotz E, Osteaux M, Fraga J (1989) Reference values for trabecular and cortical vertebral bone density in single and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 9:75–80PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, Barrett-Connor E, Miller PD, Wehren LE, Berger ML (2004) Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med 164:1108–1112PubMedCrossRef Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, Barrett-Connor E, Miller PD, Wehren LE, Berger ML (2004) Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med 164:1108–1112PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Pasco JA, Seeman E, Henry MJ, Merriman EN, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA (2006) The population burden of fractures originates in women with osteopenia, not osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int (in press, accepted 30/03/2006) Pasco JA, Seeman E, Henry MJ, Merriman EN, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA (2006) The population burden of fractures originates in women with osteopenia, not osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int (in press, accepted 30/03/2006)

Zurück zum Zitat Nordin BE (1997) Calcium and osteoporosis. Nutrition 13:664–686PubMedCrossRef Nordin BE (1997) Calcium and osteoporosis. Nutrition 13:664–686PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Heaney RP (2000) Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr 19(2 Suppl):83S–99SPubMed Heaney RP (2000) Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr 19(2 Suppl):83S–99SPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Matkovic V, Landoll JD, Badenhop-Stevens NE, Ha EY, Crncevic-Orlic Z, Li B, Goel P (2004) Nutrition influences skeletal development from childhood to adulthood: a study of hip, spine, and forearm in adolescent females. J Nutr 134:701S–705SPubMed Matkovic V, Landoll JD, Badenhop-Stevens NE, Ha EY, Crncevic-Orlic Z, Li B, Goel P (2004) Nutrition influences skeletal development from childhood to adulthood: a study of hip, spine, and forearm in adolescent females. J Nutr 134:701S–705SPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, De Laet C, Johnell O, Eisman JA, Mc Closkey E, Mellstrom D, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) A meta-analysis of milk intake and fracture risk: low utility for case finding. Osteoporos Int 16:799–804PubMedCrossRef Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, De Laet C, Johnell O, Eisman JA, Mc Closkey E, Mellstrom D, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) A meta-analysis of milk intake and fracture risk: low utility for case finding. Osteoporos Int 16:799–804PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Kanis JA, Passmore R (1989) Calcium supplementation of the diet—I. BMJ 298:137–140PubMedCrossRef Kanis JA, Passmore R (1989) Calcium supplementation of the diet—I. BMJ 298:137–140PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Lanou AJ, Berkow SE, Barnard ND (2005) Calcium, dairy products, and bone health in children and young adults: a reevaluation of the evidence. Pediatrics 115:736–743PubMedCrossRef Lanou AJ, Berkow SE, Barnard ND (2005) Calcium, dairy products, and bone health in children and young adults: a reevaluation of the evidence. Pediatrics 115:736–743PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D, for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354(7):669–683, Feb 16PubMedCrossRef Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D, for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354(7):669–683, Feb 16PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Finkelstein JS (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women—bone appétit? N Engl J Med 354(7):750–752, Feb 16PubMedCrossRef Finkelstein JS (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women—bone appétit? N Engl J Med 354(7):750–752, Feb 16PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Delmas PD (2002) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 359:2018PubMedCrossRef Delmas PD (2002) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 359:2018PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC, Adami S, Compston J, Phenekos C, Devogelaer JP, Curiel MD, Sawicki A, Goemaere S, Sorensen OH, Felsenberg D, Meunier PJ (2005) Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of non vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: TReatment Of Peripheral OSsteoporosis (TROPOS) Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2816–2822PubMedCrossRef Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC, Adami S, Compston J, Phenekos C, Devogelaer JP, Curiel MD, Sawicki A, Goemaere S, Sorensen OH, Felsenberg D, Meunier PJ (2005) Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of non vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: TReatment Of Peripheral OSsteoporosis (TROPOS) Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2816–2822PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Eriksen EF, Hodgson SF, Eastell R, Cedel SL, O’Fallon WM, Riggs BL (1990) Cancellous bone remodeling in type I (postmenopausal) osteoporosis: quantitative assessment of rates of formation, resorption, and bone loss at tissue and cellular levels. J Bone Miner Res 5:311–319PubMedCrossRef Eriksen EF, Hodgson SF, Eastell R, Cedel SL, O’Fallon WM, Riggs BL (1990) Cancellous bone remodeling in type I (postmenopausal) osteoporosis: quantitative assessment of rates of formation, resorption, and bone loss at tissue and cellular levels. J Bone Miner Res 5:311–319PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Ciarelli TE, Fyhrie DP, Parfitt AM (2003) Effects of vertebral bone fragility and bone formation rate on the mineralization levels of cancellous bone from white females. Bone 32:311–315PubMedCrossRef Ciarelli TE, Fyhrie DP, Parfitt AM (2003) Effects of vertebral bone fragility and bone formation rate on the mineralization levels of cancellous bone from white females. Bone 32:311–315PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Qui S, Rao RD, Saroj I, Sudhaker 1, Palnitkar S, Parfitt AM (2003) Reduced iliac cancellous osteocyte density in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res 18:1657–1663CrossRef Qui S, Rao RD, Saroj I, Sudhaker 1, Palnitkar S, Parfitt AM (2003) Reduced iliac cancellous osteocyte density in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res 18:1657–1663CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, Bolognese MA, Woodson GC, Moffett AH, Peacock M, Miller PD, Lederman SN, Chesnut CH, Lain D, Kivitz AJ, Holloway DL, Zhang C, Peterson MC, Bekker PJ, AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group (2006) Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 354(8):821–831, Feb 23PubMedCrossRef McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, Bolognese MA, Woodson GC, Moffett AH, Peacock M, Miller PD, Lederman SN, Chesnut CH, Lain D, Kivitz AJ, Holloway DL, Zhang C, Peterson MC, Bekker PJ, AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group (2006) Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 354(8):821–831, Feb 23PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Whyte M (2006) N Engl J Med 354(8):860–863, Feb 23PubMedCrossRef Whyte M (2006) N Engl J Med 354(8):860–863, Feb 23PubMedCrossRef