Background
Methods
Study population
Participants
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population
Mean (SE), n (%) | Europe (N = 3668) | South America (N = 2650) | Mexico/C. Amer/Carib (N = 21,870) | Russia (N = 688) | Africa (N = 1712) | Middle East (N = 870) | Indian sub. (2593) | Asia (N = 3214) | S.E. Asia (N = 4297) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total immigrant population, | 12.5 (0.3) | 6.6 (0.2) | 47 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.2) | 4.7 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) | 6.5 (0.2) | 7.5 (0.3) | 9.3 (0.2) |
Age, yrs.* | 53.5 (0.4) | 47.2 (0.4) | 45.6 (0.2) | 47.6 (1.1) | 41 (0.4) | 44.7 (0.9) | 40.7(0.5) | 46.3 (0.6) | 48.8 (0.3) |
Male * | 43.1 (0.9) | 44.7 (1.1) | 47.2 (0.4) | 44.1 (2.4) | 54.4 (1.4) | 55.7 (2.1) | 54.7 (1.2) | 42 (1.1) | 42 (0.9) |
Education * | |||||||||
≤ High School Degree | 32.1 (1.1) | 38.1 (1.3) | 71.1 (0.5) | 19.4 (1.9) | 26.6 (1.3) | 25.4 (1.9) | 13.9 (0.9) | 25.3 (1.3) | 28.9 (9.6) |
> High School & < College | 28.7 (0.9) | 27.4 (0.9) | 17.3 (0.3) | 24.9 (1.8) | 29.7 (1.2) | 23.9 (2.1) | 8.5 (0.7) | 20.3 (1.0) | 24.4 (0.7) |
≥ College | 39.2 (1.2) | 34.4 (1.2) | 11.5 (0.3) | 55.8 (2.1) | 43.6 (1.4) | 50.6 (2.5) | 77.6 (1.2) | 54.5 (1.4) | 46.7 (1.0) |
Poverty status* | |||||||||
Poor | 8.5 (0.7) | 14.0 (0.8) | 25.2 (0.4) | 18.7 (2.3) | 19.9 (1.3) | 20.5 (1.9) | 10.8 (0.8) | 17.8 (1.2) | 11.7 (0.7) |
Near Poor | 13.8 (0.6) | 20.9 (1.0) | 26.3 (0.4) | 14.1 (2.5) | 19.5 (1.1) | 16.7 (1.5) | 10.1 (0.7) | 13.2 (0.7) | 14.1 (0.6) |
> Near Poor | 77.8 (0.9) | 65 (1.1) | 48.5 (0.5) | 67.2 (2.9) | 60.5 (1.5) | 62.8 (2.3) | 79.0 (1.2) | 69.0 (1.4) | 74.2 (0.9) |
≥ 10 yrs. US residence * | 88.5 (0.7) | 78.9 (1.0) | 83.7 (0.4) | 77.6 (1.6) | 63.4 (1.4) | 63.1 (2.5) | 55.2 (1.8) | 70.4 (1.3) | 81.7 (0.8) |
Employed* | 54.9 (1.0) | 64.1 (1.1) | 60.7 (0.5) | 60.7 (2.3) | 68.9 (1.3) | 48.4 (1.9) | 69.1 (1.0) | 54.6 (1.3) | 63.2 (0.9) |
Health Insurance(Yes) * | 89.4 (0.6) | 75.2 (1.0) | 61.1 (0.7) | 84.3 (1.6) | 75.3 (1.2) | 85.7 (1.3) | 90.5 (0.6) | 86.8 (0.8) | 87.9 (0.6) |
Seen doctor in past year(Yes)* | 72.3 (0.9) | 65.8 (1.0) | 55.6 (0.5) | 67 (2.0) | 59.8 (1.4) | 62.1 (2.1) | 63.1 (1.2) | 60.6 (1.1) | 65.2 (0.9) |
Adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios of hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diabetes by region of birth
Hypertension %(95%CI) | Overweight/Obesity %(95%CI) | Diabetes%(95%CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region of birth | Total (N = 41,717) | Males (N = 18,804) | Females (N = 22,913) | Total (N = 41,717) | Males (N = 18,804) | Females (N = 22,913) | Total (N = 41,717) | Males (N = 18,804) | Females (N = 22,913) |
Europe | 22.4 (21.1–23.7) | 22.3 (20.5–24.2) | 22.7 (21.0–24.4) | 58.6 (56.8–60.4) | 65.6 (62.9–68.2) | 52.5 (50.0–55.0) | 6.3 (5.4–7.2) | 6.6 (5.3–7.8) | 6.2 (5.0–7.4) |
South America | 20.0 (18.5–21.5) | 18.1 (16.0–20.3) | 21.7 (19.4–23.9) | 59.4 (57.2–61.7) | 68.4 (65.2–71.6) | 51.7 (48.6–54.8) | 7.3 (6.2–8.5) | 6.3 (4.6–7.9) | 8.1 (6.5–9.8) |
Mexico/C. Amer/ Carib | 27.7 (26.9–28.6) | 24.9 (23.7–26.1) | 30.3 (29.3–31.4) | 70.7 (69.9–71.5) | 75.2 (74.1–76.4) | 66.7 (65.5–67.8) | 11.6 (11.1–12.2) | 10.5 (9.7–11.2) | 12.6 (11.8–13.4) |
Russia | 26.0 (23.1–28.8) | 27.8 (23.6–31.9) | 24.4 (20.8–28.1) | 57.0 (51.2–62.8) | 65.5 (59.1–71.9) | 49.7 (41.6–57.8) | 5.2 (3.1–7.3) | 6.5 (3.3–9.8) | 4.1 (1.1–7.0) |
Africa | 28.8 (26.1–31.6) | 27.7 (23.9–31.5) | 29.3 (25.6–33.0) | 65.5 (62.6–68.4) | 65.5 (61.1–69.8) | 67.2 (62.7–71.7) | 10.8 (8.8–12.9) | 12.0 (9.1-15.0) | 9.0 (6.4–11.6) |
Middle East | 23.2 (20.6–25.9) | 25.9 (22.0–29.8) | 19.9 (16.6–23.3) | 59.1 (54.9–63.2) | 63.9 (58.6–69.2) | 54.5 (48.1–60.9) | 8.8 (6.7–10.8) | 12.2 (9.1–15.4) | 5.2 (2.7–7.7) |
Indian sub. | 23.3 (21.1–25.5) | 21.8 (18.9–24.6) | 24.3 (20.9–27.7) | 77.6 (75.2–80.1) | 80.4 (77.3–83.5) | 76.0 (72.1–79.8) | 14.3 (12.0–16.5) | 16.3 (13.2–19.3) | 11.4 (8.6–14.3) |
Asia | 21.1(19.6–22.7) | 22.5 (20.1–25.0) | 20.2 (18.4–22.0) | 55.2 (52.9–57.5) | 68.9 (65.8–72.0) | 43.6 (40.4–46.7) | 6.1 (5.2–7.0) | 6.1 (4.6–7.7) | 6.2 (5.0–7.3) |
S.E. Asia | 29.1(27.6–30.6) | 27.3 (25.1–29.5) | 30.9 (28.8–32.9) | 63.3 (61.5–65.1) | 73.2 (71.0–75.4) | 55.3 (52.7–57.8) | 11.1 (9.9–12.3) | 10.9 (9.1–12.6) | 11.3 (9.7–12.8) |
Hypertension Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | Overweight/Obesity Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | Diabetes Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 41,717) | Males (n = 18,804) | Females (n = 22,913) | Total (N = 41,717) | Males (n = 18,804) | Females (n = 22,913) | Total (N = 41,717) | Males (n = 18,804) | Females (n = 22,913) | |
Europe |
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South America |
0.89 (0.82–0.98)
|
0.81 (0.70–0.94)
| 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 1.01 (0.97–1.07) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | 1.32 (0.99–1.75) |
Mexico/C. Amer/ Carib |
1.24 (1.17–1.32)
|
1.11 (1.01–1.22)
|
1.34 (1.23–1.45)
|
1.21 (1.17–1.25)
|
1.15 (1.10–1.20)
|
1.27 (1.21–1.34)
|
1.84 (1.60–2.13)
|
1.60 (1.31–1.94)
|
2.04 (1.66–2.50)
|
Russia |
1.16 (1.03–1.31)
|
1.24 (1.04–1.48)
| 1.08 (0.92–1.25) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.82 (0.55–1.24) | 1.00 (0.59–1.70) | 0.66 (0.31–1.38) |
Africa |
1.29 (1.15–1.44)
|
1.24 (1.06–1.45)
|
1.29 (1.12–1.49)
|
1.12 (1.06–1.18)
| 1.00 (0.92–1.08) |
1.28 (1.18–1.39)
|
1.71 (1.38–2.13)
|
1.84 (1.38–2.46)
|
1.46 (1.05–2.03)
|
Middle East | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) |
1.39 (1.07–1.82)
|
1.87 (1.35–2.58)
| 0.84 (0.50–1.43) |
Indian sub. | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 1.07 (0.92–1.26) | 1.33 (1.27–1.38) |
1.23 (1.16–1.30)
|
1.45 (1.35–1.54)
|
2.26 (1.83–2.79)
|
2.49 (1.91–3.24)
|
1.85 (1.36–2.50)
|
Asia | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) |
0.89 (0.80–0.99)
|
0.94 (0.89–0.99)
| 1.05 (0.99–1.11) |
0.83 (0.76–0.90)
| 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) |
S.E. Asia |
1.30 (1.21–1.40)
|
1.22 (1.09–1.37)
|
1.36 (1.24–1.49)
|
1.08 (1.04–1.12)
|
1.12 (1.06–1.17)
| 1.05 (0.99–1.12) |
1.76 (1.49–2.08)
|
1.66 (1.32–2.08)
|
1.83 (1.45–2.29)
|