Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection and measurements
Data collection
Blood pressure measurement
Waist circumference measurement and body mass index calculation
Blood sample and biochemistry test
Transthoracic echocardiography evaluation
Definitions
Components | Criteria |
---|---|
Elevated WC | ≥ 102 cm (Male); ≥ 88 cm (Female) |
Elevated TG | > 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) |
Reduced HDL-C | < 40 mg/dL or 1.04 mmol/L (Male) < 50 mg/dL or 1.29 mmol/L (Female) |
Hypertension or elevated BP | ≥130/85 mmHg |
Diabetes or elevated FPG | ≥ 5.6 mmol/L |
LVM (g) = 1.04 × [(LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD)* + end-diastolic interventricular septum thickness (IVSd)# + end-diastolic LV posterior wall septum thickness (PWd)$)3-(LVEDD)3]-13.6 | |
* LVEDD is the end-diastolic LV internal diameter; # IVSd is the ventricular septal thickness; $ PWd is the posterior LV wall thickness |
Results
Variables | Overall (n = 6837) | MetS (−) (n = 4177) | MetS (+) (n = 2660) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HHcy (−)0 (n = 2413) | HHcy (+)1 (n = 1764) | HHcy (−)2 (n = 1603) | HHcy (+)3 (n = 1057) | ||
Age, years | 54.42 ± 10.73 | 51.25 ± 9.84 | 56.53 ± 11.69* | 54.37 ± 9.70*# | 58.22 ± 10.40*#^ |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 17.34 ± 12.37 | 11.35 ± 2.39 | 25.63 ± 15.11* | 11.34 ± 2.25# | 26.32 ± 16.01*^ |
Gender, male (%) | 3150(46.1) | 902(37.4) | 1266(71.8)* | 381(23.8)*# | 601(56.9) *#^ |
Diabetes (%) | 696(10.2) | 82(3.4) | 51(2.9) | 350(21.8)*# | 213(20.2)*# |
Hypertension (%) | 3576(52.3) | 841(34.9) | 834(47.3)* | 1095(68.3)*# | 806(76.3)*#^ |
High TC (%) | 874(12.8) | 232(9.6) | 160(9.1) | 273(17.0) *# | 209(19.8)*#^ |
High TG (%) | 1204(17.6) | 105(4.4) | 85(4.8) | 577(36.0)* # | 437(41.3)*#^ |
High LDL-C (%) | 390(5.7) | 93(3.9) | 70(4.0) | 118(7.4) *# | 109(10.3)*# ^ |
Low HDL-C (%) | 791(11.6) | 84(3.5) | 96(5.4)* | 318(19.8)*# | 293(27.7)*# ^ |
Hyperuricemia (%) | 772(11.3) | 116(4.8) | 190(10.8)* | 197(12.3)* | 269(25.4)*# ^ |
Abdominal obesity (%) | 1212(17.7) | 194(8.0) | 88(5.0)* | 638(39.8)*# | 292(27.6)*# ^ |
Body mass index(kg/m2) | 24.79 ± 3.79 | 23.51 ± 3.44 | 23.48 ± 3.30 | 26.85 ± 3.50*# | 26.78 ± 3.48* |
Waist circumference(cm) | 83.52 ± 9.85 | 79.03 ± 8.52 | 80.27 ± 8.43* | 89.14 ± 8.33*# | 90.70 ± 8.64*^ |
Fast glucose (mmol/L) | 5.87 ± 1.73 | 5.44 ± 1.17 | 5.42 ± 0.86 | 6.59 ± 2.35*# | 6.48 ± 2.16* |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.08 ± 1.03 | 4.93 ± 0.95 | 4.95 ± 0.95 | 5.29 ± 1.14*# | 5.31 ± 1.07* |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.65 ± 1.61 | 1.14 ± 1.02 | 1.17 ± 0.74 | 2.39 ± 2.20*# | 2.50 ± 1.90* |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.41 | 1.56 ± 0.38 | 1.55 ± 0.45 | 1.26 ± 0.29*# | 1.24 ± 0.34* |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.83 ± 0.78 | 2.71 ± 0.71 | 2.77 ± 0.73* | 2.96 ± 0.83*# | 3.01 ± 0.84* |
Serum creatinine (mmol/L) | 70.07 ± 21.65 | 65.80 ± 11.81 | 74.84 ± 31.29* | 66.34 ± 15.17# | 77.51 ± 23.96*^ |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142.91 ± 24.58 | 133.8 ± 22.22 | 141.31 ± 24.30* | 149.56 ± 22.47*# | 155.88 ± 24.72*^ |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.73 ± 11.88 | 77.86 ± 10.63 | 80.67 ± 11.75* | 84.86 ± 11.07*# | 87.59 ± 12.41*^ |
Current smoker | 2547(37.3) | 782(32.4) | 922(52.3)* | 401(25.0)*# | 442(41.8)*# ^ |
Current drinker | 1534(22.4) | 506(21.0) | 575(32.6)* | 198(12.4)*# | 255(24.1)*# ^ |
Exercised status (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Low | 1628(23.8) | 455(18.9) | 419(23.8) | 426(26.6) | 328(31.0) |
Moderate | 4772(69.8) | 1819(75.4) | 1250(70.9) | 1043(65.1) | 660(62.4) |
High | 437(6.4) | 139(5.8) | 95(5.4) | 134(8.4) | 69(6.5) |
Educational status | < 0.001 | ||||
Primary school or below | 3383(49.5) | 1065(44.1) | 885(50.2) | 843(52.6) | 590(55.8) |
Middle school | 2844(41.6) | 1140(47.2) | 730(41.4) | 606(37.8) | 368(34.8) |
High school or above | 610(8.9) | 208(8.6) | 149(8.4) | 154(9.6) | 99(9.4) |
MetS (−) | MetS (+) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HHcy (−) | HHcy (+) | HHcy (−) | HHcy (+) | |
End-diastolic LV internal dimension(mm) | 4.61 ± 0.41 | 4.74 ± 0.43* | 4.72 ± 0.42* | 4.85 ± 0.44*#^ |
End-diastolic posterior wall thickness(mm) | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.11* | 0.88 ± 0.12*# | 0.90 ± 0.11*#^ |
End-diastolic interventricular septum(mm) | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 0.89 ± 0.15* | 0.90 ± 0.12*# | 0.94 ± 0.14*#^ |
LV mass(g) | 144.60 ± 38.59 | 162.44 ± 47.21* | 165.74 ± 47.11*# | 181.69 ± 50.27*#^ |
LV mass indexed for BSA(gm−2) | 90.93 ± 22.27 | 99.19 ± 26.93* | 98.77 ± 26.92* | 105.01 ± 28.06*#^ |
LV mass indexed for height2.7(gm-2.7) | 40.96 ± 10.93 | 43.78 ± 13.10* | 47.96 ± 13.94*# | 49.77 ± 14.21*#^ |
Ejection fraction | 63.39 ± 3.98 | 62.667 ± 4.21* | 63.16 ± 3.91# | 62.54 ± 4.42*^ |
Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LVMI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI |
Non-MetS & normal Hcy | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
HHcy & Non-MetS | 1.208* | 1.049–1.391 | 1.201# | 1.025–1.407 | 1.201# | 1.025–1.407 | 1.175# | 1.002–1.377 |
Normal Hcy & MetS | 2.300* | 2.006–2.638 | 1.820* | 1.575–2.103 | 1.817* | 1.572–2.100 | 1.615* | 1.393–1.873 |
MetS & HHcy | 2.284* | 1.957–2.666 | 1.929* | 1.627–2.286 | 1.921* | 1.620–2.278 | 1.628* | 1.364–1.944 |
LVMH2.7 | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI |
Non-MetS & normal Hcy | ref | ref | ref | |||||
HHcy & Non-MetS | 1.760* | 1.494–2.074 | 1.291# | 1.082–1.541 | 1.291# | 1.081–1.541 | 1.248# | 1.044–1.492 |
Normal Hcy & MetS | 3.261* | 2.787–3.815 | 2.974* | 2.528–3.499 | 2.951* | 2.508–3.473 | 2.567* | 2.174–3.032 |
MetS & HHcy | 4.143* | 3.492–4.915 | 3.013* | 2.519–3.603 | 2.960* | 1.084–3.542 | 2.433* | 2.019–2.932 |