nach oben

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Erschienen in:

Open Access 31.01.2019 | Original Paper

How effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review

verfasst von: Eva Hoch, Dominik Niemann, Rupert von Keller, Miriam Schneider, Chris M. Friemel, Ulrich W. Preuss, Alkomiet Hasan, Oliver Pogarell

Erschienen in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | Ausgabe 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

We conducted a review of systematic reviews (SRs) and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) to analyze efficacy and safety of cannabis-based medication in patients with mental disorders. Five data bases were systematically searched (2006—August 2018); 4 SRs (of 11 RCTs) and 14 RCTs (1629 participants) were included. Diagnoses were: dementia, cannabis and opioid dependence, psychoses/schizophrenia, general social anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette`s disorder. Outcome variables were too heterogeneous to conduct a meta-analysis. A narrative synthesis method was applied. The study quality was assessed using the risk-of-bias tool and SIGN-checklists. THC- and CBD-based medicines, given as adjunct to pharmaco- and psychotherapy, were associated with improvements of several symptoms of mental disorders, but not with remission. Side effects occurred, but severe adverse effects were mentioned in single cases only. In order to provide reliable treatment recommendations, more and larger RCTs with follow-up assessments, consistent outcome measures and active comparisons are needed.

Ahmed AI, van den Elsen GA, Colbers A, Kramers C, Burger DM, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MG (2015) Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of multiple oral doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in older persons with dementia. Psychopharmacology 232:2587–2595CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Allsop DJ, Copeland J, Lintzeris N, Dunlop AJ, Montebello M, Sadler C, Rivas GR, Holland RM, Muhleisen P, Norberg MM, Booth J, McGregor IS (2014) Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71:281–291CrossRefPubMed

American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC

American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association: Arlington, VACrossRef

Andries A, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Stoving RK (2015) Changes in IGF-I, urinary free cortisol and adipokines during dronabinol therapy in anorexia nervosa: results from a randomised, controlled trial. Growth Horm IGF Res 25:247–252CrossRefPubMed

Andries A, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Støving RK (2014) Dronabinol in severe, enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 47:18–23CrossRefPubMed

Andries A, Gram B, Stoving RK (2015) Effect of dronabinol therapy on physical activity in anorexia nervosa: a randomised, controlled trial. Eat Weight Disord 20:13–21CrossRefPubMed

Ashton CH (2018) Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. Br J Psychiatry 178:101–106CrossRef

Atakan Z (2012) Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals. Therap Adv Psychopharmacol 2:241–254CrossRef

10.

August SM, Kiwanuka JN, McMahon RP, Gold JM (2012) The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB): clinical and cognitive correlates. Schizophrenia Res 134:76–82CrossRef

11.

Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, de Oliveira DC, De Martinis BS, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J, Roesler R, Schroder N, Nardi AE, Martin-Santos R, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA (2011) Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:1219–1226CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Bisaga A, Sullivan MA, Glass A, Mishlen K, Pavlicova M, Haney M, Raby WN, Levin FR, Carpenter KM, Mariani JJ, Nunes EV (2015) The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone. Drug Alcohol Depend 154:38–45CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Bisogno T, MacCarrone M, De Petrocellis L, Jarrahian A, Finazzi- Agro A, Hillard C, Di Marzo V (2001): The uptake by cells of 2- arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors.Eur J Biochem 268:1982–1989CrossRefPubMed

14.

Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM (1995) The development of a clinician-administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 8:75–90CrossRefPubMed

15.

Boggs DL, Kelly DL, McMahon RP, Gold JM, Gorelick DA, Linthicum J, Conley RR, Liu F, Waltz J, Huestis MA, Buchanan RW (2012) Rimonabant for neurocognition in schizophrenia: a 16-week double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Schizophr Res 134:207–210CrossRefPubMed

16.

Boggs DL, Surti T, Gupta A, Gupta S, Niciu M, Pittman B, Martin AMS, Thurnauer H, Davies A, D’Souza DC, Ranganathan M (2018) The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 235:1923–1932CrossRefPubMed

17.

Busner J, Targum SD (2007) The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 4:28–37

18.

Cooper RE, Williams E, Seegobin S, Tye C, Kuntsi J, Asherson P (2017) Cannabinoids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomised-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 27:795–808CrossRefPubMed

19.

Crowe A, Lyness KP (2013) Family functioning, coping, and distress in families with serious mental illness. Fam J 22:186–197CrossRef

20.

Di Marzo V, Melck D, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L (1998) Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action. Trends Neurosci 21:521–528CrossRefPubMed

21.

Di Marzo V, Petrosino S (2007) Endocannabinoids and the regulation of their levels in health and disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 18:129–140CrossRefPubMed

22.

Fattore L (2015) Preface. In: Fattore L (ed) Cannabinoids in neurologic and mental disease, Academic Press, San Diego, p xviiCrossRef

23.

Fowler CJ, Rojo ML, Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi A (2010) Modulation of the endocannabinoid system: Neuroprotection or neurotoxicity? Exp Neurol 224:37–47CrossRefPubMed

24.

Gaetani S, Dipasquale P, Romano A, Righetti L, Cassano T, Piomelli D, Cuomo V (2009) The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Int Rev Neurobiol 85:57–72CrossRefPubMed

25.

GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390:1260–1344CrossRef

26.

Grotenhermen F, Muller-Vahl K (2012) The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int 109:495–501

27.

Hall W, Renström M, Poznyak V (2016) The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization, Geneva

28.

Hay P, Touyz S (2015) Treatment of patients with severe and enduring eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 28:473–477CrossRefPubMed

29.

Higgins JPT, Green S (2011) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, London

30.

Hill MN, Tasker JG (2012) Endocannabinoid signaling, glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback and regulation of the HPA axis. Neuroscience 204:5–16CrossRefPubMed

31.

Hoch E, Friemel C, Schneider M (2018) Cannabis: Potenzial und Risiko [Cannabis: Potential and Risks]. Springer, Heidelberg

32.

Hoch E, Bonnet U, Thomasius R, Ganzer F, Havemann-Reinecke U, Preuss UW (2015) Risks associated with the non-medicinal use of cannabis. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 112:271–278PubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Hofmann SG, DiBartolo PM (2000) An instrument to assess self-statements during public speaking: scale development and preliminary psychometric properties. Behav Therap 31:499–515CrossRef

34.

Huestis MA (2007) Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chem Biodivers 4:1770–1804CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Ibarra-Lecue I, Pilar-Cuellar F, Muguruza C, Florensa-Zanuy E, Diaz A, Uriguen L, Castro E, Pazos A, Callado LF (2018) The endocannabinoid system in mental disorders: evidence from human brain studies. Biochem Pharmacol

36.

Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D (2015) The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: a preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51:585–588CrossRefPubMed

37.

Jicha CJ, Lofwall MR, Nuzzo PA, Babalonis S, Elayi SC, Walsh SL (2015) Safety of oral dronabinol during opioid withdrawal in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 157:179–183CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Karanian DA, Bahr BA (2006) Cannabinoid drugs and enhancement of endocannabinoid responses: strategies for a wide array of disease states. Curr Mol Med 6:677–684CrossRefPubMed

39.

Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261–276CrossRefPubMed

40.

Keefe RS, Goldberg TE, Harvey PD, Gold JM, Poe MP, Coughenour L (2004) The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr Res 68:283–297CrossRefPubMed

41.

Keefe RS, Poe M, Walker TM, Harvey PD (2006) The relationship of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to functional capacity and real-world functional outcome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 28:260–269CrossRefPubMed

42.

Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Brooks DJ, Pavlicova M, Cheng W, Nunes EV (2011) Dronabinol for the treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 116:142–150CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, Brooks D, Glass A, Mahony A, Nunes EV, Bisaga A, Dakwar E, Carpenter KM, Sullivan MA, Choi JC (2016) Dronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 159:53–60CrossRefPubMed

44.

Leweke FM, Koethe D (2008) Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction. Addict Biol 13:264–275CrossRefPubMed

45.

Leweke FM, Mueller JK, Lange B, Rohleder C (2016) Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 79:604–612CrossRefPubMed

46.

Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, Muhl D, Gerth CW, Hoyer C, Klosterkotter J, Hellmich M, Koethe D (2012) Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2:e94CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, Gulmezoglu M, Noyes J, Booth A, Garside R, Rashidian A (2015) Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). PLoS Med 12:e1001895CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Lofwall MR, Babalonis S, Nuzzo PA, Elayi SC, Walsh SL (2016) Opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral dronabinol in opioid dependent humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 164:143–150CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Lu H-C, Mackie K (2016) An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System. Biol Psychiatry 79:516–525CrossRefPubMed

50.

Maroon J, Bost J (2018) Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int 9:91CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, Vasile D, Morrison PD, Barron R, Taylor A, Wright S (2018) Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 175:225–231CrossRefPubMed

52.

Mechoulam R, Hanus L (2000) A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids. Chem Phys Lipids 108:1–13CrossRefPubMed

53.

Mechoulam R, Parker LA (2013) The endocannabinoid system and the brain. Annu Rev Psychol 64:21–47CrossRefPubMed

54.

Mechoulam R, Peters M, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Hanus LO (2007) Cannabidiol–recent advances. Chem Biodivers 4:1678–1692CrossRefPubMed

55.

Meltzer HY, Arvanitis L, Bauer D, Rein W (2004) Placebo-controlled evaluation of four novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161:975–984CrossRefPubMed

56.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Morales P, Hurst DP, Reggio PH (2017) Molecular targets of the phytocannabinoids-a complex picture. Progress Chem Org Nat Product 103:103–131CrossRef

58.

Moreira FA, Lutz B (2008) The endocannabinoid system: emotion, learning and addiction. Addict Biol 13:196–212CrossRefPubMed

59.

Mucke M, Carter C, Cuhls H, Pruss M, Radbruch L, Hauser W (2016) Cannabinoids in palliative care: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety. [German] Schmerz 30:25–36CrossRefPubMed

60.

Muller-Vahl KR, Koblenz A, Jobges M, Kolbe H, Emrich HM, Schneider U (2001) Influence of treatment of Tourette syndrome with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on neuropsychological performance. Pharmacopsychiatry 34:19–24CrossRefPubMed

61.

Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, Jobges M, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM (2002) Treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 35:57–61CrossRefPubMed

62.

Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, Theloe K, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM (2003) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry 64:459–465CrossRefPubMed

63.

National Academies of Sciences and Medicine (2017) The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: current state of evidence and recommendations for research. The National Academies Press, Washington

64.

National Research C, Institute of Medicine Committee on the Prevention of Mental D, Substance Abuse Among Children Y, Young Adults: Research A, Promising I (2009) The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: O’Connell ME, Boat T, Warner KE (eds) Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: progress and possibilities. National Academies Press (US)

65.

OCEBM (2011) Levels of evidence working group. The oxford levels of evidence, 2 edn. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653

66.

Overall JE, Gorham DR (1962) The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 10:799–812CrossRef

67.

Parolaro D, Realini N, Vigano D, Guidali C, Rubino T (2010) The endocannabinoid system and psychiatric disorders. Exp Neurol 224:3–14CrossRefPubMed

68.

Parsons LH, Hurd YL (2015) Endocannabinoid signalling in reward and addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 16:579–594CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Pertwee RG (2008) The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol 153:199–215CrossRefPubMed

70.

Pertwee RG (2009) Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines. Br J Pharmacol 156:397–411CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Pouwer F, van der Ploeg HM, Ader HJ, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ (1999) The 12-item well-being questionnaire. An evaluation of its validity and reliability in Dutch people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 22:2004–2010CrossRefPubMed

72.

RodrÍGuez de Fonseca, F, Del Arco I, Bermudez-Silva FJ, Bilbao A, Cippitelli A, Navarro M (2005) The endocannabinoid system: physiology and pharmacology. Alcohol Alcohol 40:2–14CrossRef

73.

Rubino T, Zamberletti E, Parolaro D (2015) Endocannabinoids and mental disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 231:261–283CrossRefPubMed

74.

Sanofi (2009) Efficacy and safety of AVE1625 as a co-treatment with antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia (CONNECT)

75.

Scarante FF, Vila-Verde C, Detoni VL, Ferreira-Junior NC, Guimaraes FS, Campos AC (2017) Cannabinoid modulation of the stressed hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 10:411CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

SIGN (2015) Scottisch intercollegiate guidelines network 50 methodology checklist. Edinburgh, United Kingdom

77.

Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D (2014) The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. Int J Epidemiol 43:476–493CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Thiel A, Paul T (2006) Test-retest reliability of the eating disorder inventory 2. J Psychosomat Res 61:567–569CrossRef

79.

Trigo JM, Lagzdins D, Rehm J, Selby P, Gamaleddin I, Fischer B, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA, Le Foll B (2016) Effects of fixed or self-titrated dosages of Sativex on cannabis withdrawal and cravings. Drug Alcohol Depend 161:298–306CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Trigo JM, Soliman A, Quilty LC, Fischer B, Rehm J, Selby P, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA, George TP, Streiner DL, Staios G, Le Foll B (2018) Nabiximols combined with motivational enhancement/cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of cannabis dependence: A pilot randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 13:e0190768CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

University of Cologne (2008) A clinical trial on the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00309413?cond=Cannabidiol%26rank=67. Accessed 21 Jan 2015

82.

van den Elsen GA, Ahmed AI, Verkes RJ, Feuth T, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MG (2015) Tetrahydrocannabinol in behavioral disturbances in dementia: a crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 23:1214–1224CrossRef

83.

van den Elsen GAH, Ahmed AIA, Jan Verkes R, Kramers K, Feuth T, Olde Rikkert MGM, Van Der Marck MA (2015) Efficacy and safety of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in behavioral disturbances in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer’s Dement 1:P469–P470CrossRef

84.

van den Elsen GAH, Ahmed AIA, Verkes R-J, Kramers C, Feuth T, Rosenberg PB, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MGM (2015) Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 84:2338–2346CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ (1997) Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 12:913–919CrossRef

86.

Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SR (2014) Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med 370:2219–2227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Walkup JT, Rosenberg LA, Brown J, Singer HS (1992) The validity of instruments measuring tic severity in Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry 31:472–477CrossRef

88.

Wewers ME, Lowe NK (1990) A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health 13:227–236CrossRefPubMed

89.

Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Degenhardt L, Feigin V, Vos T (2015) The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One 10:e0116820CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S, Hernandez AV, Keurentjes JC, Lang S, Misso K, Ryder S, Schmidlkofer S, Westwood M, Kleijnen J (2015) Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 313:2456–2473CrossRefPubMed

91.

Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, Jennum P, Lieb R, Maercker A, van Os J, Preisig M, Salvador-Carulla L, Simon R, Steinhausen HC (2011) The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21:655–679CrossRefPubMed

92.

World Drug Report (2018) United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9

93.

World Health Organization (2004) ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems/World Health Organization. World Health Organization, Geneva

Titel: How effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review
verfasst von: Eva Hoch
Dominik Niemann
Rupert von Keller
Miriam Schneider
Chris M. Friemel
Ulrich W. Preuss
Alkomiet Hasan
Oliver Pogarell
Publikationsdatum: 31.01.2019
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0940-1334
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-8491
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00984-4

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

18.04.2024 | Arterielle Hypertonie | Nachrichten

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

How effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Antihypertensiva schützen auch alte Menschen noch vor Demenz

Delir kann Demenz begünstigen

Zunahme von Geschlechtsinkongruenz und -dysphorie registriert

Vitiligo: Prävalenz steigt und viele Erkrankte werden spät behandelt

Update Psychiatrie

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2019

An update on cannabis use disorder with comment on the impact of policy related to therapeutic and recreational cannabis use

A randomised controlled trial of vaporised Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination in frequent and infrequent cannabis users: acute intoxication effects

New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008–2017)

Is cannabidiol the ideal drug to treat non-motor Parkinson’s disease symptoms?

Cannabis and mental illness: a review

Cannabis use and mental health: risks and benefits

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Antihypertensiva schützen auch alte Menschen noch vor Demenz

Delir kann Demenz begünstigen

Zunahme von Geschlechtsinkongruenz und -dysphorie registriert

Vitiligo: Prävalenz steigt und viele Erkrankte werden spät behandelt

Update Psychiatrie