Background
Methods
Participants
Anthropometry and laboratory measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of subjects enrolled in the present study
mean ± SD [range or n (%)] | |
---|---|
Age, years | 55 ± 9 (30-74) |
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 24.2 ± 3.0 (14.8-36.5) |
Visceral fat area (VFA), cm2 | 127 ± 54 (3-294) |
Subcutaneous fat area (SFA), cm2 | 136 ± 56 (5-361) |
Blood glucose, mg/dL | 110 ± 18 (78-284) |
Fasting immunoreactive insulin (IRI), μIU/mL | 6.7 ± 4.5 (0.6-42.3) |
HbA1c (NGSP),% | 5.8 ± 0.6 (4.6-10.2) |
Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mmHg | 123 ± 12 (91-174) |
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mmHg | 78 ± 8 (47-100) |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 140 ± 95 (35-871) |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), mg/dL | 56 ± 13 (32-97) |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), mg/dL | 122 ± 28 (39-199) |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), mL/min | 73.7 ± 12.8 (41.9-128.5) |
Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), pg/mL | 10.8 ± 13.0 (2.0-159) |
Smoking (none/ex-/current-smoker) | 131/240/129 |
Diabetes mellitus (under medication) | 24 (17) |
Hypertension (under medication) | 116 (115) |
Dyslipidemia (under medication) | 63 (59) |
Past history of CAD/CVD | 5/3 |
Correlation analysis between plasma BNP levels and measured parameters
Simple (non-adjusted) | Simple (age-adjusted) | Multiple | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
F
value
| |
Age | 0.3688 | < 0.0001 | - | - | |
BMI | -0.1225 | 0.0069 | -0.0080 | 0.0559 | |
VFA | -0.0707 | 0.1037 | -0.0010 | 0.0048 | 0.007 |
SFA | -0.1342 | 0.0025 | -0.0004 | 0.0816 | |
Blood glucose | 0.0837 | 0.0579 | 0.0003 | 0.7088 | |
Log-IRI | -0.2408 | < 0.0001 | -0.2430 | < 0.0001 | 11.771 |
HbA1c | 0.0894 | 0.0527 | 0.0050 | 0.8280 | |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.1304 | 0.0031 | 0.0010 | 0.2595 | |
Diastolic blood pressure | -0.0134 | 0.7650 | 0.0020 | 0.2815 | |
Log-triglyceride | -0.1517 | 0.0007 | -0.1480 | 0.0079 | 0.385 |
HDL-cholesterol | 0.2098 | < 0.0001 | 0.0040 | < 0.0001 | 6.437 |
LDL-cholesterol | -0.1414 | 0.0014 | -0.0010 | 0.0088 | 2.377 |
eGFR | -0.1304 | 0.0035 | -0.0004 | 0.6988 | |
Smoking (ex-+current-) | -0.0088 | 0.8442 | -0.0090 | 0.7565 |
Comparisons of clinical features including plasma BNP levels according to obesity and fat distribution
BMI < 25 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IRI < 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI ≥ 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI < 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI ≥ 5.5 μIU/mL
| |
Age, years | 55 ± 9 | 54 ± 10 | 55 ± 8 | 53 ± 9 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1 ± 1.8 | 23.2 ± 1.2* | 26.2 ± 1.5* | 27.6 ± 2.4†§ |
VFA, cm2 | 94 ± 44 | 131 ± 40* | 144 ± 36* | 171 ± 45†§ |
SFA, cm2 | 103 ± 36 | 127 ± 33* | 154 ± 42* | 191 ± 58†§ |
Blood glucose, mg/dL | 106 ± 15 | 114 ± 20* | 114 ± 33* | 111 ± 13 |
Fasting IRI, μIU/mL | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 7.8 ± 2.6* | 4.5 ± 0.8* | 11.0 ± 5.8†§ |
HbA1c (NGSP),% | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.7* | 6.0 ± 0.9* | 5.8 ± 0.5 |
SBP, mmHg | 120 ± 12 | 124 ± 11* | 126 ± 11* | 125 ± 10 |
DBP, mmHg | 76 ± 8 | 79 ± 7* | 78 ± 14 | 80 ± 7 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 117 ± 88 | 148 ± 99* | 171 ± 112* | 161 ± 89 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 61 ± 13 | 55 ± 12* | 54 ± 8* | 51 ± 11† |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 117 ± 28 | 121 ± 27 | 124 ± 30 | 131 ± 27† |
eGFR, mL/min | 74 ± 13 | 76 ± 13 | 74 ± 11 | 71 ± 13† |
VFA < 100 cm2 | VFA ≥ 100 cm2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IRI < 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI ≥ 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI < 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI ≥ 5.5 μIU/mL
| |
Age, years | 53 ± 11 | 47 ± 12* | 56 ± 8* | 54 ± 9†§ |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.6 ± 2.0 | 23.1 ± 2.5* | 23.9 ± 2.0* | 25.9 ± 2.8†§ |
VFA, cm2 | 63 ± 26 | 72 ± 24 | 139 ± 28* | 162 ± 40†§ |
SFA, cm2 | 92 ± 38 | 114 ± 58* | 129 ± 37* | 167 ± 55†§ |
Blood glucose, mg/dL | 104 ± 14 | 110 ± 14 | 110 ± 23* | 113 ± 17 |
Fasting IRI, μIU/mL | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.4* | 4.2 ± 0.9* | 9.8 ± 5.0†§ |
HbA1c (NGSP),% | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.6* | 5.9 ± 0.6 |
SBP, mmHg | 118 ± 12 | 121 ± 13 | 123 ± 11* | 125 ± 10 |
DBP, mmHg | 75 ± 9 | 77 ± 7 | 78 ± 10* | 80 ± 7§ |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 101 ± 63 | 108 ± 49 | 149 ± 111* | 160 ± 96† |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 62 ± 13 | 57 ± 10 | 58 ± 13* | 52 ± 12†§ |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 115 ± 29 | 124 ± 25 | 121 ± 28 | 127 ± 28 |
eGFR, mL/min | 76 ± 12 | 79 ± 13 | 73 ± 12 | 73 ± 13† |
SFA < 128 cm2 | SFA ≥128 cm2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IRI < 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI ≥5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI < 5.5 μIU/mL
|
IRI ≥5.5 μIU/mL
| |
Age, years | 55 ± 9 | 55 ± 10 | 55 ± 9 | 52 ± 9† |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.9 ± 1.9 | 23.4 ± 1.9* | 24.7 ± 1.9* | 26.6 ± 2.8†§ |
VFA, cm2 | 88 ± 43 | 128 ± 48* | 131 ± 41* | 164 ± 43†§ |
SFA, cm2 | 91 ± 27 | 104 ± 21* | 157 ± 31* | 187 ± 50†§ |
Blood glucose, mg/dL | 106 ± 20 | 115 ± 19* | 108 ± 16 | 111 ± 16 |
Fasting IRI, μIU/mL | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.9* | 4.4 ± 0.9* | 10.4 ± 5.4†§ |
HbA1c (NGSP),% | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.7* | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.5 |
SBP, mmHg | 120 ± 13 | 126 ± 13* | 123 ± 11* | 124 ± 10 |
DBP, mmHg | 76 ± 8 | 79 ± 7* | 78 ± 11 | 80 ± 7 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 117 ± 81 | 157 ± 114* | 145 ± 117* | 153 ± 83 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 62 ± 13 | 55 ± 11* | 56 ± 12* | 51 ± 12†§ |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 119 ± 31 | 124 ± 30 | 118 ± 24 | 128 ± 26§ |
eGFR, mL/min | 75 ± 13 | 74 ± 15 | 73 ± 11 | 73 ± 12 |