Introduction
Material and methods
Animal procedures
Experimental protocol
Echocardiography
Mesenteric perfusion
Capillary leakage and Evans blue assay
Hemodynamics
Biological parameters
Inflammation and capillary leakage-related markers
Biochemistry
Metabolism
Statistical analysis
Results
Mesenteric perfusion
Capillary leakage
Echocardiography
LV pressure-volume loops
Sham | CLP-NaCl | CLP-HSL | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl vs. sham | HSL vs. NaCl | ||||
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 45 [33–48] | 22 [19–32] | 35 [30–37] | 0.006 | 0.2 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 ± 19 | 73 ± 23 | 88 ± 32 | 0.006 | 0.5 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 ± 13 | 50 ± 20 | 55 ± 29 | 0.03 | 0.8 |
LVEDP (mmHg) | 2.3 [1.2–4.4] | 2.6 [1.7–4.4] | 2.8 [1.9–3.6] | 0.9 | 1 |
LVESP (mmHg) | 114 ± 21 | 68 ± 22 | 87 ± 32 | 0.006 | 0.3 |
dP/dtmax (mmHg/s) | 7997 ± 2347 | 2974 ± 988 | 7110 ± 4582 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
dP/dtmin (mmHg/s) | 6492 ± 2045 | 3079 ± 1503 | 5489 ± 3564 | 0.04 | 0.2 |
LVESPVR | 22 ± 3 | 21 ± 13 | 20 ± 3 | ns | |
LVEDPVR | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.0002 | 0.005 |
Tau | 8.2 ± 3.1 | 10.6 ± 1.8 | 9.5 ± 3.6 | ns | |
Osmolality (mosmol/kg) | 311 [308–317] | 316 [311–323] | 318 [317–330] | 0.8 | 0.2 |
Biological parameters
Sham | CLP-NaCl | CLP-HSL | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sham vs. NaCl | HSL vs. NaCl | ||||
Blood ionogram (n = 6) | |||||
Na+ (mmol/L) | 138 [138–143] | 141 [140–143] | 153 [150–157] | 1 | 0.02 |
K+ (mmol/L) | 4.8 [4.5–5.0] | 4.7 [4.2–5.2] | 3.7 [3.1–4.0] | 1 | 0.02 |
Cl− (mmol/L) | 98 [96–99] | 100 [99–101] | 97 [94–99] | 1 | 0.02 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 6.9 [5.7–8.3] | 16.2 [11.3–24.6] | 9.6 [8.5–10.7] | < 0.0001 | 0.04 |
Urine ionogram (n = 6) | |||||
Na+ (mmol/L) | 149 [58–163] | 26 [21–39] | 441 [362–509] | 0.2 | 0.0004 |
Na+ (mmol/day) | 2.5 [2.1–2.8] | 0.1 [0.1–0.1] | 9.9 [8.2–12.5] | 0.1 | 0.0003 |
∆Na+ (mmol) | 2.4 [2.4–2.8] | 4.9 [2.7–6.2] | 0.06 | ||
K+ (mmol/L) | 254 [196–282] | 325 [295–406] | 104 [88–142] | 0.2 | 0.0005 |
K+ (mmol/day) | 4.6 [3.9–4.8] | 1.3 [0.7–2.2] | 2.6 [2.0–2.9] | 0.001 | 0.3 |
∆K+ (mmol) | − 1.3 [0.7–2.2] | − 2.6 [2.0–2.9] | |||
Cl− (mmol/L) | 185 [143–231] | 89 [67–126] | 107 [85–137] | 0.02 | 0.8 |
Cl− (mmol/day) | 3.4 [2.9–3.7] | 0.3 [0.1–0.8] | 2.5 [1.9–3.2] | 0.002 | 0.03 |
∆Cl− (mmol) | 2.2 [2.0–2.4] | − 2.5 [1.9–3.2] | 0.002 | ||
Blood metabolic parameters (n = 10) | |||||
Glucose (mmol/L, n = 10) | 10.5 ± 2.4 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 9.4 ± 4.5 | 0.0006 | 0.002 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 4.6 | 0.1 | 0.04 |
Pyruvate (μmol/L) | 32 ± 22 | 122 ± 51 | 249 ± 186 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
Lactate/pyruvate ratio | 51 [34–97] | 28 [17–37] | 24 [17–31] | 0.06 | 1 |
3-Hydroxybutyrate (μmol/L) | 514 ± 249 | 212 ± 105 | 445 ± 303 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Acetoacetate (μmol/L) | 317 ± 198 | 149 ± 77 | 216 ± 137 | ns | |
Blood inflammation and capillary leakage parameters (n = 10) | |||||
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 48 ± 11 | 993 ± 851 | 272 ± 215 | 0.0006 | 0.004 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 6 ± 2 | 59 ± 31 | 28 ± 23 | < 0.0001 | 0.005 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 207 ± 29 | 1015 ± 389 | 601 ± 523 | 0.0001 | 0.02 |
VEGF-A (pg/mL) | 240 [226–280] | 261 [250–287] | 198 [185–250] | 0.4 | 0.009 |
Syndecan-1 (pg/mL) | 8.5 ± 4.0 | 9.7 ± 2.6 | 7.7 ± 2.0 | ns | |
Albumin (g/L) | 25.6 ± 2.2 | 22.2 ± 2.2 | 23 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | 0.4 |