Background
Methods
Study site and design
Measurement of potential risk factors for hypertension
Assessment of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and follow-up
Data management and statistics
Ethics
Results
The study population
Characteristics | Female (n=866; 59.1%) | Male (n=598; 40.9%) | All participants (n=1464; 100.0%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Unweighted | % Weighted* (95% CI) | % Unweighted | % Weighted* (95% CI) | % Unweighted | % Weighted* (95% CI) | |
Place of residence
| ||||||
Urban
| 87.2 | 86.9 (84.6-89.0) | 89.3 | 88.8 (86.1-91.1) | 88.0 | 87.9 (86.1-89.4) |
Rural
| 12.8 | 13.1 (11.0-15.4) | 10.7 | 11.2 (8.9-13.9) | 12.0 | 12.1 (10.6-13.9) |
Education
| ||||||
None
| 29.0 | 29.5 (26.7-32.4) | 12.2 | 12.4 (10.0-15.3) | 22.1 | 21.2 (19.3-23-2) |
1-4 years
| 34.1 | 34.0 (30.9-37.2) | 14.6 | 14.8 (12.2-17.9) | 26.1 | 24.7 (22.6-26.9) |
5-8 years
| 28.4 | 28.1 (25.3-31.1) | 45.0 | 44.7 (40.8-48.7) | 35.2 | 36.2 (33.8-28.9) |
≥9 years
| 8.6 | 8.4 (6.8-10.4) | 28.3 | 28.0 (24.6-31.8) | 16.6 | 17.9 (16.1-20.0) |
Body Mass Index
| ||||||
<25
| 65.5 | 65.4 (62.2-68.5) | 82.8 | 82.5 (79.2-85.3) | 73.2 | 74.4 (72.0-76.6) |
25-30
| 24.7 | 24.8 (22.0-27.8) | 14.2 | 14.4 (11.8-17.5) | 19.7 | 19.1 (17.1-21.3) |
≥30
| 9.8 | 10.3 (8.0-12.0) | 3.0 | 3.1 (2.0-4.9) | 7.1 | 6.6 (5.4-8.0) |
Waist to hip ratio
| ||||||
<0.85 women/<0.9 men
| 42.6 | 42.4 (39.2-45-7) | 79.1 | 78.5 (75.1-81.5) | 59.7 | 60.0 (57.7-62.2) |
≥0.85 women/≥0.9 men
| 57.4 | 57.6 (54.3-60.8) | 20.9 | 21.5 (18.5-24.9) | 40.3 | 40.0 (37.8-42.3) |
Alcohol consumption
| ||||||
<3 d/wk
| 61.7 | 61.8 (58.5-65.0) | 41.3 | 41.2 (37.3-45.2) | 53.4 | 51.8 (49.2-54.3) |
≥3 d/wk
| 38.3 | 38.2 (35.0-41.5) | 58.7 | 58.8 (54.9-62.7) | 46.6 | 48.2 (45.7-50.8) |
Tobacco
| ||||||
No
| 95.8 | 95.7 (94.1-96.9) | 82.1 | 81.7 (78.4-84.6) | 90.2 | 88.9 (87.1-90.4) |
Yes
| 4.2 | 4.3 (3.2-5.9) | 17.9 | 18.3 (15.4-21.6) | 9.8 | 11.1 (9.6-12.9) |
Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and follow-up
Associated factor | % Hypertensive (95% CI) | P-value | % Aware (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| ||||
Female
| 19.8 (17.5-22.3) | 0.002 | 27.5 (20.3 - 36.1) | 0.01 |
Male
| 26.4 (23.1-30) | 15.3 (10.5 - 21.7) | ||
Age
| ||||
18-40
| 14.8 (12.8-17.1) | < 0.0001 | 15.4 (10.1 - 22.8) | < 0.0001 |
41-64
| 42.9 (38.1-47.8) | 36.4 (29.7 - 43.8) | ||
Education
| ||||
None
| 35.3 (30.3-40.6) | < 0.0001 | 22.3 (14.9 - 31.9) | 0.28 |
1-4 years
| 20.8 (17.0-25.3) | 15.5 (8.8 - 25.9) | ||
5-8 years
| 19.9 (16.6-23.6) | 27.6 (18.8 - 38.5) | ||
≥9 years
| 17.9 (13.5-23.4) | 17.3 (8.2 - 32.9) | ||
Body Mass Index
| ||||
<25
| 20.1 (17.8-22.7) | < 0.0001 | 23.5 (17.5 - 30.7) | 0.41 |
25-30
| 28.7 (23.8-34.2) | 20.3 (12.9 - 30.5) | ||
≥30
| 38.1 (29.1-48.0) | 14.5 (7.1 - 27.3) | ||
Waist to hip ratio
| ||||
<0.85 women/<0.9 men
| 19.0 (16.5-21-8) | < 0.0001 | 18.7 (12.8-26.4) | 0.26 |
≥0.85 women/≥0.9 men
| 29.0 (25.6-32.7) | 24.3 (17.9-32.1) | ||
Alcohol consumption
| ||||
<3 d/wk
| 19.4 (16.8-22.3) | < 0.0001 | 29.3 (21.5-38.5) | 0.007 |
≥3 d/wk
| 26.9 (23.7-30.4) | 15.6 (10.8-22.0) | ||
Tobacco use
| ||||
No
| 21.4 (19.3-23.6) | < 0.0001 | 23.8 (18.7-29.9) | 0.009 |
Yes
| 35.6 (28.1-43.9) | 8.3 (3.4-18.7) |
Hypertension associated factors
Gender | Associated factor | % Hypertensive (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n=866)
| ||||
Age
| 18-40 (n=611) | 8.5 (6.5-11.0) | - | |
41-64 (n=255) | 45.1 (39.1-51.3) | 7.2 (4.7-10.9)‡ | ||
Education
| ≥9 years (n=74) | 8.2 (3.8-17.0) | - | |
5-8 years (n=246) | 10.4 (7.1-14.9) | 1.2 (0.4-3.3) | ||
1-4 years (n=295) | 17.3 (13.4-22.0) | 1.6 (0.6-4.3) | ||
None (n=251) | 35 (29.5-40.9) | 2.6 (1.0-7.2)* | ||
Body Mass Index
| <25 (n=567) | 17.4 (14.7-20.6) | - | |
25-30 (n=214) | 22.0 (17.0-28.0) | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | ||
≥30 (n=85) | 29.9 (21.2-40.5) | 2.0 (1.1-3.6)† | ||
Abdominal obesity
| No (n=369) | 15.9 (12.6-19.9) | - | |
Yes (n=497) | 22.6 (19.3-26.4) | 1.1 (0.7-1.6) | ||
Alcohol use
| No (n=534) | 18.7 (15.8-22.1) | - | |
Yes (n=331) | 21.7 (17.7-26.3) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1)* | ||
Tobacco use
| No (n=829) | 18.8 (16.5-21.4) | - | |
Yes (n=36) | 39.1 (24.7-55.7) | 0.9 (0.4-2.0) | ||
Men (n=598)
| ||||
Age
| 18-40 (n=449) | 21.2 (17.6-25.2) | - | |
41-64 (n=149) | 40.3 (32.7-48.3) | 1.7 (1.1-2.6)† | ||
Education
| ≥9 years (n=169) | 21.0 (15.5-27.8) | - | |
5-8 years (n=269) | 26.2 (21.3-31.7) | 1.3 (0.8-2.1) | ||
1-4 years (n=87) | 29.4 (20.7-39.8) | 1.4 (0.7-2.6) | ||
None (n=73) | 36.0 (25.8-47.6) | 1.8 (0.9-3.4)* | ||
Body Mass Index
| <25 (n=495) | 22.4 (19.0-26.3) | - | |
25-30 (n=85) | 40.7 (30.8-51.4) | 1.9 (1.1-3.3)† | ||
≥30 (n=18) | 65.7 (41.8-83.6) | 4.2 (1.4-13.0)† | ||
Abdominal obesity
| No (n=473) | 20.8 (17.4-24.7) | - | |
Yes (n=125) | 46.9 (38.4-55.7) | 2.5 (1.5-4.0)‡ | ||
Alcohol use
| No (n=247) | 20.5 (15.9-26.0) | - | |
Yes (n=351) | 30.5 (26.0-35.5) | 1.4 (0.9-2.2)* | ||
Tobacco use
| No (n=490) | 24.6 (21.0-28.6) | - | |
Yes (n=107) | 34.7 (26.3-44.2) | 1.6 (1.0-2.7)* |