Background
Housing and family characteristics
Food security and gender equality
Education and health behavior
Health and hygiene
Working status of the adolescent girls
Scenario in Pakistan’s perspective
Methods
Data collection
Anthropometric measurements
Socioeconomic, demographic and health data
Results
Housing and family characteristics
Family income and expenditures
Variable | Level | Frequency | Percentage | Fisher Exact value |
P- value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of rooms in the house | 1 | 59 | 52.7 | 2.668 | .085 |
2 | 25 | 22.3 | |||
3–4 | 28 | 25 | |||
No of washrooms | 1 | 82 | 73.2 | 2.859 | .083 |
2 | 26 | 23.2 | |||
3 | 4 | 3.6 | |||
Ownership of the home | Owned by the family | 59 | 52.7 | 6.683 | .007 |
Rented | 45 | 40.2 | |||
other | 8 | 7.1 | |||
Occupation of the head of family | Laborer | 65 | 58 | 3.435 | .053 |
Office Worker | 14 | 12.5 | |||
Salesman | 11 | 9.8 | |||
Driver | 11 | 9.8 | |||
Other | 11 | 9.8 | |||
No. of family members at home | Upto4 | 3 | 2.7 | 1.772 | .153 |
5–8 | 84 | 77 | |||
9–12 | 22 | 21.3 | |||
Ordinal position among siblings | 1 | 27 | 24.1 | - | - |
2 | 22 | 19.6 | |||
3 | 18 | 16.1 | |||
4 | 22 | 19.6 | |||
5 | 11 | 9.8 | |||
6 | 6 | 5.4 | |||
7 | 4 | 3.6 | |||
9 | 2 | 1.8 | |||
Type of family structure | Nuclear | 81 | 72.3% | .417 | .521 |
Joint | 31 | 27.7% | |||
Number Of Working Family Members | 1 | 29 | 25.9 | 1.038 | .275 |
2 | 32 | 28.6 | |||
3 | 30 | 26.8 | |||
4 | 16 | 14.3 | |||
5 | 5 | 4.5 | |||
Average household income/month | Rs 4000–12,000 | 31 | 27.7% | 2.480 | .092 |
Rs13000–15,000 | 32 | 30.3% | |||
Rs 16,000–20,000 | 25 | 22.4% | |||
Rs 25,000–60,000 | 22 | 19.6% | |||
Per capita income | Up to Rs54/day | 27 | 25 | .157 | .684 |
Up to Rs80/day | 24 | 22.3 | |||
Up to Rs 100/day | 32 | 28.6 | |||
Up to Rs 167/day | 27 | 24.1 | |||
Expenditure other than food | Bills | 73 | 65.2 | .121 | .689 |
Rent | 24 | 21.4 | |||
Medicines | 6 | 5.4 | |||
Education fees | 2 | 1.8 | |||
Other | 7 | 6.3 |
Personal and Educational characteristics of the participants
Variable | Level | Frequency | Percentage | Fisher Exact value |
P- value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Participant | 13–15 | 51 | 45.5 | 1.245 | .249 |
16–19 | 61 | 54.5 | |||
Currently in education | Yes | 48 | 42.9 | 2.542 | .087 |
No | 64 | 57.1 | |||
Highest level of education of participant | Class 5 | 31 | 27.7 | 6.078 | .009 |
Class 8 | 25 | 22.3 | |||
Class 10 | 20 | 17.9 | |||
Intermediate | 6 | 5.4 | |||
Masters | 1 | .9 | |||
Not educated | 29 | 25.9 | |||
Highest level of participant’s father’s education | Class 5 | 27 | 24.1 | 8.305 | .002 |
Class 8 | 14 | 12.5 | |||
Class 10 | 19 | 17.0 | |||
Intermediate | 1 | .9 | |||
Masters | 1 | .9 | |||
Not educated | 50 | 44.6 | |||
Highest level of participant’s mother’s education | Class 5 | 24 | 21.4 | 6.078 | .009 |
Class 8 | 8 | 7.1 | |||
Class 10 | 4 | 3.6 | |||
Bachelors | 3 | 2.7 | |||
Not educated | 73 | 65.2 |
Health status and hygiene practices of the participants
Variable | Level | Frequency | Percentage | Fisher Exact value |
P- value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | Normal | 38 | 33.9 | 2.8 | .26 |
Underweight | 65 | 58.0 | |||
Overweight | 9 | 8.0 | |||
Health status at birth | Healthy | 87 | 77.7 | .208 | .646 |
Weak | 25 | 22.3 | |||
History of illness over the past 6 months | Yes | 65 | 58.0 | .475 | .440 |
No | 47 | 42.0 | |||
Details of illness that occurred in the past 6 months | Dengue | 12 | 10.7 | - | - |
Gastro Intestinal Tract | 12 | 10.7 | |||
Throat and Chest | 24 | 21.4 | |||
Other | 17 | 15.1 | |||
not fallen ill | 47 | 42.0 | |||
Frequency of illness | Weekly | 38 | 33.9 | 7.024 | .005 |
Monthly | 36 | 32.1 | |||
Twice a year | 38 | 33.9 | |||
General health | Lethargy | 23 | 20.5 | .475 | .440 |
Shortness of breath | 12 | 10.7 | |||
Both | 60 | 53.6 | |||
Neither | 17 | 15.2 | |||
Frequency of baths | Weekly | 28 | 25.0 | 3.549 | .047 |
Twice a week | 44 | 39.3 | |||
Thrice a week | 39 | 34.8 | |||
Daily | 1 | .9 | |||
Regularity of periods | Yes | 103 | 92.0 | .000 | 1.000 |
No | 9 | 8.0 | |||
Type of sanitary napkin usage | Cloth | 86 | 76.8 | .885 | .255 |
Pad | 14 | 12.5 | |||
Both | 12 | 10.7 | |||
Reuse of sanitary napkin | No | 62 | 55.4 | 6.233 | .012 |
Yes | 50 | 44.6 | |||
How sanitary napkin is cleaned | Wash with Soap | 50 | 44.6 | - | - |
Wash without soap | 3 | 2.7 | |||
Does not reuse | 59 | 52.7 |
Food security and gender equality
Variable | Level | Frequency | Percentage | Fisher Exact value |
P- value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food bought not lasting | Yes | 81 | 72.3 | 1.136 | .209 |
No | 31 | 27.7 | |||
Frequency of food shortage | Every month | 38 | 33.9 | .050 | .690 |
Some months | 42 | 37.5 | |||
Never | 32 | 28.6 | |||
Who is served meals first in the family | Father | 83 | 74.1 | - | - |
Mother | 16 | 14.3 | |||
Brother | 10 | 8.9 | |||
Sister | 1 | .9 | |||
You | 2 | 1.8 | |||
Are you served the same food as your brothers | Yes | 106 | 94.6 | .000 | .694 |
No | 6 | 5.4 | |||
Is food saved for you if you skip meals | Yes | 89 | 79.5 | .415 | .465 |
No | 21 | 18.8 | |||
Doesn’t go out | 1 | .9 | |||
sometimes but not always | 1 | .9 |
Variable | OR | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | AOR | 95% C.I for EXP(B) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Sig. | |||
Work status | 2.48 | 1.147 | 5.380 | 2.062 | .284 | 14.990 | .475 |
Student or not | 2.000 | 0.931 | 4.297 | .125 | .016 | .962 | .046 |
Menstruation period regularity | 0.896 | 0.227 | 3.532 | .787 | .098 | 6.309 | .822 |
Frequency of illness | 3.194 | 1.418 | 7.198 | 8.028 | 1.959 | 32.900 | .004 |
Age category | 1.661 | .775 | 3.564 | 1.495 | .529 | 4.224 | .448 |
Number of rooms | 2.025 | .945 | 4.339 | .349 | .071 | 1.712 | .194 |
Number of washrooms | 2.267 | .968 | 5.306 | 1.465 | .301 | 7.127 | .636 |
House ownership | 3.002 | 1.367 | 6.596 | 6.103 | 1.610 | 23.132 | .008 |
Fathers’ occupation | 2.221 | 1.029 | 4.795 | 2.796 | .814 | 9.604 | .103 |
Earning members of family | .586 | .250 | 1.373 | 1.024 | .197 | 5.326 | .978 |
Average household income | 2.379 | .919 | 6.156 | 4.791 | .791 | 29.031 | .088 |
Expenses other than food | .801 | .362 | 1.771 | .846 | .218 | 3.280 | .809 |
Transport expenditure | .376 | .126 | 1.122 | .287 | .039 | 2.137 | .223 |
Food insecurity | 1.720 | .747 | 3.965 | 1.859 | .450 | 7.672 | .392 |
Frequency of food shortage | .842 | .382 | 1.856 | .166 | .036 | .765 | .021 |
Served same food | .710 | .137 | 3.682 | 1.772 | .118 | 26.524 | .679 |
Food saved for the participant | 1.569 | .579 | 4.252 | .968 | .202 | 4.637 | .968 |
Fathers’ education | 3.456 | 1.544 | 7.737 | 2.282 | .664 | 7.846 | .191 |
Mothers’ education | 2.935 | 1.314 | 6.554 | .802 | .206 | 3.122 | .750 |
Health status at birth | 1.379 | .549 | 3.460 | 1.109 | .235 | 5.243 | .896 |
Six months health history | 1.408 | .658 | 3.011 | .325 | .076 | 1.382 | .128 |
Type of family structure | .688 | .292 | 1.619 | .120 | .023 | .616 | .011 |
Sanitary napkin | .496 | .160 | 1.540 | 1.099 | .191 | 6.330 | .916 |
Reuse of sanitary napkin | .342 | .155 | .756 | .532 | .082 | 3.442 | .508 |
Bath frequency | 2.298 | 1.043 | 5.061 | 2.071 | .569 | 7.534 | .269 |
Per capita income | .784 | .354 | 1.736 | .162 | .030 | .879 | .035 |
Food expenditure out of total budget | .469 | .179 | 1.227 | .550 | .101 | 2.981 | .488 |
Variable | OR | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | AOR | 95% C.I for EXP(B) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Sig. | |||
Frequency of illness | 3.194 | 1.418 | 7.198 | 2.996 | 1.198 | 7.491 | .019 |
House ownership | 3.002 | 1.367 | 6.596 | 3.513 | 1.366 | 9.031 | .009 |
Average household income | 2.379 | .919 | 6.156 | 2.901 | .975 | 8.630 | .055 |
Frequency of food shortage | .842 | .382 | 1.856 | .431 | .164 | 1.133 | .088 |
Fathers’ education | 3.456 | 1.544 | 7.737 | 2.941 | 1.187 | 7.287 | .020 |
Type of Family structure | .688 | .292 | 1.619 | .411 | .145 | 1.168 | .095 |
Constant | 470.844 | .003 |